511:
585:
30:
3031:
495:'s southwest rift, involved movement of a block that extended seawards for at least 12 miles (19 km). The tremors over the next four days are regarded as aftershocks of the 7.1 event caused by this movement. The mainshock involved movement of the entire southern flank of Kīlauea on the basal detachment at an estimated depth of 9 kilometers (5.6 mi), and was probably triggered by the earlier event.
65:
51:
37:
490:
began on March 27, with tremors every few minutes. They increased steadily in intensity, including one on March 28 that had an estimated magnitude of 7.1. The sequence continued until 4 p.m. on April 2, when the mainshock occurred. One interpretation of this sequence of events is
317:. The slumping is thought to affect only the upper part of the flank as the amount of shortening observed in the toe thrust zone is much larger than that observed in the extensional faults associated with the slumps, but matches well with estimates of extension within the volcanic rift systems.
554:
A tsunami was caused by coastal subsidence associated with reactivation of the Hilina Slump, triggered by the earthquake. At
Kapapala the land subsided by as much as 2 m and formerly dry land was flooded to a depth of 1.5 m. The tsunami on the Kaʻū and
559:
coasts caused major destruction at
Honuapo, Keauhou (now Keauhou Landing) and Punaluʻu. The greatest damage was caused at Keauhou, where a wave height of 12–15 m was reported. All houses and warehouses were destroyed and 46 people were drowned.
575:
The earthquake triggered landslides over a wide area. The largest was a mudslide 3 km wide and 9 m thick, that swept down the flanks of Mauna Loa at
Kapapala. It swept away trees, animals and people, causing 31 fatalities.
469:
The Hilina Slump is the largest of the active slumps around the
Hawaiian islands. The 'backscarp' to the slump is formed by the Hilina extensional fault system, which is known to have moved in both the 1868 event and the
823:
Morgan, J.K.; Moore G.F.; Hills D.J. & Leslie S. (2000). "Overthrusting and sediment accretion along Kīlauea's mobile south flank, Hawaii: Evidence for volcanic spreading from marine seismic reflection data".
510:
302:(formerly Lōʻihi) to the southeast of the island. Continued growth of the southeastern part of the island is accompanied by major slumping and southeastward movement of the flanks of the two volcanoes.
2844:
2351:
2042:
584:
491:
that they were related to the movement of two separate landslide structures on the south side of the island. The first, triggered by an eruption that began in the upper part of
305:
This flank displacement is linked to extension within the rift zones associated with both of the active volcanoes, the Mauna Loa and Kīlauea rifts. From the interpretation of
1113:
1182:
592:
Kīlauea was the most affected by the lateral displacement associated with the earthquake, as it did not have another major eruption until 1919. It also disrupted the
666:
2035:
2793:
2831:
2371:
1641:
530:, while thatched houses supported by posts in the same areas were torn to shreds. The earthquake demolished nearly every stone wall and house within the
2028:
625:
29:
2051:
694:
610:
1838:
2180:
1894:
1034:
1175:
3421:
3391:
746:
Klein, F.W.; Wright T. (2008). "Exponential decline of aftershocks of the M7.9 1868 great Kau earthquake, Hawaii, through the 20th century".
2321:
2095:
1999:
1251:
717:
2712:
3300:
3106:
2496:
2100:
1291:
1261:
3295:
2732:
2481:
2336:
1843:
786:
2356:
2125:
1631:
1168:
833:
419:
395:
375:
339:
202:
1439:
3204:
2824:
2677:
2491:
2401:
2326:
2236:
2221:
2065:
1848:
983:
876:
798:
662:
89:
1358:
3401:
3285:
2783:
2642:
2521:
2486:
2446:
2241:
1783:
1768:
1879:
3396:
3386:
2722:
2697:
2607:
2546:
2316:
2286:
2155:
1727:
1281:
1191:
971:
615:
1611:
1444:
3416:
3041:
2727:
2667:
2361:
2296:
2266:
2256:
2216:
2175:
2070:
1884:
1388:
1301:
605:
1515:
498:
The aftershock sequence has continued for over 140 years until the present day. The aftershock frequency fits a modified
3315:
3310:
2868:
2541:
2511:
2426:
2416:
2381:
2226:
2160:
2150:
1994:
1979:
1874:
1813:
1793:
1717:
1671:
299:
145:
2145:
1702:
3330:
2817:
2798:
2717:
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2516:
2501:
2476:
2456:
2441:
2411:
2396:
2391:
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2251:
2195:
2190:
2110:
2009:
1984:
1818:
1474:
1408:
1246:
925:
620:
1798:
1035:"Ka'u District, Island of Hawaii 1868 04 03 02:25 UTC (04/02/1868 local) Magnitude 7.9, Largest Earthquake in Hawaii"
3426:
3411:
3290:
3224:
3214:
3209:
2757:
2687:
2612:
2602:
2571:
2561:
2551:
2536:
2466:
2421:
2306:
2291:
2185:
2165:
2140:
2115:
2090:
2075:
1954:
1823:
1808:
1803:
1697:
1560:
1555:
1454:
1337:
1317:
1296:
1220:
1079:
755:
77:
3234:
865:"Shallow Normal Faulting and Block Rotation Associated with the 1975 Kalapana Earthquake, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii"
3381:
3015:
2863:
2707:
2682:
2587:
2331:
2311:
2276:
2211:
1974:
1944:
1929:
1914:
1737:
1626:
1550:
1545:
1530:
1500:
1434:
1378:
1373:
1286:
654:
3219:
2747:
2692:
2672:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2617:
2556:
2531:
2461:
2406:
2246:
2085:
2080:
1934:
1924:
1858:
1661:
1575:
1505:
1459:
1398:
1215:
596:
system beneath Mauna Loa, as is shown both in reduced lava volumes and an abrupt change in the lava chemistry.
328:
251:
242:
128:
1909:
1520:
1332:
1067:
849:
94:
3264:
2895:
1495:
3406:
3355:
2742:
2647:
2597:
2526:
2341:
2261:
2135:
2120:
2105:
1959:
1899:
1747:
1742:
1707:
1666:
1646:
1621:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1570:
1490:
1469:
1403:
1393:
1368:
1363:
1266:
1256:
1210:
1205:
3096:
3086:
2773:
2737:
2702:
2637:
2592:
2506:
2471:
2451:
2436:
2431:
2386:
2366:
2301:
2281:
2271:
2170:
1949:
1939:
1904:
1889:
1853:
1828:
1788:
1773:
1732:
1712:
1692:
1676:
1616:
1565:
1525:
1510:
1353:
1322:
1271:
1225:
471:
3051:
2778:
2752:
2632:
2627:
2231:
2004:
1989:
1969:
1964:
1919:
1833:
1778:
1752:
1656:
1606:
1535:
1464:
1429:
1327:
1241:
306:
282:
The island of Hawaiʻi (commonly called the "Big Island") is the currently active volcanic center of the
1038:
2983:
2978:
2788:
1722:
1636:
1449:
1383:
1276:
1117:
987:
929:
880:
837:
759:
515:
3229:
2963:
1540:
1413:
3000:
1141:
1063:
945:
864:
483:
439:
407:
3244:
3239:
1102:"Disruption of the Mauna Loa Magma System by the 1868 Hawaiian Earthquake: Geochemical Evidence"
3305:
3141:
3056:
2920:
1133:
1101:
1059:
913:
359:
3186:
3166:
3136:
3131:
3121:
3071:
3010:
2853:
1125:
995:
937:
888:
845:
767:
670:
535:
283:
180:
3151:
3126:
3116:
2878:
802:
721:
367:
355:
238:
3350:
1121:
991:
933:
884:
841:
763:
3345:
3259:
3249:
3181:
3176:
3161:
3146:
2887:
2840:
787:"Block tectonics of the island of Hawaii from a focal mechanism analysis of basal slip"
527:
387:
363:
287:
3375:
3360:
3320:
3171:
3020:
2891:
949:
539:
523:
486:, a goat and sheep rancher at Keaīwa near the epicenter of the events. A sequence of
411:
314:
3280:
1145:
3340:
3081:
2973:
2809:
2020:
564:
556:
464:
351:
2958:
1003:
1129:
1100:
Tilling, R.I.; Rhodes J.M.; Sparks J.W.; Lockwood J.P. & Lipman P.W. (1987).
688:
448:
3335:
3325:
3005:
2910:
2873:
531:
310:
3156:
3061:
2883:
941:
502:(power law) for the first few decades and an exponential function thereafter.
271:
160:
147:
3254:
3076:
2926:
2915:
2905:
2899:
499:
492:
487:
309:, it has been proposed that the southeastward displacement takes place on a
295:
263:
259:
2940:
1160:
1137:
999:
771:
653:
National
Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972),
431:
2968:
972:"A proposed source model for the great Kau, Hawaii, earthquake of 1868"
892:
291:
267:
3066:
2989:
674:
449:
U.S. Earthquake
Intensity Database, National Geophysical Data Center
3091:
2947:
2933:
593:
583:
509:
435:
2995:
2953:
543:
2813:
2024:
1164:
546:
the shaking destroyed the few stone buildings and most walls.
720:. Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. April 1, 1994. Archived from
274:
sequence for this event has continued up to the present day.
3029:
522:
Wooden houses were knocked off their foundations in Keaīwa,
588:
Lava bed after eruption, photograph by Henry L. Chase, 1868
850:
10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<667:OASAAK>2.0.CO;2
482:
A firsthand description of the events was written by
690:
Seismicity of the United States, 1568–1989 (Revised)
290:. Two of the active volcanoes on the Big Island are
3273:
3195:
3105:
3040:
2852:
2766:
2580:
2204:
2058:
1867:
1761:
1685:
1584:
1483:
1422:
1346:
1310:
1234:
1198:
1114:
319:
223:
215:
194:
186:
176:
139:
123:
115:
100:
87:
76:
914:"Recent Eruption of Mauna Loa and Kilauea, Hawaii"
863:Cannon, E.C.; Bürgmann R. & Owen S.E. (2001).
693:, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1527,
976:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
869:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
791:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
659:NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database
514:Destruction to Waiʻōhinu Church, photograph by
16:Largest recorded earthquake in Hawaiian history
64:
2825:
2036:
1176:
8:
19:
1078:. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library,
298:with a newer submarine volcano forming the
243:
237:was the largest recorded in the history of
129:
2832:
2818:
2810:
2043:
2029:
2021:
1183:
1169:
1161:
18:
626:Category:Articles on pre-1900 earthquakes
538:, a large stone church built by Reverend
695:United States Government Printing Office
611:List of earthquakes in the United States
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
741:
739:
636:
687:Stover, C. W.; Coffman, J. L. (1993),
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
258:). The earthquake occurred at 4 p.m.
241:, with an estimated magnitude of 7.9
7:
918:American Journal of Science and Arts
655:"Significant Earthquake Information"
718:"The Great Ka'u Earthquake of 1868"
785:Bryan, C.J.; Johnson C.E. (1991).
14:
912:Dana, J. D; Coan, T (July 1868).
834:The Geological Society of America
3205:1955 Hawaiian submarine eruption
2052:Earthquakes in the United States
984:Seismological Society of America
877:Seismological Society of America
799:Seismological Society of America
663:National Geophysical Data Center
63:
50:
49:
35:
28:
3301:Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain
3296:Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park
3286:Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes
748:Journal of Geophysical Research
195:
616:List of historical earthquakes
323:Selected Mercalli Intensities
262:on April 2, 1868 and caused a
1:
606:List of earthquakes in Hawaii
3422:19th-century volcanic events
3392:Geography of Hawaii (island)
3311:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
1130:10.1126/science.235.4785.196
1066:; Esther T. Mookini (2004).
580:Effect on volcanic eruptions
313:surface near the top of the
36:
926:American Journal of Science
621:List of historical tsunamis
270:that led to 77 deaths. The
3443:
3225:2022 eruption of Mauna Loa
3215:1984 eruption of Mauna Loa
3210:1975 eruption of Mauna Loa
1080:University of Hawaii Press
756:American Geophysical Union
462:
3027:
3016:North Arch volcanic field
2864:South Arch volcanic field
2713:2018 Southern Appalachian
1076:in Place Names of Hawai'i
942:10.2475/ajs.s2-46.136.105
801:: 491–507. Archived from
445:
322:
300:Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount
24:
3220:2018 lower Puna eruption
2101:1812 San Juan Capistrano
1292:1817 Santiago del Estero
1262:1812 San Juan Capistrano
1192:Earthquakes in the 1800s
567:, were never resettled.
472:1975 Kalapana earthquake
235:1868 Hawaiʻi earthquake
3356:Puna Geothermal Venture
3291:Haleakalā National Park
2733:2020 Monte Cristo Range
2482:1986 North Palm Springs
2337:1948 Desert Hot Springs
563:Many villages, such as
307:seismic reflection data
20:1868 Hawaiʻi earthquake
3402:1868 natural disasters
3097:Pearl and Hermes Atoll
3034:
2784:2010–11 Guy-Greenbrier
2357:1957 Andreanof Islands
2181:1892 Vacaville–Winters
2126:1867 Manhattan, Kansas
1895:1892 Vacaville–Winters
1000:10.1785/BSSA0780041450
758:: B09310.1–B09310.11.
589:
519:
3397:19th-century tsunamis
3387:Earthquakes in Hawaii
3052:French Frigate Shoals
3033:
2794:2009–present Oklahoma
2683:2014 Southeast Alaska
2678:2014 Aleutian Islands
2492:1987 Whittier Narrows
2402:1968 Borrego Mountain
2352:1954 Churchill County
2327:1946 Aleutian Islands
2322:1944 Cornwall–Massena
2222:1906 Aleutian Islands
2066:1585 Aleutian Islands
1849:1888 North Canterbury
587:
513:
3417:Volcanic earthquakes
2984:East Molokai Volcano
2979:West Molokai Volcano
2643:2010 Baja California
2497:1987 Imperial Valley
2487:1986 Chalfant Valley
2447:1979 Imperial Valley
2242:1915 Pleasant Valley
2237:1915 Imperial Valley
1844:1888 Río de la Plata
1784:1881 Nicobar Islands
1252:1811–1812 New Madrid
772:10.1029/2007JB005411
3331:Mauna Loa eruptions
3230:Keanakakoi eruption
2723:2020 Salt Lake City
2668:2013 Port Alexander
2608:2006 Gulf of Mexico
2522:1992 Cape Mendocino
2287:1932 Cedar Mountain
2156:1872 North Cascades
1769:1880 Southern Luzon
1728:1872 North Cascades
1642:1867 Virgin Islands
1440:1841 Caída da Praia
1282:1816 North Atlantic
1122:1987Sci...235..196T
992:1988BuSSA..78.1450W
934:1868AmJS...46..105D
885:2001BuSSA..91.1553C
842:2000Geo....28..667M
764:2008JGRB..113.9310K
157: /
21:
3035:
2841:Hawaiian volcanism
2728:2020 Central Idaho
2547:1993 Klamath Falls
2362:1957 San Francisco
2317:1940 New Hampshire
2297:1934 Hansel Valley
2267:1925 Santa Barbara
2257:1921 Sevier Valley
2217:1906 San Francisco
2176:1892 Laguna Salada
2106:1812 Santa Barbara
2096:1811–12 New Madrid
2071:1638 New Hampshire
2000:1899 Aydın–Denizli
1885:1892 Laguna Salada
1839:1888 Ritter Island
1302:1819 Rann of Kutch
1064:Samuel Hoyt Elbert
893:10.1785/0120000072
590:
542:collapsed, and in
534:in an instant. At
520:
484:Frederick S. Lyman
252:Mercalli intensity
3427:Volcanic tsunamis
3412:April 1868 events
3369:
3368:
3316:Kīlauea eruptions
3306:Hawaiian eruption
3235:ʻAilāʻau eruption
3196:Notable eruptions
3057:Gardner Pinnacles
2807:
2806:
2542:1993 Scotts Mills
2512:1991 Sierra Madre
2427:1975 Near Islands
2417:1971 San Fernando
2382:1962 Cache Valley
2227:1909 Wabash River
2161:1882 Fort Collins
2151:1872 Owens Valley
2018:
2017:
1875:1891 Port Waikato
1814:1885 Belovodoskoe
1794:1883 Casamicciola
1718:1872 Owens Valley
1672:1869 Christchurch
1060:Mary Kawena Pukui
970:Max Wyss (1988).
456:
455:
452:
231:
230:
3434:
3382:1868 earthquakes
3072:Lisianski Island
3032:
2869:Kamaʻehuakanaloa
2834:
2827:
2820:
2811:
2623:2008 Chino Hills
2567:1999 Hector Mine
2517:1992 Joshua Tree
2502:1989 Loma Prieta
2477:1984 Morgan Hill
2457:1981 Westmorland
2442:1979 Coyote Lake
2397:1965 Puget Sound
2392:1965 Rat Islands
2377:1959 Hebgen Lake
2347:1952 Kern County
2252:1918 San Jacinto
2196:1899 San Jacinto
2191:1898 Mare Island
2111:1838 San Andreas
2045:
2038:
2031:
2022:
2010:1899 San Jacinto
1995:1899 Yakutat Bay
1985:1898 Mare Island
1819:1886 Peloponnese
1612:1863 Hawke's Bay
1475:1848 Marlborough
1445:1842 Cap-Haïtien
1409:1838 San Andreas
1359:1833 Bihar–Nepal
1247:1810 North Korea
1185:
1178:
1171:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1037:. Archived from
1030:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1002:. Archived from
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
909:
903:
902:
900:
899:
860:
854:
853:
820:
814:
813:
811:
810:
782:
776:
775:
743:
734:
733:
731:
729:
724:on June 29, 2016
714:
699:
698:
684:
678:
677:
675:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
650:
451:
446:
428:
426:
404:
402:
384:
382:
348:
346:
320:
286:formed over the
284:Hawaiian Islands
248:
211:
209:
197:
172:
171:
169:
168:
167:
162:
158:
155:
154:
153:
150:
134:
111:
109:
83:1868-04-03 02:30
67:
66:
53:
52:
39:
38:
32:
22:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3336:Pāhoehoe (lava)
3269:
3245:Kīlauea Caldera
3197:
3191:
3108:
3101:
3043:
3036:
3030:
3025:
2855:
2848:
2838:
2808:
2803:
2799:2019 Ridgecrest
2762:
2758:2024 New Jersey
2718:2019 Ridgecrest
2688:2014 South Napa
2613:2006 Kiholo Bay
2603:2003 San Simeon
2576:
2572:2000 Yountville
2562:1998 Pymatuning
2552:1994 Northridge
2537:1992 St. George
2467:1983 Borah Peak
2422:1973 Point Mugu
2412:1969 Santa Rosa
2372:1958 Lituya Bay
2307:1936 State Line
2292:1933 Long Beach
2200:
2186:1895 Charleston
2166:1886 Charleston
2141:1870 Charlevoix
2116:1857 Fort Tejon
2091:1783 New Jersey
2076:1663 Charlevoix
2054:
2049:
2019:
2014:
1955:1895 Charleston
1880:1891 Mino–Owari
1863:
1824:1886 Charleston
1809:1884 Andalusian
1804:1884 Colchester
1757:
1698:1870 Charlevoix
1681:
1580:
1561:1857 Basilicata
1556:1857 Fort Tejon
1479:
1455:1843 Guadeloupe
1418:
1389:1835 Concepción
1342:
1338:1829 Torrevieja
1318:1822 Costa Rica
1306:
1230:
1194:
1189:
1159:
1150:
1148:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1032:
1031:
1018:
1009:
1007:
969:
968:
964:
954:
952:
911:
910:
906:
897:
895:
862:
861:
857:
822:
821:
817:
808:
806:
784:
783:
779:
745:
744:
737:
727:
725:
716:
715:
702:
686:
685:
681:
652:
651:
638:
634:
602:
582:
573:
552:
508:
480:
467:
461:
447:
420:
418:
396:
394:
376:
374:
340:
338:
280:
247:
203:
201:
165:
163:
159:
156:
151:
148:
146:
144:
143:
133:
116:Local time
107:
105:
101:Local date
72:
71:
70:
69:
68:
60:
59:
58:
54:
46:
45:
44:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3440:
3438:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3407:1868 in Hawaii
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3374:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3260:Powers Caldera
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
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3159:
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2708:2018 Anchorage
2705:
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2675:
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2645:
2640:
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2630:
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2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2588:2001 Nisqually
2584:
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2578:
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2574:
2569:
2564:
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2384:
2379:
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2369:
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2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2332:1947 Wisconsin
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2312:1940 El Centro
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2277:1931 Valentine
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
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2239:
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2229:
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2212:1901 Richfield
2208:
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2193:
2188:
2183:
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2168:
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2068:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1980:1898 Balıkesir
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1945:1895 Ljubljana
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1890:1892 Catamarca
1887:
1882:
1877:
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1632:1867 Manhattan
1629:
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1551:1856 Heraklion
1548:
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1533:
1531:1855 Wairarapa
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1501:1852 Banda Sea
1498:
1493:
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1480:
1478:
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1462:
1457:
1452:
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1435:1841 Kamchatka
1432:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
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1379:1834 Jerusalem
1376:
1371:
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1350:
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1299:
1294:
1289:
1287:1816 Guatemala
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1231:
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1223:
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1200:
1196:
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1190:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1165:
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1157:
1092:
1051:
1016:
962:
904:
855:
815:
777:
735:
700:
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635:
633:
630:
629:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
601:
598:
581:
578:
572:
569:
551:
548:
524:Punaluʻu Beach
516:Henry L. Chase
507:
504:
479:
476:
463:Main article:
460:
457:
454:
453:
443:
442:
429:
415:
414:
405:
391:
390:
385:
371:
370:
349:
335:
334:
331:
325:
324:
288:Hawaii hotspot
279:
276:
250:and a maximum
245:
239:Hawaiʻi island
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
217:
213:
212:
199:
192:
191:
188:
184:
183:
178:
177:Areas affected
174:
173:
161:19.2°N 155.5°W
141:
137:
136:
131:
125:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
102:
98:
97:
92:
85:
84:
81:
74:
73:
62:
61:
56:
55:
48:
47:
42:
41:
34:
33:
27:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3439:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3362:
3361:Volcano House
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3321:Lava fountain
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
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3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
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3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3087:Necker Island
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2985:
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2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
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2952:
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2949:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2892:Pauahi Crater
2889:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2835:
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2828:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2800:
2797:
2795:
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2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:2022 Ferndale
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2693:2016 Oklahoma
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:2014 La Habra
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2663:2011 Oklahoma
2661:
2659:
2658:2011 Virginia
2656:
2654:
2653:2011 Colorado
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:2008 Illinois
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2557:1995 Marathon
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:1992 Big Bear
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2462:1983 Coalinga
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:1968 Illinois
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
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2358:
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2300:
2298:
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2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2247:1916 Irondale
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
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2209:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2086:1755 Cape Ann
2084:
2082:
2081:1700 Cascadia
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1975:1897 Mindanao
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1935:1894 San Juan
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:1894 Istanbul
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1915:1894 Atalanti
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1859:1889 Kumamoto
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
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1800:
1797:
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1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
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1701:
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1690:
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1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
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1655:
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1650:
1648:
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1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1576:1859 Shamakhi
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1546:1856 Djijelli
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1516:1854 Iga–Ueno
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1506:1852 Acapulco
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1460:1843 Wanganui
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1399:1837 Valdivia
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
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1309:
1303:
1300:
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1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
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1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1216:1804 Kisakata
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1041:on 2016-11-10
1040:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1006:on 2008-09-05
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
986:: 1450–1462.
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:
963:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
905:
894:
890:
886:
882:
879:: 1553–1562.
878:
874:
870:
866:
859:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
819:
816:
805:on 2011-09-30
804:
800:
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792:
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773:
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723:
719:
713:
711:
709:
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705:
701:
697:, p. 207
696:
692:
691:
683:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
637:
631:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
599:
597:
595:
586:
579:
577:
570:
568:
566:
561:
558:
549:
547:
545:
541:
540:John D. Paris
537:
533:
532:Kaʻū district
529:
525:
517:
512:
505:
503:
501:
496:
494:
489:
485:
477:
475:
473:
466:
458:
450:
444:
441:
437:
433:
430:
427:
424:
417:
416:
413:
409:
406:
403:
400:
393:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
373:
372:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
350:
347:
344:
337:
336:
332:
330:
327:
326:
321:
318:
316:
315:oceanic crust
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
277:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
240:
236:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
200:
193:
189:
185:
182:
179:
175:
170:
142:
138:
135:
126:
122:
118:
114:
104:April 2, 1868
103:
99:
96:
93:
91:
86:
82:
79:
75:
31:
23:
3351:Pele's tears
3341:Pele (deity)
3240:Halemaʻumaʻu
3082:Midway Atoll
2988:
2974:Penguin Bank
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2789:2012 Brawley
2743:2021 Chignik
2648:2010 Indiana
2598:2003 Alabama
2581:21st century
2527:1992 Landers
2342:1949 Olympia
2262:1925 Montana
2205:20th century
2136:1868 Hayward
2130:
2121:1865 Memphis
1960:1896 Sanriku
1900:1893 Malatya
1748:1879 Surigao
1743:1877 Iquique
1667:1868 Hayward
1662:1868 Ecuador
1651:
1647:1867 Keelung
1622:1865 Memphis
1602:1861 Mendoza
1597:1861 Mendoza
1592:1861 Sumatra
1571:1859 Erzurum
1496:1851 Vulture
1491:1850 Xichang
1470:1847 Zenkoji
1404:1838 Vrancea
1394:1837 Galilee
1369:1833 Sumatra
1364:1833 Kunming
1297:1819 Copiapó
1267:1812 Ventura
1257:1812 Caracas
1221:1804 Almería
1211:1803 Garhwal
1206:1802 Vrancea
1149:. Retrieved
1109:
1105:
1095:
1085:December 11,
1083:. Retrieved
1075:
1069:
1068:"lookup of
1054:
1043:. Retrieved
1039:the original
1008:. Retrieved
1004:the original
979:
975:
965:
955:December 11,
953:. Retrieved
921:
917:
907:
896:. Retrieved
872:
868:
858:
829:
825:
818:
807:. Retrieved
803:the original
794:
790:
780:
751:
747:
728:December 11,
726:. Retrieved
722:the original
689:
682:
661:(Data Set),
658:
591:
574:
562:
553:
521:
497:
481:
468:
465:Hilina Slump
459:Hilina Slump
422:
398:
378:
342:
304:
281:
255:
234:
232:
205:
187:Total damage
166:19.2; -155.5
3346:Pele's hair
3326:Limu o Pele
3281:ʻAʻā (lava)
3250:Kīlauea Iki
2888:Kīlauea Iki
2738:2020 Sparta
2703:2018 Hawaii
2698:2018 Alaska
2638:2010 Eureka
2593:2002 Denali
2507:1990 Upland
2472:1983 Kaoiki
2452:1980 Eureka
2437:1975 Hawaii
2432:1975 Morris
2387:1964 Alaska
2367:1958 Huslia
2302:1935 Helena
2282:1932 Eureka
2272:1927 Lompoc
2171:1887 Sonora
2146:1871 Lānaʻi
2131:1868 Hawaii
1950:1895 Balkan
1940:1895 Quchan
1930:1894 Shōnai
1905:1893 Quchan
1854:1889 Chilik
1829:1887 Sonora
1789:1882 Panama
1774:1880 Zagreb
1738:1875 Cúcuta
1733:1873 Alpago
1713:1872 Hamada
1703:1871 Lānaʻi
1693:1870 Batang
1677:1869 Cachar
1652:1868 Hawaii
1627:1866 Bingöl
1617:1863 Manila
1566:1858 Hietsu
1526:1854 Nankai
1511:1853 Shiraz
1374:1833 Shōnai
1354:1830 Cixian
1323:1822 Aleppo
1272:1815 Pinglu
1226:1805 Molise
1116:: 196–199.
928:: 105–123.
836:: 667–670.
399:Very strong
311:decollement
164: /
3376:Categories
3062:Kure Atoll
2927:Kahoʻolawe
2774:2001 Enola
2753:2023 Texas
2633:2008 Wells
2059:Historical
2005:1899 Ceram
1990:1898 Trilj
1965:1896 Rikuu
1920:1894 Tokyo
1910:1894 Vlorë
1834:1887 Verny
1799:1883 Çeşme
1779:1881 Chios
1753:1879 Gansu
1657:1868 Arica
1607:1863 Jujuy
1536:1855 Bursa
1521:1854 Tōkai
1465:1844 Salta
1430:1840 Ahora
1333:1828 Sanjō
1328:1825 Blida
1242:1810 Crete
1151:2009-11-11
1045:2009-11-11
1010:2009-11-12
898:2009-11-12
809:2009-11-12
632:References
571:Landslides
488:foreshocks
478:Earthquake
408:Kealakekua
377:MMI VIII (
333:Locations
278:Background
272:aftershock
260:local time
227:77 killed
224:Casualties
108:1868-04-02
80: time
3265:Puʻu ʻŌʻō
3255:Mauna Ulu
3198:and vents
3127:Daikakuji
3109:Seamounts
3077:Maro Reef
2964:West Maui
2959:Haleakalā
2916:Mauna Kea
2906:Mauna Loa
2900:Mauna Ulu
2896:Puʻu ʻŌʻō
2779:2008 Reno
2628:2008 Reno
2232:1914 Reno
1723:1872 Amik
1708:1871 Orán
1637:1867 Java
1450:1843 Nias
1384:1834 Java
1277:1815 Bali
950:130168932
536:Waiʻōhinu
493:Mauna Loa
397:MMI VII (
296:Mauna Loa
264:landslide
198:intensity
140:Epicenter
124:Magnitude
3021:Waiʻanae
3001:Honolulu
2969:Molokaʻi
2911:Hualālai
2874:Māhukona
2854:Windward
2843:topics (
1541:1855 Edo
1414:1839 Ava
1146:37524089
1138:17778633
1112:(4785).
600:See also
432:Honolulu
423:Moderate
368:Punaluʻu
190:Limited
152:155°30′W
57:Honolulu
3187:Yuryaku
3167:Nintoku
3137:Hancock
3132:Detroit
3122:Colahan
3107:Emperor
3042:Leeward
3011:Koʻolau
2990:Niʻihau
2884:Kīlauea
2879:Hawaiʻi
1118:Bibcode
1106:Science
988:Bibcode
930:Bibcode
924:(136).
881:Bibcode
838:Bibcode
826:Geology
760:Bibcode
550:Tsunami
421:MMI V (
412:Waipiʻo
356:Kīlauea
343:Extreme
341:MMI X (
292:Kīlauea
268:tsunami
256:Extreme
216:Tsunami
206:Extreme
204:MMI X (
181:Hawaiʻi
149:19°12′N
106: (
3274:Topics
3152:Kimmei
3117:Abbott
3067:Laysan
3006:Kaʻena
2948:Lānaʻi
2941:Kaʻula
2934:Kauaʻi
2921:Kohala
2767:Swarms
1144:
1136:
1033:USGS.
948:
754:(B9).
528:Nīnole
518:, 1868
506:Damage
440:Lānaʻi
436:Kauaʻi
388:Kohala
379:Severe
364:Pāhala
360:Nīnole
254:of X (
95:ComCat
3182:Yomei
3177:Suiko
3162:Meiji
3147:Kammu
3142:Jingū
3092:Nihoa
3044:Isles
2996:Oʻahu
2856:Isles
1970:Assam
1868:1890s
1762:1880s
1686:1870s
1585:1860s
1484:1850s
1423:1840s
1347:1830s
1311:1820s
1235:1810s
1199:1800s
1142:S2CID
1070:Apua
982:(4).
946:S2CID
875:(6).
832:(7).
797:(2).
594:magma
565:ʻĀpua
500:Omori
119:16:00
88:USGS-
3172:Ojin
3157:Koko
2954:Maui
2845:list
1134:PMID
1087:2010
957:2010
730:2010
667:NOAA
557:Puna
544:Hilo
526:and
352:Hilo
294:and
266:and
233:The
196:Max.
127:7.9
90:ANSS
43:Hilo
1126:doi
1110:235
996:doi
938:doi
889:doi
846:doi
768:doi
752:113
671:doi
329:MMI
219:Yes
78:UTC
3378::
2898:,
2894:,
2890:,
1140:.
1132:.
1124:.
1108:.
1104:.
1074:.
1062:;
1019:^
994:.
980:78
978:.
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936:.
922:96
920:.
916:.
887:.
873:91
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830:28
828:.
795:81
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766:.
750:.
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703:^
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665:,
657:,
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2833:e
2826:t
2819:v
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2030:v
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1177:t
1170:v
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1128::
1120::
1089:.
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1048:.
1013:.
998::
990::
959:.
940::
932::
901:.
891::
883::
852:.
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840::
812:.
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244:M
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130:M
110:)
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