1880s - Knowledge (XXG)

2105:, el Peral was "roughly 71 feet long, with a 9-foot beam and a height of almost 9 feet amidships, with one horizontal and two small vertical propellers, Peral's "cigar," as the workers called it, ... had a periscope, a chemical system to oxygenate the air for a crew of six, a speedometer, spotlights, and a launcher at the bow capable of firing three torpedoes. Its two 30-horsepower electrical motors, powered by 613 batteries, gave it a theoretical range of 396 nautical miles and a maximum speed of 10.9 knots an hour at the surface." It underwent a series of trials in 1889 and 1890, all in the 2641: 768: 2841: 2212:. He created his device explicitly to bypass the need of an operator. His system "required users to tap out the number they wanted on three keys to call other users directly. The system worked with reasonable accuracy when the subscribers operated their push buttons correctly and remembered to press the release button after a conversation was finished, but there was no provision against a subscriber being connected to a busy line." Strowger would found the 1931:, but was contacting private experiments on the effects of delicate forces on objects. It was already known that hanging an object from a thread could demonstrate the effects of such weak influences. Said thread had to be "thin, strong and elastic". Finding the best fibers available at the time insufficient for his experiments, Boys set out to create a better fiber. He tried making glass from a variety of minerals. The best results came from natural 1873:

place in a separated combustion chamber, the "vaporizer" (also called the "hot bulb") mounted on the cylinder head, into which fuel was sprayed. It was connected to the cylinder by a narrow passage and was heated either by the cylinder's coolant or by exhaust gases while running; an external flame such as a blowtorch was used for starting. Self-ignition occurred from contact between the fuel-air mixture and the hot walls of the vaporizer.

1482:. He applied it to a new motor. "Ferraris devised a motor using electromagnets at right angles and powered by alternating currents that were 90° out of phase, thus producing a revolving magnetic field. The motor, the direction of which could be reversed by reversing its polarity, proved the solution to the last remaining problem in alternating-current motors. The principle made possible the development of the asynchronous, self-starting 2805: 2693: 734: 25: 2631: 5143: 83: 1463:

the hull against some pilings and staving in the bottom. Although the submarine was repaired and eventually carried out several trial runs in lower New York Harbor, by the end of 1886 the Nautilus Submarine Boat Company was no more, and the salvageable remnants of the Zalinski Boat were sold to reimburse the disappointed investors." Holland would not create another submarine to 1893.

2031:(AC). Among the innovations included in the Station was "the use of 10,000-volt high-tension cable", successfully tested for safety. On its completion in October 1890 it was the first truly modern power station, supplying high-voltage AC power. "Ferranti pioneered the use of Alternating Current for the distribution of electrical power in Europe authoring 176 patents on the 1212:, an American inventor, works in his own submarine designs. His 1883 model was created in Delameter Iron Works. It was 30-feet long, "all-electric and had vertical and horizontal propellers clutched to the same shaft, with a 20-feet breathing pipe and an airlock for a diver." His 1885 model, called the "Peacemaker", was larger. It used "a 1515: 1420:, and Déri had performed the experiments. Electrical and electronic systems the world over continue to rely on the principles of the original Z.B.D. transformers. The inventors also popularized the word "transformer" to describe a device for altering the EMF of an electric current, although the term had already been in use by 1882. 1292:. The 170-foot (52 m) long, 66,000 cubic feet (1,900 m) airship, electric-powered with a 435 kg battery completed a flight that covered 8 km (5.0 mi) in 23 minutes. It was the first full round trip flight with a landing on the starting point. On its seven flights in 1884 and 1885 the 1872:

under licence. Stuart's oil engine design was simple, reliable and economical. It had a comparatively low compression ratio, so that the temperature of the air compressed in the combustion chamber at the end of the compression stroke was not high enough to initiate combustion. Combustion instead took

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which operated an Edison-type dynamo." While among the earliest submarines to successfully make use of electric power, she proved to have a severe flaw. She could not stay at a stable depth, set by the operator. The improved Goubet II was introduced in 1889. This version could transport a 2-man crew

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that is still used today. Believing that the scientific and intellectual values of new developments far outstripped material values, Ferraris deliberately did not patent his invention; on the contrary, he demonstrated it freely in his own laboratory to all comers." He published his findings in 1888.

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engine provided motive power." The project was plagued by a "shoestring budget" and Zalinski mostly rejecting Holland's ideas on improvements. The submarine was ready for launching in September, 1885. "During the launching itself, a section of the ways collapsed under the weight of the boat, dashing

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triggered—in the words of a U.S. Navy intelligence report—"dangerous and eccentric movements." ...However, good public relations overcame bad design: Nordenfeldt always demonstrated his boats before a stellar crowd of crowned heads, and Nordenfeldt's submarines were regarded as the world standard."

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with single cores of soft iron and adjustable gaps to regulate the EMF present in the secondary winding. This design was first used commercially in 1886. But Westinghouse soon had his team working on a design whose core comprised a stack of thin "E-shaped" iron plates, separated individually or in

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by Coumelin, Desmazures et Baillache with a total capacity of 400 Amphours weighing 11 tons and delivering a maximum current of 166 Amps." She was launched on 24 September 1888 and would stay in service to 1908. The Gymnote underwent various trials to 1890, successful enough for the Navy to start

2200:. Operators were not only responsible for connecting, monitoring and disconnecting calls. They were expected to provide "emotional support, emergency information, local news and gossip, business tips", etc. Strowger had reportedly felt the negative side of this development, while working as an 1260:. After experimentation with a water tank and smoke chamber to understand the nature of flow over surfaces, in 1886, Montgomery designed a third glider with fully rotating wings as pitcherons. He then turned to theoretic research towards the development of a manuscript "Soaring Flight" in 1896. 1296:

dirigible returned five times to its starting point. "La France was the first airship that could return to its starting point in a light wind. It was 165 feet (50 meters) long, its maximum diameter was 27 feet (8.2 meters), and it had a capacity of 66,000 cubic feet (1,869 cubic meters)." Its

1244:. In 1884, using a glider designed and built in 1883, Montgomery made the "first heavier-than-air human-carrying aircraft to achieve controlled piloted flight" in the Western Hemisphere. This glider had a curved parabolic wing surface. He reportedly made a glide of "considerable length" from 1723:

became the first submarine in history to fire a torpedo while submerged under water. The Nordenfelts had several faults. "It took as long as twelve hours to generate enough steam for submerged operations and about thirty minutes to dive. Once underwater, sudden changes in speed or direction

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The period was characterized in general by economic growth and prosperity in many parts of the world, especially Europe and the Americas, with the emergence of modern cities signified by the foundation of many long-lived corporations, franchises, and brands and the introduction of the

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pairs by thin sheets of paper or other insulating material. Prewound copper coils could then be slid into place, and straight iron plates laid in to create a closed magnetic circuit. Westinghouse applied for a patent for the new design in December 1886; it was granted in July 1887.

1935:. He created fibers both extremely thin and highly durable. He used them to create the "radiomicrometer", a device sensitive enough to detect the heat of a single candle from a distance of almost 2 miles. By March 26, 1887, Boys was reporting his results to the 2734:

The Romantic style, most prominent in Europe, emphasised strong melodies, beautiful harmony, and the unique vision of the artist. Loud, extreme contrasts in dynamics and accentuated rhythmic patterns were featured in the music of the time. The influence of

2771:, with a unique ability to portray passionate emotions like love directly to the listener. Romantic orchestral pieces tended to be quite long and required more players than before, with symphonies regularly taking a whole hour to perform completely. 1408:, they described the design of two with no poles: the "closed-core" and the "shell-core" transformers. In the closed-core type, the primary and secondary windings were wound around a closed iron ring; in the shell type, the windings were passed 1416:, this revolutionary design concept would finally make it technically and economically feasible to provide electric power for lighting in homes, businesses and public spaces. Bláthy had suggested the use of closed-cores, Zipernowsky the use of 1562:. The 1885 version was difficult to control, leading to a collision with a wall during a public demonstration. The first successful tests on public roads were carried out in the early summer of 1886. The next year Benz created the 2208:. The local operator happened to be the wife of a rival undertaker. Whenever someone asked to be put through to an undertaker, the operator would connect them to her husband. Strowger was frustrated at losing customers to this 2145:

building two "real fighting submarines", considerably larger. Several of the trials were intended to established tactical methods of using submarines in warfare. Several weapons were tested until it was decided that the

1554:. It featured wire wheels (unlike carriages' wooden ones) with a four-stroke engine of his own design between the rear wheels, with a very advanced coil ignition and evaporative cooling rather than a radiator. The 1224:

area. The Peacemaker had a submerged endurance of 5 hours. Tuck did not benefit from his achievement. His family feared that the inventor was squandering his fortune on the Peacemaker. They had him committed to an

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device. It was the basis of his patent method of translating visual images to electronic impulses, transmit said impulses to another device and successfully reassemble the impulses to visual images. Nipkow used a

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Increasing colonial interest and conquest in Africa leads representatives from Britain, France, Portugal, Germany, Belgium, Italy and Spain to divide Africa into regions of colonial influence at the

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the iron core. In both designs, the magnetic flux linking the primary and secondary windings traveled almost entirely within the iron core, with no intentional path through air. When employed in

1248:, his first successful flight and arguably the first successful one in the United States. In 1884–1885, Montgomery tested a second monoplane glider with flat wings. The innovation in design was " 2070:" (1864), Hertz "generated electric waves using an electric circuit". Then he detected said waves "with another similar circuit some distance away". Hertz succeeded in proving the existence of 4929:– Guide published by the University of Missouri Library points to pages in digital libraries (freely available online) that show average prices and wages by occupation, race, sex, and more. 1190:

system in 1882. In 1883 Hopkinson showed mathematically that it was possible to connect two alternating current dynamos in parallel — a problem that had long bedeviled electrical engineers.

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would overstate Mozhaysky's accomplishment while downplaying the failed landing. The Grand Soviet Encyclopedia called this "the first true flight of a heavier-than-air machine in history".

2767:. Nevertheless, music was seen as separate from politics, an ethereal sphere dominated by sublime expressions of the artists' deepest, primal sentiments. It was seen as something almost 2109:. On June 7, 1890, it "successfully spent an hour submerged at a depth of 10 meters, following a set course of three and a half miles". He was celebrated by the public and honored by 1691:

in 1884–1885. Like the Resurgam, it operated on the surface using a 100 HP steam engine with a maximum speed of 9 kn, then it shut down its engine to dive. She was purchased by the

606:. This would be followed over the next few decades by conquest of almost the entirety of the remaining uncolonised parts of the continent, broadly along the lines determined. (1889) 2676: 2661: 5128: 1201:. The energy conversion efficiency of these early devices was less than 1%. Denounced as a fraud in the US for "generating power without consuming matter, thus violating the 4539: 3677: 1458:. "The new, cigar-shaped submarine was 50 feet long with a maximum beam of eight feet. To save money, the hull was largely of wood, framed with iron hoops, and again, a 35: 2067: 1892:. The electrical supply industry needed instruments capable of measuring high voltages. Thomson's voltmeter could measure up to 20,000 volts. It could measure both 1404:

had determined that open-core devices were impracticable, as they were incapable of reliably regulating voltage. In their joint patent application for the "Z.B.D."

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was strong, especially in the German-language area. Many of the artists involved in the Romantic music movement were disappointed with the effects of the

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that kills at least seven police officers and four civilians during a massive protest from a labor rally and is generally considered the origin of modern

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devices. Hertz took this work no further, did not exploit it commercially, and famously did not consider it useful. But it was an important step in the

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on September 4, 1882, serving an initial load of 400 lamps at 85 customers. By 1884, Pearl Street Station was serving 508 customers with 10,164 lamps.

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battery-powered motor "produced 7.5 horsepower (5.6 kilowatts). This motor was later replaced with one that produced 8.5 horsepower (6.3 kilowatts)."

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and saw numerous developments in science and a sudden proliferation of electrical technologies, particularly in mass transit and telecommunications.

4074: 2301: 1285: 1061:. During extensive trials, Holland made numerous dives and test-fired the gun using dummy projectiles. However, due to funding disputes within the 1853: 1503: 4125:

Vaclav Smil, "Creating the Twentieth Century:Technical Innovations of 1867–1914 and their lasting impact", p. 71 Oxford University Press, 2005."

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Craig S. Harwood and Gary B. Fogel Quest for Flight: John J. Montgomery and the Dawn of Aviation in the West, University of Oklahoma Press, 2012

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finishes his submarine-building project (which had begun in 1879). The crafts were constructed at Nevskiy Shipbuilding and Machinery works at

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in 1886. Following the acceptance tests, she was never used again by the Hellenic Navy and was scrapped in 1901. Nordenfelt then built the

4312: 5113: 1226: 431: 4821: 4484: 3769:"Hargrave the Pioneers, Aviation and Aeromodeling-Interdependent Evolutions and Histories:"Alexandr Fyodorovich Mozhaisky (1825–1890)"" 3298: 1106:. It reportedly had a range of 10 to 25 miles, powered by a lead acid battery. A significant innovation of the vehicle was its use of 4706:". Biographies of Famous Electrochemists and Physicists Contributed to Understanding of Electricity, Biosensors & Bioelectronics. 4831: 4774: 4442: 4404: 4357: 4243: 4211: 4133: 3591: 3515: 3445: 3340: 3308: 3284: 3229: 3219: 3206: 3105: 2059: 1877: 643: 69: 4698: 3627: 3948: 5108: 5052: 4764: 4201: 4018: 1633:, a French inventor, builds two small electric submarines. The first Goubet model was 16-feet long and weighed 2 tons. "She used 1253: 1245: 680: 405: 4532: 3560:"Hargrave the Pioneers, Aviation and Aeromodeling-Interdependent Evolutions and Histories: "John Joseph Montgomery (1858–1911)"" 2398: 2165:, fired at short range, would explode in the water before hitting it. At long-range everything fired at the submarine, ended up 5172: 5062: 3681: 1432: 1339:

in 1884. Although he never built a working model of the system, Nipkow's spinning disk design became a common television image

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of 1883 had seventy arc lamps installed in it. By 1886, there was a reported number of 1,500 arc lights installed in Manhattan.

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Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology", p. 933. Second Revised Edition, Doubleday, 1982"

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although technical problems and a shortage of cash at the company meant a complete system would not be rolled out until 1893.

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were granted a patent for their Electrogefest, an "electric arc welder with a carbon electrode". Introducing a method of

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Nagy, Árpád Zoltán, "Lecture to Mark the 100th Anniversary of the Discovery of the Electron in 1897" (preliminary text)

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wheels was introduced, showing at the Paris Expo the same year. Benz began to sell the vehicle (advertising it as the

1413: 915: 892: 87: 3259: 1970:, England. In May, 1887, Waller demonstrated his method to many physiologists. In 1888, Waller demonstrated that the 51: 4766:

Theodore Ropp, Stephen S. Roberts, "The development of a modern navy: French naval policy, 1871–1904" (1987), p. 350

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and had "an attractive interior". More stable than her predecessor, though still unable to stay at a set depth.

1015: 923: 826: 1740: 3468: 5082: 5077: 5057: 2653: 2634: 2129: 1998: 1901: 1838: 1819: 1818:, which results in a puddle of aluminum forming in the bottom of the retort. It has come to be known as the 1763:(all in 1886) and the United States (in 1887). Consumer dry cells would first appear in the 1890s. In 1887, 1479: 1451: 1281: 1030:. They were soon declared "ineffective" and discarded. By 1887, Drzewiecki was designing submarines for the 717: 492: 424: 123: 2409: 5072: 2917: 2563: 2544: 2508: 2374: 2341: 2024: 1547: 1518: 1362:

makes the second known "powered, assisted take off of a heavier-than-air craft carrying an operator". His

1355: 1233: 1140:, Atkinson was able to increase the efficiency of his engine, at the cost of some power, over traditional 942: 873: 782: 771: 596: 566: 111: 91: 4916: 4906: 4896: 4886: 4876: 4080: 2027:. Ferranti designed the building, as well as the electrical systems for both generating and distributing 5146: 4940: 2740: 2205: 2193: 2098: 1834: 1756: 1744: 1336: 1237: 1087: 1079: 1031: 1027: 632: 388: 383: 115: 4203:

Richard Knowles Morris, "John P. Holland, 1841–1914: inventor of the modern submarine" (1998), p. 57–58

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and surface ships had trouble spotting it. She was able to withstand explosions of up to 220 pounds of

1610: 1393: 1209: 4717:"Harvard Magazine, 1998. Francisco Márquez, "Isaac Peral. Brief Life of a scorned inventor 1851–1895"" 3897:"Edward C. Whitman, "John Holland, Father of the modern Submarine". Chapter: "A Disappointing Hiatus"" 1775:

patented his own zinc–carbon battery. Within the year, Hellesen and V. Ludvigsen founded a factory in

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would both create the loading coils and receive a patent of them, failing to credit Heaviside's work.

815: 534: 2121:. But Navy officials ultimately declared the submarine a "useless curiosity", scrapping the project. 1160: 3032: 2503: 2255: 2063: 2028: 2002: 1951: 1897: 1823: 1783: 1646: 1594: 1444: 1436: 1424: 1347: 1265: 1038: 657: 617: 521: 4381:

Improvements in Engines Operated by the Explosion of Mixtures of Combustible Vapour or Gas and Air

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Creating the Twentieth Century: Technical Innovations of 1867—1914 and Their Lasting Impact

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was among those who took interest in the new method. He would end up improving it in the 1900s.

1684: 1578:) in the late summer of 1888, making it the first commercially available automobile in history. 4926: 4827: 4770: 4637: 4587: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4400: 4353: 4316: 4239: 4207: 4129: 4050: 4044: 3725: 3587: 3511: 3441: 3336: 3304: 3280: 3225: 3202: 3194: 3101: 3076: 2899: 2601: 2539: 1983: 1979: 1614: 1495: 1397: 1333: 999: 992: 911: 880: 789: 706: 673: 665: 661: 650: 636: 603: 147: 3952: 3262:

and occupied a coastguard cottage. There were no coastguard cottages or station in Liscannor.

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The United States had five Presidents during the decade, the most since the 1840s. They were

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Lance Day, Ian McNeil, "Biographical dictionary of the history of technology" (1996), p. 681

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Norman Friedman, "U.S. submarines through 1945: an illustrated design history" (1995), p. 21

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to power a 14-HP Westinghouse steam engine". She managed a number of short trips within the

1213: 1168: 1148: 1011: 949: 853: 804: 767: 669: 139: 1806:, which became the first metal to attain widespread use since the prehistoric discovery of 4861: 4702: 4108: 4033:) was filed January 29, 1886, and granted November 2, 1886, thus taking effect January 29. 4030: 4022: 3850: 3800: 2997: 2893: 2860: 2585: 2568: 2467: 2258: 2185: 2005: 1849: 1827: 1748: 1679:(1879), with a range of 240 kilometres and armed with a single torpedo and a 25.4 mm 1499: 1428: 1249: 1221: 1172: 980: 973: 515: 4459:"Museum of the History of Science, Oxford: Kelvin Multi-Cellular Electrostatic Voltmeter" 4238:(3rd ed.). Athens, Greece: The Society for the Study of Greek History. p. 133. 3559: 3356: 3141:"Woodbank Communications Ltd.'s Electropaedia: "History of Batteries (and other things)"" 2878: 2106: 1830:, helped with the experiments, took laboratory notes and gave business advice to Charles. 1791: 207: 4742: 4695: 3768: 3631: 3386: 3098:

Oliver Heaviside: The Life, Work, and Times of an Electrical Genius of the Victorian Age

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batteries. Originally patented in the German Empire, Gassner also received patents from

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Woodbank Communications Ltd.'s Electropaedia: "History of Batteries (and other things)"

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movement gained nationwide prevalence, a "liquor-free" drink was brewed, known now as

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by the French. This was the first attempt to build the Canal; it would end in failure.

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publishes numerous articles on human thought, leading to the 1890 publication of his

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Paul E. Fontenoy, "Submarines: an illustrated history of their impact" (2007), p. 7

3357:"Original papers on dynamo machinery and allied subjects (London, Whittaker, 1893)" 3221:

Paul E. Fontenoy, "Submarines: an illustrated history of their impact" (2007), p. 3

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is inaugurated on March 31, 1889, thus becoming the tallest structure in the world

1374:, making a hop and "covering between 65 and 100 feet". The monoplane had a failed 972:. The electric arc lights went into regular service on December 20, 1880. The new 922:

was the first central power plant in the United States. It was located at 255–257

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Julie K. Petersen, "The telecommunications illustrated dictionary" (2002), p. 696

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Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include:

4267: 3177: 3049: 2981: 2966: 2960: 2752: 2481: 2359: 2137: 2090: 2075: 2055: 2035:, high-tension cables, insulation, circuit breakers, transformers and turbines." 1680: 1598: 1405: 1317: 1270: 1071: 888: 857: 819: 549: 486: 4720: 4558:"A demonstration on man of electromotive changes accompanying the heart's beat" 4178: 3812: 2140:. "It was driven by a 55 horse power electric motor, originally powered by 564 1715:) in 1887, a pair of 30 metre long submarines with twin torpedo tubes, for the 82: 4932: 3071: 2976: 2954: 2657: 2515: 2463: 2352: 2345: 2294: 2287: 2269: 2224: 2047: 2032: 1963: 1955: 1908: 1768: 1662: 1551: 1522: 1382: 1329: 1198: 1183: 1137: 1054: 1023: 548:

leads the last of his fugitive people in surrender to United States troops at

191: 187: 47: 4155: 1822:. Often overlooked is that Hall did not work alone. His research partner was 1810:. The basic invention involves passing an electric current through a bath of 4287:"The Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem: "Carl Gassner"" 3045: 3026: 2985: 2912: 2853: 2844: 2756: 2442: 2363: 2273: 2236: 2170: 2020: 1923:

fibers to measure "delicate forces". Boys was a physics demonstrator at the

1889: 1803: 1688: 1535: 1531: 1122: 1042: 1019: 927: 903:. Edison's system was based on creating a central power plant equipped with 702: 590: 562: 4918: