284:
floor hosted six vents; the largest was circular and 30 m (98 ft) across, and situated in the center of the crater. The remaining vents were distributed along the edge of the crater and were constantly emmitting steam. The second largest of these vents was actively spewing debris some 20 m (66 ft) into the air. A section of the volcano's flank was destroyed, exposing steep cliffs and revealing layers of lava flows and ash deposits extending 1,200 m (3,900 ft) high. This major scarp nearly reached the summit of the volcano. Large pieces of rocks were observed falling and accumulating at the bottom of the scarp in a 150 m (490 ft)
297:
195:
375:. Furthermore, the official government informed Quetzaltenango authorities that no funds were available for recovery, as were absorbed by the response missions following the April earthquake. Quetzaltenango regional authorities announced that the West zone agricultural harvest was destroyed, and forecasted a famine due to food shortages. The deaths of cattle also led to a meat shortage. They were allowed by the central government to import flour free of taxes for the next few months.
29:
894:
206:, the sound was described by people as either reminiscent of a waterfall or large boiler. These sounds emanated from the direction of the volcano and persisted for 30 minutes. At about the same period, people in Quezaltenango began to report a dark cloud from the volcano. As the evening progressed, a white sand-like substance began showering and blanketing the area, discoloring the landscape with its witish color.
186:, which was also the largest of the sequence and killing 1,000 people. This event caused major damage to buildings and was felt in other countries. The epicenter of the April shock was thought to be near Santa María. A series of local earthquakes occurring with high frequency was felt within the volcano's vicinity for six weeks. Another major shock occurred on 23 September that was felt as far as Mexico.
900:
309:
by lightning. All vegetation was destroyed within a 5 km (3.1 mi) reach of the crater. Within a month of the eruption, new leaves began to sprout from undamaged tree branches. Coffee plants also began producing new branches as their existing ones were torn away by the eruption. Up to 18 m (59 ft) of ash covered the ground within the immediate vicinity of the explosion crater.
366:
was heavily focused on the festival while it made no mention of the eruption. No issues were published on 27 and 28 October due to the festival. The first story about the eruption was only published on 3 November. There were no official actions in attempting to calculate the number of fatalities and
347:
Estimates of the death toll range from 5,000 to 8,700. Those in close proximity to the crater likely died while many more were killed by roof collapses. Many buildings sustained collapsed roof due to the weight of ash it had collected. A malaria outbreak added to the fatalities. In Suiza, a building
308:
All trees and shrubs within a 32 km (20 mi) by 113 km (70 mi) area that stretched halfway towards the
Pacific were stripped of its leaves and severely damaged by the rushing volcanic debris. Many trees were entirely uprooted, snapped at their branches; many others were also split
283:
reported that three explorers visited the crater in late
November. The explorers described a crater with an east-west axis of 1 km (0.62 mi) and was 500–600 m (1,600–2,000 ft) at its widest base diameter. It also extended to a depth of 200–250 m (660–820 ft). The crater
174:
The formation of Santa María occurred approximately 30,000 years BP, constructing the present cone to a volume of 20 km (4.8 cu mi). It comprise predominantly of basaltic andesites and pyriclastic material. It is part of a large volcanic belt that straddles the
Pacific coast of Middle
331:
who reported the forest conditions in 1903. The loss of life among mammals was believed to be enormous, greater than that of avian creatures. Cattle also died in large numbers; some perished during the eruption or in the subsequent days from consuming ash-contaminated water and grass. Insects were
275:
10 cubic meters. Unlike most large eruptions of its kind, Santa María's plinian column did not collapse. The eruption also did not create a caldera although it expelled a large volume of magma. This was probably attributed to a deep-than-usual location for its magma chamber, which, during the 1902
378:
On top of food shortages, the lack of water and power supply due to ash added to the turmoil of residents. It took several months for these services to be fully functional. Residents began to clear ash from their roofs to prevent further cave-ins. On 12 November, President
Cabrera established the
255:
in Mexico, some 104 km (65 mi) northwest of the volcano, at 06:00. The ash traveled further into the country and reached Mexico City. The initial plinian eruption ceased after 18 to 20 hours before another eruptive phase initiated in the early hours of 26 October. This new activity was
222:
ash began to fall in
Quezaltenago at 03:00. Meanwhile, in Finca Helvetia, pumice measuring 15–25 cm (5.9–9.8 in) and between 0.5–0.75 lb (0.23–0.34 kg) began to rain onto the village at 03:00. The initial fallout was cold before hot pumice was introduced. The material in this
370:
While the eruption continued, the regional authorities of
Quetzaltenango became responsible for handling the crisis, as attention of the national government was focused on Fiestas Minervalias. In an attempt to suppress the impact of the eruption, citizens were informed the eruption occurred in
161:
of eight. The main eruption began on 24 October 1902 and lasted no more than 20 hours. Prior to its catastrophic eruption, Santa María had no record of an eruption. The eruption killed between 5,000 and 8,700 people. Immediate knowledge about the eruption was suppressed by
President
209:
At 18:15, ash particles were reported in Finca
Helvetia, about 14 km (8.7 mi) west of the volcano. By 20:00, the volcano produced a large eruption column accompanied by lightning flashes. This column took on cauliflower-like shapes. Large
250:
to measure the height of the eruption column and placed his estimation at 27–29 km (17–18 mi). Another sailor measured the column at 48 km (30 mi) which has been deemed errorneous. The ash fallout made its way into
768:
379:
General Supply of Aid for
Agriculture to support struggling farmers and the agricultural industry. In late November, Quetzaltenango officials allocated 15,000 pesos for cleaning works an another 5,000 to repair its
227:. By 11:00, the eruption had reached its climax. The eruption persisted into the night, though its intensity gradually decreased. The main eruption ended before the morning of 26 October.
260:
and accompanied by steam eruptions. Light steam explosions continued to occur in 1903. Earthquake activity was frequent and residents could detect the stench of hydrogen sulphide.
312:
Portions of coffee plantations in
Xolhuitz, Costa Cuca, Chuva, Progreso and Tumbador were devastated and unrestored. The total losses for coffee was placed at over 300 thousand
360:
attempted to downplay the impact of the eruption. The eruption occurred hours before the Fiestas Minervalias, a propaganda fair, was supposed to begin. The 26 October issue of
327:
During the initial eruption phase, birds were observed in a dazed condition on roads. The stench of animal corpses rotting beneath volcanic debris was intense according to
202:
On 24 October, slight earthquakes were perceived. Santa María began discharging steam in the afternoon, before rumbling noises were heard within its vicinity at 17:00. In
100:
166:
due to the occurrence of a propaganda festival at around the same time of the eruption. Aid did not reach the affected areas immediately and only arrived in December.
511:
276:
eruption, was not entirely emptied. The Santiaguito lava dome which formed in 1922 had a nearly identical lava composition with the lava that erupted in 1902.
451:
Rose, W. I.; Grant, N. K.; Hahn, G. A.; Lange, I. M.; Powell, J. L.; Easter, J.; Degraff, J. M. (1977). "The Evolution of Santa María Volcano, Guatemala".
991:
809:
1186:
397:
142:
178:
In early 1902, Guatemala was affected by a series of damaging earthquakes; the first in this sequence occurring on 18 January. This event affected
986:
1052:
1307:
1265:
966:
853:
822:
491:
175:
America. Prior to the 1902 eruption, there were no historical records of activity on the volcano. It was previously considered extinct.
737:
1327:
848:
691:
Angelis, Silvio De; Rietbrock, Andreas; Lavallee, Yan; Carter, William; Wallace, Paul; Gottschämmer, Ellen; Rohnacher, Alicia (2019).
392:
971:
868:
936:
1337:
1332:
1098:
941:
926:
665:
1088:
1037:
981:
843:
802:
402:
332:
among the fauna that recovered quicker; Eisen found butterflies, beetles, mosquitoes and flies in abundance. He also noticed
1122:
838:
716:
179:
1322:
1239:
1204:
1181:
1042:
956:
296:
976:
951:
946:
931:
214:
began to rain down the volcano's southern flanks at 01:00 of 25 October, signifying that the eruption had entered its
79:
362:
1317:
961:
532:
Williams, Stanley N.; Self, Stephen (1983). "The October 1902 plinian eruption of Santa Maria volcano, Guatemala".
158:
132:
639:
1171:
1164:
1027:
893:
883:
795:
211:
183:
1312:
1154:
1017:
429:
42:
720:
434:
380:
1149:
1139:
1108:
1057:
1032:
921:
909:
357:
203:
163:
1219:
1176:
1047:
1022:
1005:
863:
500:]. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie and Paläontologie (in German). Tübingen. pp. 39–90.
271:
measured in DRE was estimated at 5 km (1.2 cu mi). The tephra volume was estimated at 2.0
264:
194:
1258:
1196:
1103:
1071:
878:
830:
1234:
1144:
873:
569:
28:
1281:
1229:
1224:
1209:
1134:
1093:
505:
348:
heavily occupied by those escaping the eruption collapsed under the accumulated ash, killing 18.
1214:
1083:
899:
692:
230:
Blasts were heard in Costa Rica, some 850 km (530 mi) southeast of the volcano. In
182:
and the country's Pacific coastal region. Ouezaltenango and San Marcos were razed during the
1286:
745:
698:
617:
541:
460:
341:
215:
84:
317:
257:
337:
321:
1301:
545:
601:
328:
694:
An international partnership to develop volcano monitoring capacities in Guatemala
198:
Satellite view of Santa Maria with the large scarp that formed during the eruption
1159:
702:
487:
285:
280:
424:
252:
242:
until mid-day and its residents detected a sulfrous smell. The captain of the
605:
157:
was one of the largest eruptions of the 20th century, measuring a six on the
115:
102:
1272:
818:
697:. SEG International Exposition and 89th Annual Meeting. pp. 4782–4785.
224:
94:
738:"Cuando el día se volvió noche; La erupción del volcán Santa María de 1902"
372:
301:
239:
279:
Although a caldera did not form, a new, oval-shaped crater had emerged.
238:, explosions could be heard. The eruption continued to shake windows in
313:
247:
219:
787:
324:
plants withered, their berries were salvaged for low-quality coffee.
268:
235:
231:
316:. In areas where the native vegetation died, the leaves and berries
621:
464:
668:[October 1902 explosion of the Santa Maria volcano, and].
193:
775:
Centennial of the eruption of the Santa María Volcano (1902-2002)
288:. They also estimated the crater wall's slope to be 60 degrees.
791:
781:, Historiador Pedagogo (in Spanish), Rafael Landívar University
642:[A disaster that Estrada Cabrera insisted on denying].
267:(DRE) volume of 8 km (1.9 cu mi) of magma. The
770:
Centenario de la erupción del Volcán Santa María (1902-2002)
606:"The Earthquake and Volcanic Eruption in Guatemala in 1902"
340:
carrying the buried brown soil towards the surface of ash.
493:
Die vuleanischen Ereignisse in Mittelamerika im Jahre 1902
367:
aid only reached the affected departments in December.
344:
also returned to the area a month after the eruption.
666:"Octubre de 1902 explosión del volcán Santa María, e"
1195:
1121:
1070:
1004:
908:
829:
640:"Un desastre que Estrada Cabrera insistió en negar"
141:
131:
90:
78:
63:
48:
38:
21:
263:During the course of the eruption, it generated a
223:fallout later included hot, fist-sized rocks and
300:The explosion crater photographed in 1903 with
534:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
803:
725:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional.
610:Bulletin of the American Geographical Society
8:
527:
525:
523:
521:
498:The Vulean events in Central America in 1902
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
633:
631:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
1127:
1076:
1010:
914:
810:
796:
788:
510:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
27:
596:
594:
592:
590:
398:List of volcanic eruptions by death toll
295:
446:
444:
413:
503:
18:
419:
417:
7:
16:VEI 6 volcanic eruption in Guatemala
854:Federal Republic of Central America
638:Galicia, Néstor (26 October 2016).
393:List of largest volcanic eruptions
320:plants were unscathed. Though the
14:
898:
892:
744:(in Spanish) (1). Archived from
864:Ten Years of Spring (1944–1954)
403:List of volcanoes in Guatemala
1:
767:de León, Oscar Arnoldo Soto,
672:(in Spanish). 25 October 2020
1308:20th-century volcanic events
859:1902 eruption of Santa María
570:"The Volcanoes of Guatemala"
546:10.1016/0377-0273(83)90083-5
155:1902 eruption of Santa María
22:1902 eruption of Santa María
1187:Water supply and sanitation
703:10.1190/segam2019-3215154.1
67:November 12, 1902
1354:
568:Anderson, Tempest (1908).
159:volcanic explosivity index
52:October 24, 1902
1328:Quetzaltenango Department
1252:
1130:
1079:
1013:
917:
890:
26:
1018:Administrative divisions
742:Revista Estudios Digital
717:Arévalo Martínez, Rafael
577:The Geographical Journal
430:Global Volcanism Program
363:Diario de Centro América
435:Smithsonian Institution
1338:Manuel Estrada Cabrera
1333:1902 natural disasters
736:Aragón, Magda (2013).
453:The Journal of Geology
358:Manuel Estrada Cabrera
305:
199:
164:Manuel Estrada Cabrera
879:Civil War (1960–1996)
299:
265:dense-rock equivalent
197:
992:World Heritage Sites
1323:October 1902 events
874:Guatemalan genocide
670:Diario de Los Altos
336:ants, a species of
184:18 April earthquake
112: /
1099:Telecommunications
927:Biosphere reserves
748:on 8 November 2014
306:
200:
1318:1902 in Guatemala
1295:
1294:
1248:
1247:
1117:
1116:
1066:
1065:
1053:Political parties
1038:Foreign relations
1000:
999:
844:Captaincy General
304:in the background
218:stage. Pea-sized
151:
150:
116:14.757°N 91.552°W
1345:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1128:
1077:
1011:
915:
902:
896:
869:1954 coup d'état
839:Spanish conquest
812:
805:
798:
789:
783:
782:
780:
764:
758:
757:
755:
753:
733:
727:
726:
713:
707:
706:
688:
682:
681:
679:
677:
662:
656:
655:
653:
651:
635:
626:
625:
598:
585:
584:
574:
565:
550:
549:
529:
516:
515:
509:
501:
484:
469:
468:
448:
439:
438:
421:
274:
127:
126:
124:
123:
122:
117:
113:
110:
109:
108:
105:
74:
72:
59:
57:
31:
19:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1313:VEI-6 eruptions
1298:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1244:
1240:Public holidays
1235:National emblem
1191:
1182:Sex trafficking
1113:
1062:
1043:Law enforcement
996:
987:Water resources
904:
903:
888:
884:1976 earthquake
825:
816:
786:
778:
766:
765:
761:
751:
749:
735:
734:
730:
722:¡Ecce Pericles!
715:
714:
710:
690:
689:
685:
675:
673:
664:
663:
659:
649:
647:
637:
636:
629:
600:
599:
588:
572:
567:
566:
553:
531:
530:
519:
502:
486:
485:
472:
450:
449:
442:
423:
422:
415:
411:
389:
354:
338:leafcutter ants
318:Liberian coffee
294:
272:
258:phreatomagmatic
192:
172:
121:14.757; -91.552
120:
118:
114:
111:
106:
103:
101:
99:
98:
97:
70:
68:
55:
53:
34:
33:Eruption column
17:
12:
11:
5:
1351:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
995:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
967:National parks
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
918:
912:
906:
905:
897:
891:
889:
887:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
835:
833:
827:
826:
817:
815:
814:
807:
800:
792:
785:
784:
759:
728:
708:
683:
657:
627:
622:10.2307/197952
616:(4): 325–352.
586:
551:
540:(1–2): 33–56.
517:
470:
465:10.1086/628269
440:
412:
410:
407:
406:
405:
400:
395:
388:
385:
353:
350:
322:Arabian coffee
293:
290:
191:
188:
171:
168:
149:
148:
145:
139:
138:
135:
129:
128:
92:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
65:
61:
60:
50:
46:
45:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1350:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1003:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
916:
913:
911:
907:
901:
895:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
813:
808:
806:
801:
799:
794:
793:
790:
776:
772:
771:
763:
760:
747:
743:
739:
732:
729:
724:
723:
718:
712:
709:
704:
700:
696:
695:
687:
684:
671:
667:
661:
658:
645:
641:
634:
632:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:Eisen, Gustav
597:
595:
593:
591:
587:
583:(5): 473–485.
582:
578:
571:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
552:
547:
543:
539:
535:
528:
526:
524:
522:
518:
513:
507:
499:
495:
494:
489:
483:
481:
479:
477:
475:
471:
466:
462:
458:
454:
447:
445:
441:
436:
432:
431:
426:
425:"Santa María"
420:
418:
414:
408:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
386:
384:
382:
376:
374:
368:
365:
364:
359:
351:
349:
345:
343:
339:
335:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
310:
303:
298:
291:
289:
287:
282:
277:
270:
266:
261:
259:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
226:
221:
217:
213:
207:
205:
196:
189:
187:
185:
181:
176:
169:
167:
165:
160:
156:
146:
144:
140:
136:
134:
130:
125:
96:
93:
89:
86:
83:
81:
77:
66:
62:
51:
47:
44:
41:
37:
30:
25:
20:
1273:Bibliography
1172:Prostitution
1165:Demographics
1084:Central bank
1028:Constitution
972:Ramsar sites
922:Biodiversity
858:
849:Mexican rule
774:
769:
762:
750:. Retrieved
746:the original
741:
731:
721:
711:
693:
686:
674:. Retrieved
669:
660:
648:. Retrieved
646:(in Spanish)
644:Prensa Libre
643:
613:
609:
580:
576:
537:
533:
497:
492:
488:Sapper, Karl
459:(1): 63–87.
456:
452:
428:
377:
369:
361:
355:
346:
333:
329:Gustav Eisen
326:
311:
307:
278:
262:
244:S.S. Newport
243:
229:
208:
201:
177:
173:
154:
152:
1155:LGBT rights
937:Earthquakes
286:debris cone
281:Karl Sapper
147:5,000–8,700
119: /
43:Santa María
1302:Categories
1220:Literature
1058:Presidents
942:Ecoregions
752:7 November
409:References
356:President
342:Blackbirds
253:Motozintla
225:lava bombs
204:San Felipe
180:San Martín
170:Background
107:91°33′07″W
104:14°45′25″N
71:1902-11-12
56:1902-10-24
49:Start date
1150:Languages
1140:Education
1109:Transport
1033:Elections
982:Volcanism
910:Geography
819:Guatemala
676:31 August
650:31 August
506:cite book
381:aqueducts
352:Aftermath
246:used her
95:Guatemala
1282:Category
1177:Religion
1094:Currency
1048:Military
1023:Congress
1006:Politics
823:articles
719:(1945).
604:(1903).
490:(1903).
387:See also
334:zompopos
314:quintals
302:Chicabal
190:Eruption
91:Location
64:End date
1259:Outline
1210:Cuisine
1197:Culture
1123:Society
1104:Tourism
1072:Economy
957:Islands
831:History
248:sextant
220:lapilli
216:plinian
212:lithics
85:Plinian
69: (
54: (
39:Volcano
1287:Portal
1205:Anthem
1160:People
1145:Health
1089:Coffee
977:Rivers
932:Cities
821:
777:]
373:México
292:Impact
269:dacite
236:Belize
232:Oaxaca
143:Deaths
1266:Index
1230:Music
1225:Media
1135:Crime
962:Lakes
952:Flora
947:Fauna
779:(PDF)
773:[
573:(PDF)
496:[
240:Cobán
1215:Flag
754:2014
678:2024
652:2024
512:link
234:and
153:The
80:Type
699:doi
618:doi
542:doi
461:doi
133:VEI
1304::
740:.
630:^
614:35
612:.
608:.
589:^
581:31
579:.
575:.
554:^
538:16
536:.
520:^
508:}}
504:{{
473:^
457:85
455:.
443:^
433:.
427:.
416:^
383:.
811:e
804:t
797:v
756:.
705:.
701::
680:.
654:.
624:.
620::
548:.
544::
514:)
467:.
463::
437:.
273:×
137:6
73:)
58:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
