582:. This was a wage just marginally above that earned by the best-paid dockers and carters. At the request of the Lord Mayor, extra British Army troops and cavalry were immediately deployed to Belfast to restore order, taking command of strategic areas such as the Docks and city centre; on 1 August nine warships sailed into Belfast Lough and martial law was quickly imposed in the city. On 2 August, four days before the police were due to go on strike, the leaders of the mutiny along with 200 dissident policemen were transferred from Belfast. Barrett and six other constables were dismissed from the RIC. The day after Barrett's dismissal, the strikers carried him from one police barracks to another; a mass demonstration followed where he addressed a crowd of 5,000 people, mainly striking workers. The police mutiny, however, was effectively crushed without their threatened strike having taken place.
591:
448:
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the strike soon spread from the docks and quays to the rest of
Belfast with shipyard workers, firemen, sailors, iron moulders, and transport workers joining the dockers. Between 5,000 and 10,000 people turned out to attend the strike meetings that were held daily outside the Custom House. The NUDL demanded an increase in wages along with union recognition and better working conditions, all of which Gallaher and the other shipping bosses adamantly refused to grant. At this stage, however, the dockers' strike was hampered by the strong police and military presence on the quays. On 1 July, Larkin decided to lead the striking dockers in a march to
635:
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promptly suspended. In response, 300 angry policemen attended a meeting at
Musgrave Street Barracks and declared their support for the strike. A brawl instantly broke out inside the barracks when Barrett resisted attempts by RIC officers to arrest him. This led to another 800 policemen (about 70 per cent of the police force) joining the mutiny. They refused to offer any protection to the blacklegs, made no further attempts to disperse the strikers' pickets and Larkin persuaded them to carry out their own strike for higher wages and better pensions. In 1907, policemen's pay in Belfast ranged from £66, 16 shillings to £78
396:
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meeting held that afternoon in
Corporation Square. The women, however, were compelled to return to work the following day. Although Larkin had called on them to join a trade union, neither the NUDL nor any other trade union could admit such a high number of new members at one time. Additionally, no financial assistance was available to the women, many of whom had families to support. Thomas Gallaher refused to recognise the NUDL and had hundreds of blackleg dockers working on
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322:
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engineers and boilermakers were striking; workplaces all over the city stopped production and shut down. The strike escalated into bitter violence when shipyard workers burnt company vans, hurled rocks at the police and attacked blacklegs with "shipyard confetti" which consisted of rivets, nuts and bolts. Blackleg workers had to be billeted aboard a ship in the
Belfast Lough for their own safety.
352:. They were damp, airless, overcrowded and poorly lit. Poverty, hunger and disease was rife. Women and children were compelled to work long, arduous hours in the linen mills and cigarette factories. Most families in Sailortown had men who were merchant seamen; with boys as young as 14 going off to sea. The other men obtained unskilled work on the waterfront as dockers, carters and coal heavers.
542:
279:(NUDL). The dockers, both Protestant and Catholic, had gone on strike after their demand for union recognition was refused. They were soon joined by carters, shipyard workers, sailors, firemen, boilermakers, coal heavers, transport workers, and women from the city's largest tobacco factory. Most of the dock labourers were employed by powerful tobacco magnate
356:
650:(ITGWU) established the following year in response to the events of Belfast. This also helped to ensure a significant increase in trade union membership amongst northern Catholics, who before the strike had tended to be less unionised than their Protestant counterparts. Such a move was seen as a problem by leading figures in the
570:. The RIC were enlisted to provide an escort for the blackleg carters, who constantly came under attack. In one incident in East Belfast, a crowd of shipyard workers threw a telegraph pole at a blackleg carter and his traction engine. The merchandise he had been transporting ended up in the nearby Connswater River.
408:'s Sirocco Engineering Works in East Belfast with a walk-out by non-union workers demanding higher wages. The union members amongst Sirocco's employees were promptly sacked and the rest of the workers were each obliged to sign a document pledging not to join a trade union. The next strike occurred on
329:
Belfast in the early 20th-century was a flourishing centre of industry with shipbuilding, engineering and linen-manufacturing the main sources of the city's economic lifeblood. Its skilled workforce of shipyard workers and engineers earned wages and enjoyed working conditions comparable with the rest
706:
described the
Belfast Dock strike as having been a "major event in the early years of the trade union movement". In Belfast and Dublin, statues of James Larkin were erected in his honour. To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the event, a stained glass window depicting the dock strike was unveiled
602:
The Dock strike was ultimately ended on 28 August not by Larkin but by James Sexton, the overall head of the NUDL in
Britain and Ireland. Sexton found the 10 shillings a week strike payments that had to be made to the dockers crippling high and, fearing that the union might be bankrupted, negotiated
490:
The strike was characterised by unrest in working class areas of
Belfast and solidarity across the sectarian divide. Given that Protestants made up the majority of Belfast's workforce, most of the strikers and local strike leaders were in fact, Protestants, although Catholics comprised a significant
455:
In mid-June 500 coal heavers from other firms went out, demanding higher wages. As the end of June approached, more than 3000 dockers were on strike, including 300 from the cross-channel companies, most of which were owned by powerful
British railway magnates. As unrest among Belfast's workers grew,
428:
to fill the strikers' places. Feeling that a strike was premature at this point in time, Larkin sent the dockers and coal heavers back to work. Upon their return, however, the men discovered that they were locked out with the imported blacklegs working in their stead. The locked-out NUDL dockers and
367:
By this time there were 3,100 dock labourers, 2,000 of whom were casual workers or "spellsmen" hired on a daily basis at low pay. Whilst
Protestants and Catholics held the same jobs, the sectarian attitudes which dominated every aspect of life in Belfast ensured that Protestant dockers worked in the
338:
membership. For the unskilled workers, such as dock labourers and carters, it was a completely different story. They worked up to 75 hours a week in conditions which were dangerous and unsanitary, without holidays. The pay was low and employment was erratic and uncertain. Unlike the skilled workers,
689:
and he spoke before large crowds of striking workers. Maclean was impressed by what he saw in
Belfast, feeling that the strike would represent the moment in which sectarian divisions were put aside in favour of working class unity in Ireland. Furthermore, his brief time in Belfast reinvigorated his
606:
In the weeks leading up to the strike's termination, the Unionist press had begun to employ scare-mongering and other divisive methods to alienate the Protestant strikers from their Catholic counterparts by alluding to Irish nationalism and socialism. It also published allegations that although the
416:
Samuel Kelly. This was after he had dismissed union members from his workforce and Larkin called for the rest of the coal workers to go on strike. On 6 May, dockers working on the SS Optic owned by Belfast Steamship Company also went out on strike after refusing to work alongside non-union members.
464:
The tide suddenly turned in the dockers' favour when carters on the railway company quays refused to transport goods unloaded from the ships by the Dublin blackleg dockers. On 4 July after submitting a general pay claim, Larkin called the thousand remaining carters of Belfast, who were employed by
665:
For Larkin the strike was seen as something of a triumph despite its unsatisfactory ending and it had served to establish his reputation. He would move south the following year and found that the authorities were frequently loathe to confront him, given his tough reputation and the spectre of the
460:
to put their case before the council chamber who were in session. According to a newspaper report, the dockers were "marshalled in a long column of fours, and headed by Mr. Larkin they marched in military order through the streets gathering an immense crowd at their heels". The politicians inside
432:
Although Kelly gave in and recognised his workers' rights to union membership, when Gallaher sacked seven women for attending a meeting held by Larkin, one thousand female employees of his tobacco factory walked out of their workplace in a display of solidarity on 16 May. They marched to a strike
694:
Maclean had become disillusioned with trade unionism as the Glasgow dockers' unions were small and made up only of highly skilled workers who adopted the superior attitude of a "labour aristocracy". However the Belfast unions had a mass membership and for Maclean this pointed the way forward for
561:
driven by blackleg carters through the city. Blackleg carters had been recruited to drive the traction engines that had been sent to Belfast to deliver the goods which had been unable to leave the port due to the striking carters. The traction engines, equipped with makeshift armour, were almost
577:
On 19 July, RIC Constable William Barrett refused to sit beside the blackleg driver of a traction engine who had been promised personal police protection by his employer. After flatly refusing to obey District Inspector Thomas Keaveney when the latter ordered him to accompany the driver, he was
473:
commented on the situation with the following words: "It was remarkable to see the stagnation which existed from the Custom House to the Clarendon Dock. With the exception of an isolated van or lorry driven by the obvious amateur, there was scarcely a sign of life or movement". Soon afterwards
368:
cross-channel docks where employment was more regular whilst Catholic dockers were made to work in the more dangerous deep sea docks, where the casualty rate was the highest. They were also the first to be laid off when labour cutbacks were required. Author John Gray in his book,
622:(UVF) gunrunner Frederick Crawford expressed the following sentiments in a letter he wrote to a friend regarding the Falls Road riot: "what a blessing all the rioting took place in the Catholic quarter of the city. This branded the whole thing a nationalist movement". The
573:
The policemen, however, received no extra pay for the hazardous duty which left them vulnerable to attack nor for the regular breaking up of strikers' pickets; both of which threatened to alienate them from their own communities, and in some cases their own families.
347:
which had a population of 5,000, excluding the transient sailors who swelled the numbers. This mixed Protestant and Catholic populace was packed into tiny streets of red-bricked terraced houses that were built between the docks and
618:, two Catholics were killed by soldiers. This struck a serious blow to working-class unity. Despite the removal of the Army from the Falls Road area the following day, working-class solidarity was damaged beyond repair. Future
403:
By April 1907, Larkin had recruited 2,000 workers into the NUDL union; in May the number had reached 4,500. The massive wave of labour strikes which would bring chaos to Belfast throughout the summer commenced on 26 April at
695:
unions as instruments of real social change and as such he took up his pen in support of the Belfast strike. Maclean would later become an enthusiastic supporter of Irish nationalism, and in declaring his support for the
626:, as well as Unionist and Nationalist politicians, quickly took the opportunity to exploit the centuries-old sectarian divisions and the two striking groups inevitably drifted back into their former sectarian camps.
387:, he vociferously articulated the grievances of the working classes. Due to his charismatic personality and considerable oratorial skill, Larkin succeeded in unionising the unskilled Protestant and Catholic workers.
524:
establishment opposed the strike and subjected Larkin to a sectarian campaign of condemnation, aimed largely at coaxing Protestant workers away from the strike. Larkin did however secure the support of the
607:
Protestant strikers had largely borne the brunt of the hardships that ensued during the strike, the Catholic strikers had received larger cash payouts by the Dockers' and Carters' Strike Fund. The
529:, an offshoot of the mainstream Orange Order which at the time had close ties to the Protestant labour movement. Larkin was joined in public meetings by the Independents' Grand Master,
372:
described the differences in wages earnings and the standard of living between the skilled and unskilled workers as "a yawning abyss, unequalled anywhere else in the United Kingdom".
509:, a Protestant area of the city and a regular scene of sectarian clashes, on 26 July 100,000 workers marched in support of the strike in a parade that featured flute bands from both
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with the employers before agreeing to terms that amounted to capitulation by the NUDL. These separate negotiations with the other employers left the dock labourers isolated.
424:
who owned Gallaher's Tobacco Factory and served as chairman of Belfast Steamship Company. Gallaher and Kelly were forewarned about the strike, and had sent to Dublin for 50
444:. Larkin denounced Gallaher in speeches as an "obscene scoundrel". Gallaher for his part lamented that "the whole business is, I think, due to the uprising of socialism".
375:
It was into this environment and social milieu that trade union leader James Larkin (a Liverpool-born Irish Catholic) arrived in January 1907. He was sent to Belfast by
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who warned his flock that "socialism as it is preached on the Continent, and as it has commenced to be preached in these countries, is simply irreligion and atheism".
1190:
441:
240:
299:
115:
58:
647:
32:
Royal Irish Constabulary Constable William Barrett being chaired by the striking workers through the streets of Belfast after his dismissal, August 1907
1154:
Anarchism and syndicalism in the colonial and postcolonial world, 1870-1940: the praxis of national liberation, internationalism, and social revolution
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28:
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traditions, a very rare occurrence. The parade ended at a mass rally held outside City Hall, where 200,000 demonstrators had gathered.
54:
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967:
678:
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police mutiny that had accompanied the Belfast strike. As a result, Larkin enjoyed a high success rate in labour disputes until the
447:
383:(NUDL), with the aim of bringing the dock workers and carters into the union. Addressing crowds of people on the steps of Belfast's
325:
Belfast's working class population typically lived in red brick terraced houses similar to these in Pakenham Street, south Belfast
380:
276:
142:
533:. Crawford encouraged workers to stand firm for the sake not only of organised labour, but also of "the unity of all Irishmen".
395:
642:, depicting the dockers, and the community's close affiliation with Irish trade unionism which was brought about by the strike
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942:
634:
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coal heavers proceeded to force the blacklegs away from the Belfast Steamship Company's sheds and the coal merchant's quay.
708:
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ever witnessed before or since. Instead of the traditional rioting and sectarian clashes which typically accompanied the
557:
The police mutiny broke out when the RIC were ordered to play a more participative role during their routine escort of
502:
parades, the strike leaders gave public speeches defending the workers' interests against all forms of sectarianism.
461:
City Hall had to perforce admit a delegation of dockers to their meeting, but they would not make any concessions.
399:
The Custom House where James Larkin gave his speeches on the steps; the steps were known as the "Speaker's Corner"
1195:
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720:
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546:
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287:
193:
157:
1059:
Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940 (Studies in Global Social History)
486:
Dublin rally in support of the Belfast strikers addressed by James Larkin, Lindsay Crawford and William Walker
409:
611:, which had been put aside during the lockout, once again emerged as a potential threat to Irish Unionists.
530:
521:
491:
number. Specifically, three-quarters of Belfast's carters and three-fifths of its dockers were Protestants.
405:
313:
described the Belfast strike as having been a "major event in the early years of the trade union movement".
203:
339:
these labourers had no trade union to look after their interests. The men who worked in the docks lived in
671:
619:
306:
798:
651:
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he suggested that it was the culmination of a new struggle that had begun with the 1907 Dock strike.
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troops were deployed. Although largely unsuccessful, the dock strike led to the establishment of the
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drivers of traction engines used to replace the striking carters. Order was eventually restored when
162:
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510:
349:
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469:. Gallaher and the other employers had no means of getting their merchandise out of the port. The
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27:
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The defeat of the strike saw a move towards a more Irish-based trade unionism, with the
541:
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686:
655:
384:
331:
291:
1174:
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Catholic Belfast and Nationalist Northern Ireland in the era of Joe Devlin, 1871–1934
696:
682:
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434:
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283:, chairman of the Belfast Steamship Company and owner of Gallaher's Tobacco Factory.
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shipyard in 1907. It was described as the "power base of Belfast's industrial might"
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890:
Syndicalism and the Transition to Communism: An International Comparative Analysis
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Although it involved members of both the Protestant and Catholic communities, the
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960:
Dissenting Voices: Rediscovering the Irish Progressive Presbyterian Tradition
268:
549:
escorting a convoy of traction engines driven by blackleg carters along
355:
691:
264:
260:
50:
1033:
A Past Apart: Studies in the History of Catholic Belfast, 1850–1950
799:"The 1907 Dock Strike". Culture Northern Ireland'. 11 December 2008
1135:
City in Revolt: James Larkin & the Belfast dock strike of 1907
1046:
The Catholic Church and the Foundation of the Northern Irish State
677:
The industrial action attracted much attention, including that of
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481:
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394:
354:
320:
829:
City in Revolt: James Larkin and the Belfast Dock Strike of 1907
370:
City in Revolt: James Larkin and the Belfast Dock Strike of 1907
719:
The Belfast Dock strike featured in the 2012 television series
681:, a Scottish Marxist who came to prominence as a leader of the
723:; however, it contained many glaring historical inaccuracies.
685:
group. Maclean was in Belfast from 1 to 3 August along with
275:
who had successfully organised the dock workers to join the
690:
enthusiasm for the trade union movement. From his base in
465:
the 60 firms of the Master Carriers Association, out on a
267:
from 26 April to 28 August 1907. The strike was called by
420:
Most of the dockers in Belfast were employees of magnate
962:. Belfast: Ulster Historical Society. pp. 286–287.
1118:
A Lost Left: Three Studies in Socialism and Nationalism
919:
Collins, Peter (1998). "Larkin, James", S.J. Connolly,
614:
In mid-August during the course of a riot in the lower
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Donegall Quay as it appeared 100 years after the strike
437:
under the protection of the RIC and troops deployed by
1137:(1st ed.). Dundonald, Belfast: Blackstaff Press.
937:. London: Lawrence and Wishart. pp. 103–104.
216:
124:
106:
98:
83:
65:
45:
37:
20:
290:(RIC) later mutinied when ordered to escort the
494:That July Belfast experienced the most unusual
1057:Hirsch, Stephen; Van der Valt, Lucien (2010).
442:Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 9th Earl of Shaftesbury
1152:Walt, Lucien van der; Hirsch, Steven (2010).
334:. Additionally, they enjoyed the security of
8:
1090:Ripley, Brian John & McHugh, J. (1989).
862:
860:
858:
674:of 1913 was one example of these successes.
478:Solidarity between Protestants and Catholics
648:Irish Transport & General Workers Union
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1000:
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979:
810:
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300:Irish Transport and General Workers' Union
17:
1120:. Manchester University Press ND. p. 211
839:
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707:at Belfast City Hall by the Lord Mayor,
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1035:. Ulster Historical Foundation. p. 133
816:Nordirland in Geschichte und Gegenwart
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1191:Labour disputes in the United Kingdom
921:The Oxford Companion to Irish History
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870:. UK: Oxford University Press. p. 121
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7:
1094:. Manchester University Press. p. 30
935:Belfast, From Loyalty to Rebellion
14:
923:. Oxford University Press. p. 302
702:Former Irish Labour Party leader
426:blackleg dockers and coal heavers
381:National Union of Dock Labourers
277:National Union of Dock Labourers
26:
1186:1907 labor disputes and strikes
831:. Blackstaff Press. pp.105, 115
241:Lord Mayor, Earl of Shaftesbury
1081:. Cork University Press. p. 43
1048:. Cork University Press. p. 33
1015:Uris, Jill & Leon (1976).
343:, a community adjacent to the
41:26 April 1907 – 28 August 1907
1:
92:Granting of right to unionise
1031:Hepburn, Anthony C. (1996).
892:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 117
866:Hepburn, Anthony C. (2008).
814:Elvert, Jürgen, Dr. (1994).
751:"Belfast 1907 strike marked"
363:organiser of the Dock strike
818:. Stuttgart: Steiner. p. 87
89:Improved working conditions
1217:
1201:Labour disputes in Ireland
1017:Ireland: a terrible beauty
933:Goldring, Maurice (1991).
888:Darlington, Ralph (2008).
102:Strikes, rallies, walkouts
1019:. UK: Corgi Books. p. 245
271:-born trade union leader
221:
178:Belfast Steamship Company
173:Employers & Companies
129:
25:
1077:O'Connor, Emmet (2002).
958:Courtney, Roger (2013).
721:Titanic: Blood and Steel
609:Irish Home Rule Movement
547:Royal Irish Constabulary
527:Independent Orange Order
317:Background to the strike
288:Royal Irish Constabulary
194:Royal Irish Constabulary
158:Independent Orange Order
112:Strikers go back to work
21:1907 Belfast Dock strike
522:Irish Unionist Alliance
204:Irish Unionist Alliance
154:Belfast Labour movement
71:Poor working conditions
1116:Howell, David (1986).
643:
620:Ulster Volunteer Force
599:
554:
487:
452:
400:
364:
326:
74:Lack of workers rights
1103:Ripley & McHugh,
1044:Harris, Mary (1993).
652:Roman Catholic Church
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398:
358:
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137:Workers Organizations
77:Inability to unionise
439:Belfast's Lord Mayor
412:by employees of the
163:Belfast Labour Party
1133:Gray, John (1985).
827:Gray, John (1985).
531:R. Lindsay Crawford
359:Trade union leader
253:Belfast Dock strike
189:Belfast Corporation
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600:
555:
553:in central Belfast
488:
471:Belfast Newsletter
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401:
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307:Irish Labour Party
1156:. Leiden: Brill.
757:. 31 January 2017
672:Sligo Dock strike
624:Belfast Telegraph
596:Harland and Wolff
586:End of the strike
458:Belfast City Hall
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1196:Maritime strikes
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422:Thomas Gallaher
406:Samuel Davidson
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217:Lead figures
199:British Army
183:Supported by
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843:Gray, p. 75
761:26 December
515:Nationalist
391:The lockout
350:York Street
336:trade union
107:Resulted in
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1144:0856402893
1067:9004188495
944:0853157286
727:References
697:First Dáil
640:Sailortown
616:Falls Road
341:Sailortown
658:Cardinal
638:Mural in
580:per annum
269:Liverpool
66:Caused by
755:BBC News
564:en route
511:Unionist
292:blackleg
46:Location
715:In film
692:Glasgow
505:On the
496:Twelfth
330:of the
309:leader
305:Former
265:Ireland
261:Belfast
125:Parties
99:Methods
55:Ireland
51:Belfast
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630:Legacy
118:formed
345:Docks
116:ITGWU
84:Goals
1158:ISBN
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1063:ISBN
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763:2019
594:The
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143:NUDL
38:Date
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