917:), the king hoped to obtain a stable government by making the PCD a partner in government, and negotiations to this effect began between Carp and Ionescu. These broke down when Ionescu asked for new elections that fall. In December, citing as their reason the government's obstinacy in the Tramcar Affair, 53 senators and deputies of both opposition parties resigned, including Brătianu. This time brought the Conservatives and the PSDR into an informal alliance, with counter-demonstrations being staged by both parties together. The government fulfilled its promise to the workers, and passed a social package—making Romania the fourth European country to introduce compulsory insurance, and creating a network of public healthcare facilities.
414:
466:, despite criticism from his own ranks; he thus forfeited his chance of organizing recall elections on his terms. Brătianu reassured his constituents that he felt confident the PNL would win under any scenario. As he put it at the time, the withdrawal was one of both moral high ground and electoral tactics: "we decided that, as higher politics dictate, we would retire in such manner as to make our adversaries witness not just with a feeling of respect, but also with fear. Others may hold government, but power belongs to us still."
828:
110:
470:
the PCD into an alliance with the PNL. However, it may have been intended by Carol as a subtle attack on Carp: although he favored the PC, he felt that Carp was arrogant and incapable of forging a governing coalition. He may also have believed that Carp would lose his own elections. Nevertheless, the new administration reflected an understanding between the various factions of the party. Carp represented the
1666:
25:
910:. By August, the newspaper headlines were about the "Tramcar Affair", an issue first brought up by Marghiloman and Dobrescu. Government voted to dissolve the Bucharest Tramcar Society on suspicion that it functioned as part of the PNL political machine. When international experts found the Society to have been legally operating, the PNL and PCD instigated massive demonstrations against Carp.
223:
217:
209:
203:
657:
133,287 votes, or 61.4% of the general total. The remainder 81,139 votes, or 37.8%, went to the PNL–PCD camp, and 2,486 votes were invalidated. During the first stage of voting, Conservatives secured 82 parliamentary seats in the 1st and 2nd
Colleges for Chamber, with the PNL and PCD only managing 18 between them. Chairman Brătianu failed to win a Chamber seat for
117:
709:—15 for Senate, 16 for Chamber. In the end, the Conservatives had 160 deputies, while the PNL and the PCD each had 10; there were 85 Conservative senators to 16 and 11, respectively. This was a major reversal from the 1907 legislature, in which the PNL had had 166 deputies, 95 senators, while the PC had had 15 deputies, 17 senators.
851:: "Marghiloman sensed the danger and ran the elections in an indescribable manner. Contemporaries recount that people were simply terrified." The PCD press described the voting count as "the least dignified" in Romania's history, while the PC's newspapers accused the united opposition of buying its votes.
528:
sealed a pact to form the united opposition. This tactic was highly advantageous to the then-waning PNL: Ionescu agreed to allow the
National Liberals an equal share of the eligible positions, including in areas that voted all-PCD. Immediately after being appointed, Carp visited Brătianu and Ionescu.
290:
as the leaders. The PCD, founded in 1908 from a middle-class
Conservative splinter group, was making its first appearance nationally. A quickly rising third-party, its alliance with the PNL helped the latter survive and consolidate. The elections were also contested by two other new political actors:
306:
with all-male electors—although both the smaller parties and a left-wing faction of the PNL had begun pressing for universal male suffrage. The PC countered these demands, and the PNL's expected return to power, by running on a platform of sweeping social and economic reforms, including support for
469:
Also in
December, the king appointed Carp to form a Conservative cabinet, bypassing the PCD altogether. He insisted, however, that Carp would not overturn the PNL's agrarian legislation, and (less categorically) that Carp and Ionescu begin reconciliation talks. The controversial appointment pushed
656:
February 16] 1911, and were carried out in four stages, to March 14 . Overall, 91,678 of 126,912 registered voters, or 72.6%, cast their vote. The turnout was highest in the upper-class 1st
College of Chamber, where 78.4% of the total 15,298 voters showed up. The Conservatives received
329:
into resuming talks with the PCD, in order to achieve stability and secure popular backing. That project was hampered by Carp's refusal to compromise over larger issues of policy, and more particularly by scandals such as the "Tramcar Affair", which helped solidify the opposition to Carp. Carp
720:
and included some of the parties' top contenders. This individual unit sent the highest number of parliamentarians: 7 senators (5 in the 2nd
College); 16 deputies (9 in the 2nd, 2 in the 3rd Colleges). For Chamber, the united opposition list was headlined by Take Ionescu, Pherekyde, Haret,
924:
and PNL-instigated riots in
Bucharest, Carp handed in his resignation. The king took the decision to install another Conservative team, with Maiorescu taking over as prime minister. The new cabinet resumed talks with the PCD, spurred on by the need for stability in the context of the
847:, "proved himself a strong organizer and an extraordinary elector." He also claims that the resulting Chamber was "clean and independent", "dominated by a democratic current." Other sources are more blunt in attributing Carp's win to electoral fraud. As noted by cultural historian
548:. The latter produced timid calls for the introduction of universal (male) suffrage, and openly proposed a merger with the PCD. Brătianu was able to reassert control over this tendency, for instance by not putting Diamandy up for reelection in Chamber.
628:, to address issues of labor. These were denounced by the PNL–PCD as demagoguery, but agreed upon by most Conservative leaders—with the notable exception of Lahovary, who found them unpalatable. Their impact on the public was first tested during
398:
The PCD had a good electoral record, having won 9 of 18 by-elections held from 1907 to 1911—the PNL had 8 such victories, and the PC only one. Ionescu's rise worried Carp and his supporters. Carp reportedly authorized his right-hand man,
321:
The
Conservatives' surprisingly large win was counterbalanced by their inner factionalism, with major disputes taking place before, during, and after the campaign. Once reconfirmed, Prime Minister Carp was repeatedly pressured by
680:
In the race for the 1st
Senatorial College, the first round of voting gave Carp only 52% of votes (8,209 of 15,811), and 60 seats in the first round in the 1st College; the PNL–PCD alliance secured 18. In Vâlcea, Conservative
374:
from the party in
January 1908. This clash led to the creation of the PCD, as Ionescu's own party. The new group rose rapidly on the political scene, earning pledges from an intellectual and political class that included
462:. These accusations were backed by the Conservative-Democrats, who expected that King Carol would call upon them, the third force, to form government. On December 22, Brătianu announced his cabinet's resignation to
842:
As noted years later by candidate Bacalbașa, Carp's team "put their faith in the administrative machine, on one hand, and, on the other, on popular platform." Bacalbașa reserves praise for Marghiloman, who, as
677:. Support for government peaked in the 3rd (and last) Electoral College of Chamber, representing the lower-middle class, where it had 77.6% of the ballots (39,633 of 51,048) and 38 of 40 possible seats.
616:
The PC reached out to a non-conservative electorate by adopting a reformist program with attractive promises: tax cuts for small and medium rural property, to favor peasants; and the introduction of
366:. Carp, as the PC doctrinaire, was against giving land and voting rights to the peasants, and favored tax cut for activities of self-improvement. The negotiations, also involving landowner advocate
883:, a favorite of Carp's, took that position, defeating Filipescu protégé Mihail "Mișu" Deșliu. Similar disputes over offices soon led the Conservatives to lose support from parliamentarians such as
563:, this group negotiated an alliance with the PC, but later denounced it. Their campaign was touched by significant controversy: Cuza was allegedly prevented by the authorities from running in
697:. However, the 2nd (last) Senatorial College produced a sweeping victory. In that subgroup, 22 mandates went to the Conservatives, with the opposition only electing 4 men: Brătianu, Haret,
509:
536:
While striking a deal with the PCD, the PNL leadership was challenged by the party's own democratizing wing, unsatisfied with the pace of post-1907 reforms. Coalesced around by
555:(PND), also began "strong electoral agitation." They also demanded the extension of electoral rights, but wanted these limited to ethnic Romanian males. Led by academics
2555:
2540:
785:
599:
296:
933:. These two defeats would cause a definitive end to the 50-year-long friendship between Carp and Maiorescu, and lead to the former's marginalization within the PC.
868:
824:
partisans attributed this poor showing to the systemic failures of the census suffrage, which the party, like the left-leaning Liberal factions, sought to amend.
403:, to use any means necessary in preventing the PCD from winning more electoral advantages. At the time, Carp counted not on electoral gains, but on the graces of
2550:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
1654:
267:
142:
2591:
1632:
808:
leader Iorga only received 386 votes running for the 2nd Chamber College. This placed him between two former party colleagues, who ran as independents (
2545:
413:
2520:
529:
He promised not to overuse his power to influence the election, allowing the PNL and PCD together a total of 55 parliamentary seats, 35 of them in
2560:
2535:
2530:
2510:
2500:
2469:
844:
821:
805:
793:
552:
312:
292:
275:
147:
2515:
2435:
1986:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
2046:
2040:
2035:
2030:
921:
410:. He explained to his followers that it was enough for the monarch to appoint him prime minister, and "the number would follow suit."
2606:
860:
2416:
801:
501:
2586:
2525:
2459:
1617:
1540:
1394:
359:
2361:
2382:
1647:
2411:
2505:
458:
The immediate cause of the 1911 election was a prolonged campaign against Brătianu, accused by the Conservatives of running a
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
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1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
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1785:
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347:
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56:
39:
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2255:
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2245:
2180:
2175:
1710:
1695:
1509:
653:
392:
279:
151:
75:
872:
493:
2474:
835:
685:, on his last electoral appearance, lost to Dissescu. The two senatorial seats for the universities were evenly split:
2421:
1640:
871:, Carp was in near-complete control of Romanian politics. The opposition abstained during the subsequent election for
513:
1795:
1790:
1780:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1740:
1735:
1725:
1720:
1715:
370:
on the Conservative side, stalled. Under Carp, the Conservatives blocked out their democratizing wing, by expelling
2601:
2316:
2260:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
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2110:
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2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
1745:
1730:
629:
376:
698:
586:
Just shortly before the election, Carp had caused public uproar by challenging some of the core tenets of radical
447:
1622:
355:
2596:
2565:
621:
758:
690:
489:
1587:
906:
affair, but alternating with displays of diplomatic success, as with the celebrated visit to Bucharest of
864:
754:
363:
1514:
1146:
1128:
809:
784:
No other parties won seats in the race, although two deputy seats were won by independents. On the left,
1682:
884:
746:
607:
572:
505:
485:
463:
439:
423:
400:
315:
1206:
1168:
977:
831:
770:
734:
682:
580:
351:
283:
132:
880:
778:
766:
1997:
1670:
587:
418:
827:
2327:
686:
662:
477:
750:
876:
789:
749:. They lost to a government list that included, among others, Maiorescu, Marghiloman, Filipescu,
738:
610:
435:
407:
384:
326:
263:
891:, who, either formally or informally, went to the united opposition. The anti-Carp Conservative
792:, who managed 320 votes, and was also presented, also unsuccessfully, as a candidate in Galați.
658:
1613:
1536:
1532:
1390:
920:
In March 1912, the Tramcar Affair reached its climax. Following an unfavorable verdict at the
914:
497:
70:
926:
903:
896:
762:
742:
706:
702:
674:
625:
109:
1609:
1529:
Evoluția economică a României. Cercetări statistico-istorice, 1859–1947. Vol. I: Industria
875:, leaving only the Conservative factions to compete, informally, for the appointment of a
774:
730:
722:
591:
545:
432:
404:
388:
380:
323:
303:
1113:
Sorin Radu, "Liberalii și problema reformei electorale în România (1866 — 1914) (I)", in
888:
817:
568:
564:
481:
331:
613:, who only obtained his citizenship rights under the new laws of the Carp government.
571:, "with maneuvers unbecoming of a decent administration." He eventually ran alongside
2580:
907:
892:
726:
556:
459:
451:
428:
367:
271:
127:
800:, its candidate withdrew from the race to make way for the nationalist Conservative
713:
606:, after having been repressed by a PNL administration. Its absentee leader was the
525:
443:
371:
308:
287:
637:
362:, and saw the Conservatives and the National Liberals entangled in a debate about
813:
797:
670:
576:
537:
666:
560:
541:
334:
to lead a new Conservative cabinet, which sealed a deal with the PCD and held
2057:
1595:
929:—these produced a PC–PCD cabinet, also headed by Maiorescu, which announced
902:
The Carp administration was soon hindered by political scandals such as the
717:
579:, where their electoral agents included the athlete-spy and future assassin
603:
1601:
848:
834:
in child's clothes, dragging about a tramcar as his toy. 1913 cartoon by
551:
To this background, radical-right forces, having established in 1910 the
116:
1674:
1665:
633:
472:
1560:
Bacalbașa, pp. 83, 85–86, 97–98, 103–112. See also Ornea, pp. 376–383
641:
820:(326 votes). Iorga also ran unsuccessfully in six other precincts.
796:
put up candidates in several counties. In one notable incident at
617:
311:. The campaign and ballot count were touched by controversy, with
899:, boycotted parliamentary proceedings until his death on May 16.
533:(from 295 and 183 respectively). Both of his opponents refused.
1636:
975:
Corespondent, "In fața urnei", and "Alegerile de Miercuri", in
438:, expressing his wish to come to power "by way of the Palace".
1144:
A.C.C., "Noutăți. Doi copii teribili în politica noastră", in
266:
from March 1 to March 14, 1911, confirming a majority for the
913:
Meanwhile, with the start of an international emergency (the
859:
After also securing the elections of G. G. Cantacuzino as
652:
The general elections were convened for March 1 [
1126:
M., "Noutăți. Svonul despre revizuirea Constituției", in
1569:
Bacalbașa, pp. 66–72, 85–86, 103–106; Ornea, pp. 376–395
1387:
Enciclopedia partidelor politice din România, 1859–2003
583:, whose impressive size struck fear in the electorate.
350:, Romania had been under a PNL administration, with
2493:
2371:
2326:
2056:
1996:
1681:
544:" and former socialists such as the anthropologist
81:
67:
1551:Bacalbașa, pp. 61–66. See also Ornea, pp. 375–376
1115:Annales Universitatis Apulensis, Series Historica
1627:Socialismul în România. 1835 – 6 septembrie 1940
1241:Bacalbașa, pp. 42, 45, 74; Petrescu, pp. 205–206
1232:Petrescu, pp. 209–215, 229–231, 236–241, 244–246
358:. The cabinet had been formed shortly after the
318:being widely accused of intimidation and fraud.
330:resigned in early 1912, and the king appointed
274:. The united opposition was constituted of the
1648:
1389:, p. 302. Bucharest: Editura Meronia, 2003.
1140:
1138:
442:to his left, shushing the PCD back-benchers (
8:
1490:Bacalbașa, pp. 23–24. See also Ornea, p. 375
1080:Bacalbașa, p. 9. See also Ornea, pp. 374–375
16:
1472:Bacalbașa, pp. 14, 21, 38–39; Ornea, p. 375
1294:
1292:
1655:
1641:
1633:
1180:
1178:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
15:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1329:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1282:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1258:
1256:
1219:"Atentatul dela Dobrițin. 4 Martie", in
1088:
1086:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
826:
476:club, as did his ministers Marghiloman,
412:
941:
712:A major political battle took place in
602:(PSDR) was consolidating in and around
1512:, "Politica. 'România boierilor'", in
1204:Coresp., "Scrisori din București", in
1166:Coresp., "Scrisori din București", in
7:
816:, with 218), and above the humorist
788:also put up a Bucharest candidate,
594:, and his overall sympathy for the
262:General elections were held in the
92:
2592:Parliamentary elections in Romania
1481:Bacalbașa, pp. 27–28, 35–37, 38–44
1371:, p. 11. See also Bacalbașa, p. 13
14:
1117:, Nr. 4–5, 2000–2001, pp. 142–143
492:were followers of the aristocrat
1664:
1531:, pp. 559, 561, 565. Bucharest:
716:, which encompassed the capital
299:. Both failed to win any seats.
222:
221:
216:
215:
208:
207:
202:
201:
115:
108:
23:
1008:Bacalbașa, pp. 6–7, 9–10, 92–93
705:. 32 seats were decided during
431:as the opinionated student of
302:The elections were held under
69:All 112 eligible seats in the
17:1911 Romanian general election
1:
1582:Anuarul Statistic al României
1508:Bacalbașa, pp. 45–47, 65–66;
895:, who took a Chamber seat in
693:, the PC's Nicolae A. Bogdan
632:, which the PC won easily at
1629:. Bucharest: Dacia Traiana,
802:Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea
598:community. On the left, the
590:, outlining his respect for
553:Democratic Nationalist Party
502:Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea
494:Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino
360:large-scale peasants' revolt
293:Democratic Nationalist Party
1463:Bacalbașa, pp. 18–20, 29–35
781:—all of whom were elected.
2623:
1510:Constantin Rădulescu-Motru
1184:"Cronici bucureștene", in
393:Constantin Rădulescu-Motru
2607:1911 elections in Romania
1671:Elections and referendums
1623:Constantin Titel Petrescu
1423:Bacalbașa, pp. 16, 61, 89
1172:, March 12, 1911, pp. 3–4
1132:, Nr. 8/1910, pp. 105–106
540:, it comprised agrarian "
336:new elections in November
89:
33:
21:
2587:1911 elections in Europe
1414:Bacalbașa, pp. 13, 89–94
1405:Bacalbașa, pp. 12, 89–94
1210:, March 2, 1911, pp. 4–5
981:, March 4, 1911, pp. 3–4
845:Minister of the Interior
630:a set of local elections
514:traditional conservatism
313:Minister of the Interior
1683:Parliamentary elections
1592:Bucureștii de altă dată
1071:Bacalbașa, pp. 9–11, 12
600:Social Democratic Party
524:Brătianu and the PCD's
510:Minister of Agriculture
297:Social Democratic Party
280:Conservative-Democratic
45:March 1, 1911
1998:Presidential elections
1594:, Vol. IV. Bucharest:
1432:"Să curgă sînge?", in
1062:Bacalbașa, pp. 7–8, 10
931:elections in late 1912
839:
836:Nicolae Petrescu Găină
812:, with 552 votes, and
759:Alexandru Cărcăleteanu
455:
1608:, Vol. I. Bucharest:
1606:Junimea și junimismul
1518:, Nr. 13/1912, p. 194
1445:Bacalbașa, pp. 14, 72
1436:, June 18, 1913, p. 1
830:
636:and more narrowly at
622:workers' compensation
506:national-conservative
490:Dimitrie S. Nenițescu
486:Mihail G. Cantacuzino
440:Alexandru Marghiloman
416:
401:Alexandru Marghiloman
316:Alexandru Marghiloman
74:All 183 seats in the
1588:Constantin Bacalbașa
1454:Bacalbașa, pp. 16–17
1250:Bacalbașa, pp. 10–11
915:Tripolitanian Crisis
755:Constantin Bacalbașa
729:, and also included
588:Romanian nationalism
508:pole. Lahovary, the
419:Ion Theodorescu-Sion
295:, and the left-wing
282:(PCD) parties, with
1515:Noua Revistă Română
1385:Ioan Scurtu (ed.),
1223:, Nr. 41/1914, p. 5
1188:, Nr. 6/1911, p. 70
1150:, Nr. 7/1911, p. 97
1147:Noua Revistă Română
1129:Noua Revistă Română
1017:Bacalbașa, pp. 7–10
865:Constantin Olănescu
810:Vasile Kogălniceanu
663:Constantin Dissescu
504:stood for the PC's
478:Constantin C. Arion
169:Last election
76:Chamber of Deputies
18:
2328:European elections
1053:Bacalbașa, pp. 7–8
1044:Bacalbașa, pp. 8–9
990:Ornea, pp. 372–373
957:Ornea, pp. 370–374
948:Ornea, pp. 364–370
885:Ion C. Grădișteanu
840:
832:Ion I. C. Brătianu
790:Christian Rakovsky
747:Dimitrie P. Moruzi
739:Constantin Istrati
611:Christian Rakovsky
573:Ion Zelea Codreanu
456:
385:Ion Luca Caragiale
352:Ion I. C. Brătianu
284:Ion I. C. Brătianu
268:Conservative Party
264:Kingdom of Romania
231:Popular vote
158:Leader since
133:Ion I. C. Brătianu
2602:March 1911 events
2574:
2573:
1533:Editura Academiei
1527:Victor Axenciuc,
1369:Anuarul Statistic
1334:Anuarul Statistic
1299:Anuarul Statistic
1093:Anuarul Statistic
873:Bucharest Council
869:Chamber President
771:Alexandru Obregia
735:Jean Th. Florescu
699:Alexandru Bădărău
689:, a PCD man, won
683:I. G. Cantacuzino
498:Nicolae Filipescu
448:Alexandru Bădărău
260:
259:
256:
255:
198:Seat change
63:
62:
2614:
1669:
1668:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1634:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1525:
1519:
1506:
1500:
1499:Bacalbașa, p. 43
1497:
1491:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1383:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1359:Bacalbașa, p. 14
1357:
1346:
1345:Bacalbașa, p. 16
1343:
1337:
1331:
1322:
1321:Bacalbașa, p. 13
1319:
1302:
1296:
1287:
1286:Bacalbașa, p. 11
1284:
1275:
1274:Bacalbașa, p. 10
1272:
1263:
1260:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1217:
1211:
1202:
1189:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1118:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1000:
997:
991:
988:
982:
973:
958:
955:
949:
946:
927:First Balkan War
904:Gherasim Safirin
897:Teleorman County
881:Matache Dobrescu
779:Sabba Ștefănescu
767:Emanoil Miclescu
763:Nicolae Lahovary
743:Basile M. Missir
703:Mihail Pherekyde
673:was elected for
661:, and the PCD's
626:social insurance
276:National Liberal
225:
224:
219:
218:
211:
210:
205:
204:
119:
112:
91:
90:
52:
50:
35:
34:
28:
27:
26:
19:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2597:1911 in Romania
2577:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2489:
2372:Other elections
2367:
2322:
2058:Local elections
2052:
1992:
1677:
1663:
1661:
1610:Editura Minerva
1578:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1526:
1522:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1384:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1305:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1218:
1214:
1203:
1192:
1183:
1176:
1165:
1154:
1143:
1136:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1108:
1104:Bacalbașa, p. 9
1103:
1099:
1091:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:Bacalbașa, p. 7
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
989:
985:
974:
961:
956:
952:
947:
943:
939:
857:
775:Theodor Rosetti
731:Constantin Banu
723:Constantin Nacu
659:Botoșani County
650:
596:Jewish Romanian
592:Austria-Hungary
546:George Diamandy
522:
389:Ovid Densusianu
381:Nicolae Xenopol
344:
304:census suffrage
291:the right-wing
180:Seats won
73:
68:
48:
46:
29:
24:
22:
12:
11:
5:
2620:
2618:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2579:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1599:
1585:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1520:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1373:
1361:
1347:
1338:
1323:
1303:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1221:Românul (Arad)
1212:
1190:
1174:
1152:
1134:
1119:
1106:
1097:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1001:
992:
983:
959:
950:
940:
938:
935:
889:Ermil Pangrati
856:
853:
818:George Ranetti
649:
646:
608:Bulgarian-born
521:
518:
512:, represented
482:Titu Maiorescu
356:Prime Minister
346:Following the
343:
340:
332:Titu Maiorescu
258:
257:
254:
253:
250:
245:
241:
240:
237:
232:
228:
227:
213:
199:
195:
194:
191:
181:
177:
176:
173:
170:
166:
165:
162:
159:
155:
154:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
125:
121:
120:
113:
106:
102:
101:
98:
95:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
65:
64:
61:
60:
54:
42:
31:
30:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2619:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1618:973-21-0562-3
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1541:973-27-0190-0
1538:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1395:973-8200-54-7
1392:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1262:Ornea, p. 375
1259:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1035:Ornea, p. 374
1032:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1002:
999:Ornea, p. 373
996:
993:
987:
984:
980:
979:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
960:
954:
951:
945:
942:
936:
934:
932:
928:
923:
918:
916:
911:
909:
905:
900:
898:
894:
893:Gheorghe Manu
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
854:
852:
850:
846:
837:
833:
829:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
727:Nicolae Fleva
724:
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:Thoma Ionescu
684:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
647:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
557:Nicolae Iorga
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
534:
532:
527:
519:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:
467:
465:
461:
460:spoils system
453:
452:Nicolae Fleva
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:
430:
429:Petre P. Carp
427:, June 1910.
426:
425:
420:
415:
411:
409:
406:
402:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
369:
368:Ioan Lahovary
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:1907 election
341:
339:
337:
333:
328:
325:
319:
317:
314:
310:
305:
300:
298:
294:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:Petre P. Carp
269:
265:
251:
249:
246:
243:
242:
238:
236:
233:
230:
229:
214:
200:
197:
196:
192:
189:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:95 S / 166 D
174:
171:
168:
167:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
149:
146:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
129:
128:Petre P. Carp
126:
123:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
103:
100:Second party
99:
96:
93:
88:
84:
80:
77:
72:
66:
59: →
58:
55:
53:
43:
41:
38:←
37:
36:
32:
20:
2440:
2432:Transylvania
2431:
2387:
2378:
2360:
2315:
2045:
1985:
1815:
1626:
1605:
1591:
1581:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1528:
1523:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1386:
1368:
1364:
1341:
1333:
1298:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1220:
1215:
1205:
1185:
1167:
1145:
1127:
1122:
1114:
1109:
1100:
1092:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1004:
995:
986:
976:
953:
944:
919:
912:
901:
861:Head Senator
858:
841:
804:. In Ilfov,
783:
751:Virgil Arion
714:Ilfov County
711:
691:at Bucharest
679:
651:
615:
585:
581:Ilie Cătărău
550:
535:
526:Take Ionescu
523:
471:
468:
457:
444:Take Ionescu
422:
397:
372:Take Ionescu
345:
320:
309:labor rights
301:
288:Take Ionescu
261:
247:
234:
193:27 S / 20 D
187:
183:
172:17 S / 15 D
97:First party
44:
2494:Referendums
1301:, pp. 10–12
814:Petre Liciu
671:Ion G. Duca
669:, although
577:Baia County
542:Poporanists
538:Spiru Haret
417:Cartoon by
364:land reform
270:(PC) under
244:Percentage
2581:Categories
2546:2007 (Nov)
2541:2007 (May)
2521:1941 (Nov)
2516:1941 (Mar)
2417:1857 (Sep)
2412:1857 (Jul)
2379:Bessarabia
1776:1888 (Oct)
1771:1888 (Jan)
1701:1866 (Nov)
1696:1866 (Apr)
1576:References
922:High Court
908:Count Nogi
567:, then in
561:A. C. Cuza
464:Parliament
278:(PNL) and
49:1911-03-01
2441:Wallachia
1612:, 1998.
1596:Universul
1535:, 1992.
855:Aftermath
718:Bucharest
707:ballotage
638:Constanța
377:Alexandru
2388:Moldavia
1602:Z. Ornea
849:Z. Ornea
665:lost at
520:Campaign
496:, while
1675:Romania
1598:, 1936.
1584:, 1912.
1336:, p. 12
1207:Tribuna
1169:Tribuna
978:Tribuna
695:at Iași
648:Results
634:Giurgiu
569:Dorohoi
565:Prahova
531:Chamber
473:Junimea
436:Carol I
424:Furnica
408:Carol I
342:Context
327:Carol I
239:81,139
235:133,287
220:68 S /
206:70 S /
124:Leader
105:
94:
82:Turnout
47: (
1616:
1539:
1434:Opinia
1393:
1186:Unirea
1095:, p. 9
777:, and
745:, and
675:Vâlcea
642:Sulina
624:, and
618:guilds
604:Galați
391:, and
226:146 D
212:145 D
150:&
139:Party
71:Senate
937:Notes
877:mayor
421:, in
252:37.8
164:1909
161:1907
85:72.6%
2566:2019
2561:2018
2556:2012
2551:2009
2536:2003
2531:1991
2526:1986
2511:1938
2506:1866
2501:1864
2485:1861
2480:1860
2475:1859
2470:1857
2465:1846
2460:1842
2455:1841
2450:1836
2445:1831
2436:1918
2427:1860
2422:1858
2407:1847
2402:1842
2397:1837
2392:1832
2383:1917
2362:2029
2356:2024
2351:2019
2346:2014
2341:2009
2336:2007
2317:2028
2311:2024
2306:2020
2301:2016
2296:2012
2291:2008
2286:2004
2281:2000
2276:1996
2271:1992
2266:1987
2261:1985
2256:1982
2251:1980
2246:1977
2241:1975
2236:1969
2231:1967
2226:1965
2221:1963
2216:1961
2211:1958
2206:1956
2201:1953
2196:1950
2191:1938
2186:1937
2181:1936
2176:1930
2171:1926
2166:1914
2161:1912
2156:1911
2151:1907
2146:1905
2141:1901
2136:1899
2131:1895
2126:1891
2121:1890
2116:1888
2111:1884
2106:1883
2101:1879
2096:1876
2091:1874
2086:1871
2081:1870
2076:1869
2071:1866
2066:1864
2047:2024
2041:2019
2036:2014
2031:2009
2026:2004
2021:2000
2016:1996
2011:1992
2006:1990
1987:2024
1981:2020
1976:2016
1971:2012
1966:2008
1961:2004
1956:2000
1951:1996
1946:1992
1941:1990
1936:1985
1931:1980
1926:1975
1921:1969
1916:1965
1911:1961
1906:1957
1901:1952
1896:1948
1891:1946
1886:1939
1881:1937
1876:1933
1871:1932
1866:1931
1861:1928
1856:1927
1851:1926
1846:1922
1841:1920
1836:1919
1831:1918
1826:1914
1821:1912
1816:1911
1811:1907
1806:1905
1801:1901
1796:1899
1791:1895
1786:1892
1781:1891
1766:1884
1761:1883
1756:1879
1751:1878
1746:1877
1741:1876
1736:1875
1731:1874
1726:1871
1721:1870
1716:1869
1711:1868
1706:1867
1691:1864
1614:ISBN
1537:ISBN
1391:ISBN
887:and
863:and
798:Gorj
786:PSDR
725:and
654:O.S.
640:and
559:and
500:and
488:and
480:and
433:King
405:King
379:and
324:King
286:and
248:61.4
186:S /
57:1912
40:1907
1673:in
867:as
822:PND
806:PND
794:PND
667:Olt
575:in
354:as
188:160
152:PCD
148:PNL
2583::
2443::
2434::
2390::
2381::
1625:,
1604:,
1590:,
1376:^
1350:^
1326:^
1306:^
1291:^
1279:^
1267:^
1255:^
1193:^
1177:^
1155:^
1137:^
1085:^
962:^
879:.
773:,
769:,
765:,
761:,
757:,
753:,
741:,
737:,
733:,
701:,
644:.
620:,
516:.
484:.
454:).
450:,
446:,
395:.
387:,
383:,
338:.
190:D
184:85
143:PC
1656:e
1649:t
1642:v
838:.
51:)
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