Weimar culture - Knowledge

291: 2120: 2196: 303: 2140: 2239: 2024: 279: 2208: 2160: 2180: 1843: 2220: 496: 983: 660: 504: 1165: 46: 1126: 945: 964: 1142: 315: 760:, anarchists and pro-republic supporters fought in the streets for control of the government. In 1919, the Weimar Republic was established. Around 100 artists of many genres who identified themselves as avant-garde joined the November Group. They held 19 exhibitions in Berlin until the group was banned by the Nazi regime in 1933. The group also had chapters throughout Germany during its existence, and brought the German avant-garde art scene to world attention by holding exhibits in Rome, Moscow and Japan. 237:, in 1907, 54.9% of German workers were manual labourers. This dropped to 50.1% by 1925. Office workers, managers, and bureaucrats increased their share of the labour market from 10.3% to 17% over the same period. Germany was slowly becoming more urban and middle class. Still, by 1925, only a third of Germans lived in large cities; the other two-thirds of the population lived in the smaller towns or in rural areas. The total population of Germany rose from 62.4 million in 1920 to 65.2 million in 1933. 1449: 2041:

at these establishments. Homosexual behaviour was also documented among soldiers at the front. Soldiers returning to Berlin at the end of the War had a different attitude towards their own sexual behaviour than they had a few years previously. Prostitution was frowned on by respectable Berliners, but it continued to the point of becoming entrenched in the city's underground economy and culture. First women with no other means of support turned to the trade, then youths of both genders.

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editions of guide books to Berlin's erotic night entertainment venues. There were an estimated 500 such establishments, that included a large number of homosexual venues for men and for women; sometimes transvestites of one or both genders were admitted, otherwise there were at least 5 known establishments that were exclusively for a transvestite clientele. There were also several nudist venues. Berlin also had a museum of sexuality during the Weimar period, at Dr.

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became Chancellor of Germany in January 1933. The public burning of 'unGerman books' by Nazi students on Unter den Linden on 10th May 1933 was but a symbolic confirmation of the catastrophe which befell not only Weimar art under Hitler but the whole tradition of enlightenment liberalism in Germany, a tradition whose origins went back to the 18th century city of Weimar, home to both Goethe and Schiller.

5251: 429: 5227: 31: 5239: 938:, meaning "truth", warts and all. While their art is recognizable as a bitter, cynical criticism of life in Weimar Germany, they were striving to portray a sense of realism that they saw missing from expressionist works. New Objectivity became a major undercurrent in all of the arts during the Weimar Republic. 1084:(Workers' Council for Art) in 1919. Their aim was to assert pressure for political change on the Weimar Republic government, that would benefit the management of architecture and arts management, similar to Germany's large councils for workers and soldiers. This Berlin organization had around 50 members. 79:

Germany, and Berlin in particular, was fertile ground for intellectuals, artists, and innovators from many fields during the Weimar Republic years. The social environment was chaotic, and politics were passionate. German university faculties became universally open to Jewish scholars in 1918. Leading

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spread at a rate that warranted government attention. Soldiers at the front contracted these diseases from prostitutes, so the German army responded by granting approval to certain brothels that were inspected by their own medical doctors, and soldiers were rationed coupon books for sexual services

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Apart from the new tolerance for behaviour that was technically still illegal, and viewed by a large part of society as immoral, there were other developments in Berlin culture that shocked many visitors to the city. Thrill-seekers came to the city in search of adventure, and booksellers sold many

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was filmed by director Georg Pabst, he filmed the first version with a French-speaking cast (1930), then a second version with a German-speaking cast (1931). An English version was planned but never materialized. The Nazis destroyed the original negative print of the German version in 1933, and it

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by Brecht and Weill. Agitprop theatre is named through a combination of the words "agitation" and "propaganda". Its aim was to add elements of public protest (agitation) and persuasive politics (propaganda) to the theatre, in the hope of creating a more activist audience. Among other works, Brecht

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theatre). The artists of the November Group kept the spirit of radicalism alive in German art and culture during the Weimar Republic. Many of the painters, sculptors, music composers, architects, playwrights, and filmmakers who belonged to it, and still others associated with its members, were the

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Crime in general developed in parallel with prostitution in the city, beginning as petty thefts and other crimes linked to the need to survive in the war's aftermath. Berlin eventually acquired a reputation as a hub of drug dealing (cocaine, heroin, tranquilizers) and the black market. The police

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Silent films continued to be made throughout the 1920s, in parallel with the early years of sound films during the final years of the Weimar Republic. Silent films had certain advantages for filmmakers, such as the ability to hire an international cast, since spoken accents were irrelevant. Thus,

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fiercely experimental, iconoclastic and left-leaning, spiritually hostile to big business and bourgeois society and at daggers drawn with Prussian militarism and authoritarianism. Not surprisingly, the old autocratic German establishment saw it as 'decadent art', a view shared by Adolf Hitler who

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1920s Berlin was a city of many social contrasts. While a large part of the population continued to struggle with high unemployment and deprivations in the aftermath of World War I, the upper class of society, and a growing middle class, gradually rediscovered prosperity and turned Berlin into a

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were built not far from the Kaiser's Stadtschloss and other majestic structures erected in honor of former nobles. Average people began using their backyards and basements to run small shops, restaurants, and workshops. Commerce expanded rapidly, and included the establishment of Berlin's first

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outlook. New Objectivity was not a strict movement in the sense of having a clear manifesto or set of rules. Artists gravitating towards this aesthetic defined themselves by rejecting the themes of expressionism—romanticism, fantasy, subjectivity, raw emotion and impulse—and focused instead on

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turning it into a fertile ground for the modern arts and sciences, leading to booms in trade, communications and construction. A trend that had begun before the Great War was given powerful impetus by fall of the Kaiser and royal power. In response to the shortage of pre-war accommodation and

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Weimar Germany experienced an increase in the vocalization and congregation of the homosexual community, partially due to the leniency of federal censorship. The period marked an influx in lesbian and gay media as publishers took advantage of ambiguously-worded censorship laws in the

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in Vienna in the late 1890s. Resorts for naturists were established at a rapid pace along the northern coast of Germany during the 1920s, and by 1931, Berlin itself had 40 naturists' societies and clubs. A variety of periodicals on the topic were also regularly published.

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German expressionism was not the dominant type of popular film in Weimar Germany and were outnumbered by the production of costume dramas, often about folk legends, which were enormously popular with the public. The Weimar era's most groundbreaking film studio was the

1164: 1027:, a founder of the Bauhaus school, stated: "we want an architecture adapted to our world of machines, radios and fast cars." Berlin and other parts of Germany still have many surviving landmarks of the architectural style at the Bauhaus. The mass housing projects of 1624:

dealt with a homosexual man's conflict between his sexuality and social expectations; and in October 1920 censors ended its release to the public. By the end of the decade, similar material met with little, if any opposition when it was released in Berlin theatres.

1606:, deals with a young woman who is thrown out of her home after having an illegitimate child, and is then forced to become a prostitute to survive. This trend of dealing frankly with provocative material in cinema began immediately after the end of the War. In 1919, 302: 2011:), which focused on a lesbian relationship between a teacher and student. Both of these films received positive critical reviews and were commercial hits, opening in Berlin’s top theatres. Despite the positive reviews, there was still public outcry over 1018:

was literally a school, an institution that combined a former school of industrial design with a school of arts and crafts. The founders intended to fuse the arts and crafts with the practical demands of industrial design, to create works reflecting the

1547: 1589:, the film is often seen as topical in that it depicts the doomed romance between a Berlin professor and a cabaret dancer. However, critics differ on this interpretation, with the absence of modern urban amenities such as automobiles being noted. 2031:

Prostitution rose in Berlin and elsewhere in the areas of Europe left ravaged by World War I. This means of survival for desperate women, and sometimes men, became normalized to a degree in the 1920s. During the war, venereal diseases such as

2119: 1479:, is usually credited as the first German expressionist film. The sets depict distorted, warped-looking buildings in a German town, while the plot centres around a mysterious, magical cabinet that has a clear association with a casket. 2238: 602:

legal rights for men and women, repeatedly petitioning parliament for legal changes. His Institute also included a museum. The Institute, museum and the Institute's library and archives were all destroyed by the Nazi regime in 1933.

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The film moves from the world of the slums to the world of the stock exchange and then to the cabarets and nightclubs–and everywhere chaos reigns, authority is discredited, power is mad and uncontrollable, wealth inseparable from

1689:. Reichenbach introduced Hempel to the Vienna Circle, who were an existing informal association of "scientifically interested philosophers and philosophically interested scientists", as Hempel put it. Hempel was intrigued by the 630:

New schools were frequently established in Weimar Germany to engage students in experimental methods of learning. Some were part of an emerging trend that combined research into physical movement and overall health, for example

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and the subsequent inflation, since the new youth generation saw no point in saving for marriage in such conditions, and preferred instead to spend and enjoy. According to cultural historian Bruce Thompson, the Fritz Lang movie

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ideas discussed by the Vienna Circle, and he developed a similar network, the Berlin Circle. Hempel's reputation has grown to the extent that he is now considered one of the leading scientific philosophers of the 20th century.

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Despite the illegality of homosexuality during this time period, references to homosexual relationships in cinema grew substantially. Two well-known films from Weimar Germany that centered around homosexual relationships are

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had begun before World War I and continued to have a strong influence throughout the 1920s, although artists were increasingly likely to position themselves in opposition to expressionist tendencies as the decade went on.

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was the most popular. Published from 1924 to 1933, the magazine featured short stories as well as information about lesbian meetings and nightspots before it was ultimately shut down after the Nazis rose to power.

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during the Weimar Republic, five of whom were Jewish scientists, including two in medicine. Jewish intellectuals and creative professionals were among the prominent figures in many areas of Weimar culture.

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artists did not belong to a formal group. However, various Weimar Republic artists were oriented towards the concepts associated with it. Broadly speaking, artists linked with New Objectivity include

1936:(enlightenment films) supported the idea of teaching the public about important social problems, such as alcohol and drug addiction, venereal disease, homosexuality, prostitution, and prison reform. 2027:

A liquor-seller after closing time on the road. His activity was illegal and the liquor, which cost one mark per glass, was often of quite dubious origin. The seller constantly changed his location.

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had begun in Zurich during World War I, and became an international phenomenon. Dada artists met and reformed groups of like-minded artists in Paris, Berlin, Cologne, and New York City. In Germany,

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Gay magazines disseminated meeting spots for homosexuals to gather and enabled the formation of clubs referred to as "friendship leagues." Some of these leagues would eventually integrate with the

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The intersection of politics and philosophy inspired other philosophers in Weimar Germany, when radical politics included many thinkers and activists across the political spectrum. During his 20s,

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Philosophy during the Weimar Republic pursued paths of enquiry into scientific fields such as mathematics and physics. Leading scientists became associated as a group that was called the

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presented a bleak look at the world and the failure of politics and society through literature. Foreign writers also travelled to Berlin, lured by the city's dynamic, freer culture. The

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all wrote about Marxism and politics in addition to other philosophical topics. From the perspective of Jewish philosophers in Germany, they also considered the problems posed by the "

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formed a Cologne Dada group, and held a Dada Exhibition there that included a work by Ernst that had an axe "placed there for the convenience of anyone who wanted to attack the work".

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Germany had many innovators in health treatment, some more questionable than others, in the decades leading up to World War I. As a group, they were collectively known as part of the

366: 884:) with sculptures cobbled together with found objects and ephemera, each room dedicated to a notable artist friend of Schwitter's. The house was destroyed by Allied bombs in 1943. 1499:(1922) was described as "a sinister tale" that portrays "the corruption and social chaos so much in evidence in Berlin and more generally, according to Lang, in Weimar Germany". 2096:, a dancer and actress, became notorious throughout the city and beyond for her erotic performances (as well as her cocaine addiction and erratic behaviour). She was painted by 314: 1341:

The Weimar years saw a flourishing of political and grotesque cabaret which, at least for the English-speaking world, has become iconic for the period through works such as

1806:. Strauss and Arendt, along with Marcuse and Benjamin, were among the Jewish intellectuals who managed to flee the Nazi regime, eventually emigrating to the United States. 963: 2023: 1641:(1929) deal with homosexuality among men and women, respectively, and were not censored. Homosexuality was also present more tangentially in other films from the period. 923:, who all "worked in different styles, but shared many themes: the horrors of war, social hypocrisy and moral decadence, the plight of the poor and the rise of Nazism". 944: 1141: 670:

The fourteen years of the Weimar era were also marked by explosive intellectual productivity. German artists made multiple cultural contributions in the fields of

164:, "Remarkable for the way it emerged from a catastrophe, more remarkable for the way it vanished into a still greater catastrophe, the world of Weimar represents 1535:

American and British actors were easily able to collaborate with German directors and cast-members on films made in Germany (for example, the collaborations of

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Marhoefer, Laurie (2015). ""THE BOOK WAS A REVELATION, I RECOGNIZED MYSELF IN IT": Lesbian sexuality, censorship, and the queer press in weimar-era germany".

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featured plots exploring the dark side of human nature. They had elaborate expressionist design sets, and the style was typically nightmarish in atmosphere.

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in the theatre. The avant-garde theater of Bertolt Brecht and Max Reinhardt in Berlin was the most advanced in Europe, being rivaled only by that of Paris.

4032: 3893: 1842: 1814:; however, he published works of political philosophy that remained studied by philosophers and political scholars with radically different views, such as 495: 4146: 1543:). When sound films started being produced in Germany, some filmmakers experimented with versions in more than one language, filmed simultaneously. 1260:

published a collection of stories about sexually charged encounters between men and it was promptly censored. Other authors of such material include

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were made in Weimar Germany or by German scientists during the Weimar period. While temporarily at the University of Copenhagen, German physicist

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Paull, John (2011). "The Secrets of Koberwitz: The Diffusion of Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course and the Founding of Biodynamic Agriculture".

5159: 4156: 1975:. Although there were at least five lesbian magazines available at the time to more than one million readers across German-speaking countries, 499:

This prototype high-speed train travelled at 230 km per hour from Hamburg to Berlin, 1931. It was built by the Krukenberg engineering company.

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were becoming more accessible in Berlin during the era, as Indian and East Asian musicians, dancers, and even visiting monks came to Europe.

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received their university education during the Weimar Republic and moved in Jewish intellectual circles in Berlin, and were associated with

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was at the hectic center of the Weimar culture. Although not part of the Weimar Republic, some authors also include the German-speaking

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in its most vivid manifestation." The culture of the Weimar period was later reprised by 1960s left-wing intellectuals, especially in

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directed and released two films, that met with press controversy and action from police vice investigators and government censors.

1854:, or Life Reform, movement. During the Weimar years, some of these found traction with the German public, particularly in Berlin. 4207: 4027: 3951: 3828:

Schrader, Barbel. "The 'Golden' Twenties: Art and Literature in the Weimar Republic". Yale University Press, 1988, p. 25-27.

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were based upon Isherwood's misadventures at Nollendorfstrasse 17 in the Schöneberg district where he lived with cabaret singer

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During the era of the Weimar Republic, Germany became a center of intellectual thought at its universities, and most notably

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Schrader, Barbel. "The 'Golden' Twenties: Art and Literature in the Weimar Republic". Yale University Press, 1988, p.25-27.

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Chamberlin, Rick (2005). "Coming out of His Father's Closet: Klaus Mann's 'Der fromme Tanz' as an Anti-'Tod in Venedig'".

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Students at a boarding school in Hanover, beginning each day with 8 o'clock rhythmic dancing and jumping exercises, 1931.

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Types of employment were becoming more modern, shifting gradually but noticeably towards industry and services. Before

5174: 4237: 3737:(Princeton U.P. 2013) 451 pages; scholarly essays on law, culture, politics, philosophy, science, art and architecture 2229: 1471: 1466: 825:

The Weimar Republic era began in the midst of several major movements in the fine arts that continued into the 1920s.

4222: 1987:(Berlin’s Lesbian Women).” This guide allowed women in Berlin to connect and learn more about the lesbian community. 1334:

Toller was the leading German expressionist playwright of the era. He later became one of the leading proponents of

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The design field during the Weimar Republic witnessed some radical departures from styles that had come before it.

412: 230:" along with a growing middle class grew and flourished in wholesale commerce, retail trade, factories and crafts. 205: 507:

An early calculator shown at an office technology exhibition, Berlin, 1931. It was promoted as costing 3500 marks.

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influenced successive generations of philosophers in Europe and the United States, particularly in the areas of

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Leben in der Krise. Zeitromane der neuen Sachlichkeit und die intellektuelle Mentalität der klassischen Moderne

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Ernst, Edzard (February 2004). "Anthroposophical medicine: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials".

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Germany's most influential philosopher during the Weimar Republic years, and perhaps of the 20th century, was

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Its members also belonged to other art movements and groups during the Weimar Republic era, such as architect

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are evidence of markedly creative designs being incorporated as a major feature of new planned communities.

749: 572: 458: 443: 69: 752:) on December 3, 1918. This organization was established in the aftermath of the November beginning of the 5164: 4978: 4690: 4414: 4389: 4227: 4088: 4058: 3931: 3118: 1927: 1509: 1495: 1265: 1253:, advanced the field of satirical journalism, becoming the literary and political conscience of this era. 880:

established his own solitary one-man Dada "group" in Hanover, where he filled two stories of a house (the

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in 1933, many German intellectuals and cultural figures, both Jewish and non-Jewish, fled Germany for the

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Prostitutes buy cocaine capsules from a drug dealer in Berlin, 1930. The capsules sold for 5 marks each.

2130: 1993: 1810:, a legal and political scholar, was also a vocal fascist supporter of both the Nazi regime and Spain's 1348: 1216: 1066: 973: 849: 531:, accomplished the first complete and correct definition of quantum mechanics, through the invention of 520: 4570: 2782: 2003: 1448: 912: 651:

also known as the Steiner method, which spread worldwide. Many Waldorf schools are in existence today.

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Politically and economically, the nation was struggling with the terms and reparations imposed by the

5189: 4755: 4063: 2760:"Walter Gropius, German Expressionism, and the Bauhaus". Modern Architecture Since 1900 (2nd Ed. ed.) 2318: 2186: 2126: 1594: 1592:

Cinema in Weimar culture did not shy away from controversial topics, but dealt with them explicitly.

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Dyer, Richard (1990). "Less and More than Women and Men: Lesbian and Gay Cinema in Weimar Germany".

1746:, one of Germany's most prominent philosophers. Marcuse himself later became a driving force in the 1277: 1256:

Weimar Germany also saw the publication of some of the world's first openly gay literature. In 1920

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A man reads a sign advertising "Attention, Unemployed, Haircut 40 pfennigs, Shave 15 pfennigs", 1927

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An elderly woman gathers vegetable waste tossed from a vegetable seller's wagon for her lunch, 1923

39: 3442:"'I feel that I belong to you': Subculture, Die Freundin and Lesbian Identities in Weimar Germany" 5179: 4760: 4680: 4485: 4364: 4258: 3926: 3921: 3486: 3417: 3327: 2974: 2932: 2915:

Huneke, S. C. (1 March 2013). "The Reception of Homosexuality in Klaus Mann's Weimar Era Works".

2897: 2889: 2383: 2343: 2288: 1900: 1791: 1690: 1437: 1411: 1343: 625: 1819: 1409:, in his 50s at the start of the period, continued to compose, his work mostly operas including 393: 3681: 3648: 3615: 3582: 3373: 3278: 2785:"Preface", Paul Klee, The Thinking Eye, (ed. Jürg Spiller), Lund Humphries, London, 1961, p.13. 5204: 5091: 5048: 5033: 4983: 4973: 4943: 4810: 4785: 4775: 4565: 4470: 4384: 4354: 4339: 4334: 4284: 4108: 3961: 3902: 3811: 3772: 3753: 3685: 3652: 3619: 3586: 3553: 3549: 3517: 3513: 3377: 3319: 3282: 3249: 3224: 3187: 3159: 3130: 3098: 3073: 3048: 3023: 2852: 2818: 2763: 2738: 2713: 2688: 2660: 2587: 2546: 2515: 2463: 2273: 2170: 2078: 1803: 1695: 1528: 1519: 1514: 1390: 1382: 1353: 1293: 1221: 1155: 1132: 1108: 1044: 954: 920: 892: 644: 579: 558: 516: 512: 177: 3220: 2603: 1705:. Heidegger published one of the cornerstones of 20th-century philosophy during this period, 742:

One of the first major events in the arts during the Weimar Republic was the founding of the

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ruled that homosexual themes in press were not necessarily obscene unless erotic in nature.

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is another favourite expressionist theme, shown corrupted into a force of oppression in the

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Cut with the Dada Kitchen Knife through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany

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In 1928, the first guide to the lesbian club scene was published by Ruth Roellig entitled “

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Exile and Social Thought : Hungarian Intellectuals in Germany and Austria, 1919–1933

590:) in 1919, and it remained open until 1933. Hirschfeld believed that an understanding of 5255: 5231: 5096: 5028: 4918: 4908: 4883: 4878: 4825: 4790: 4705: 4660: 4535: 4530: 4515: 4490: 4424: 4404: 4369: 4329: 4114: 3996: 2308: 2298: 1969:

Weimar-era Germany also witnessed the emergence of the world’s first lesbian magazine,

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A highrise of the German Borsig company, made in the spirit of brick expressionism by

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and its reduction in aircraft was first understood. A striking example of this is the

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Nenno, Nancy P. (1998). "Bildung and Desire: Anna Elisabet Weirauch's Der Skorpion".

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could be arrived at through science. Hirschfeld was a vocal advocate for homosexual,

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States of Liberation: Gay Men between Dictatorship and Democracy in Cold War Germany

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between Germany's defeat in World War I in 1918 and Hitler's rise to power in 1933.

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is noted for his architecture and his industrial and household furnishing designs.

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at the start of the Weimar Republic. By 1920, a sharp turn was taken towards the

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Bereft of reason: on the decline of social thought and prospects for its renewal

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Marcuse, Herbert (2011). Kellner, Douglas; Clayton Pierce; Tyson Lewis (eds.).

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was the emergence of the arts and sciences that happened in Germany during the

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Styles, Schools and Movements: The Essential Encyclopaedic Guide to Modern Art

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Styles, Schools and Movements: The Essential Encyclopaedic Guide to Modern Art

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Styles, Schools and Movements: The Essential Encyclopaedic Guide to Modern Art

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Styles, Schools and Movements: The Essential Encyclopaedic Guide to Modern Art

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was a faculty member of Bauhaus. His lectures on modern art (now known as the

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Beyond the Mainstream: Fifty years of Curating Modern and Contemporary Art.

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First Philosophy: Fundamental Problems and Readings in Philosophy, Volume 2

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is controversial and has been criticized for having no basis in science.

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was a strong influence in the group. Born in Berlin, Hempel attended the

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German visual art, music, and literature were all strongly influenced by

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rose to public prominence during his years in Berlin, being awarded the

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History of Quantum Structures and IQSA - The Birth of Quantum Mechanics

2313: 2249: 2073:), explored methods of scientific detection and psychosexual analysis. 1862: 1305: 1212: 1147: 1015: 1014:, but whereas the earlier Dada movement was an aesthetic approach, the 1011: 1003: 768: 343: 3490: 1331:(1928), also filmed, which remains a popular evocation of the period. 144:, and other parts of the world. The intellectuals associated with the 2348: 2245: 2059:. Publishers met this demand with inexpensive criminal novels called 1289: 1179: 931: 869: 217: 169: 129: 73: 575:

in 1921. He was forced to flee Germany and the Nazi regime in 1933.

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in the early 20th century. Mathematical aerodynamics was founded by

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Berlin Alexanderplatz: Radio, Film, and the Death of Weimar Culture

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Queering the Canon: Defying Sights in German Literature and Culture

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precision, deliberateness, and depicting the factual and the real.

160:. In the words of Marcus Bullock, Emeritus Professor of English at 152:) fled to the United States and reestablished the Institute at the 3854:

Art and Politics in the Weimar Period: The New Sobriety, 1917–1933

2146: 2022: 1841: 1545: 1447: 1351:, who lived in Berlin from 1929-33. The musical and then the film 1242:

embraced Eastern philosophies and spiritual themes in his novels.

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Still another influential affiliation of architects was the group

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The Europahaus, one of hundreds of cabarets in Weimar Berlin, 1931

29: 1058:) at the Bauhaus have been compared for importance to Leonardo's 3717:

WEIMAR CULTURE: Defeat, the Roaring Twenties, the Rise of Nazism

2293: 1119:. The group promoted the progress of modernism in architecture. 1007: 833: 814: 80:

Jewish intellectuals on university faculties included physicist

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The hidden cinema: British film censorship in action, 1913–1975

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The hidden cinema: British film censorship in action, 1913–1975

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as the borders between cabaret and legitimate theatre blurred.

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At the beginning of the Weimar era, cinema meant silent films.

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Becker, Sabina. Neue Sachlichkeit. Köln: Böhlau, 2000. Print.

2001:), which centered around a relationship between two men, and 1070:, constituting the Principia Aesthetica of a new era of art; 926:

Otto Dix and George Grosz referred to their own movement as

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A site about art, literature and politics in the Weimar era

3849:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2007. Print. 3842:

lectures delivered at Duke University, September 10, 2004.

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The Dada Cyborg: Visions of the New Human in Weimar Berlin

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The most prominent philosophers with which the so-called '

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The Seven Addictions and Five Professions of Anita Berber

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identified 62 organized criminal gangs in Berlin, called

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department stores, prior to World War I. An "urban petty

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Kirkus Reviews, Dec 01, 1974. Review of Laqueur, Walter

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Glitter and Doom - Exhibit of Art in the Weimar Republic

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was a student in Freiburg, where he went to study under

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Cool Conduct: The Culture of Distance in Weimar Germany

1903:

movement before his death in 1925 and far beyond. With

1010:'s goal of critically rethinking design was similar to 34:

Bauhaus Dessau, built from 1925 to 1926 to a design by

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The Weimar Republic: the Crisis of Classical Modernity

3744:. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1989. 2570:

Bruce Thompson, University of California, Santa Cruz,

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The Weimar Republic: the crisis of classical modernity

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The Weimar Republic: the crisis of classical modernity

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trainers from the Hagenbeck show, on their way to the

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established the Berlin group, whose members included

120:; and many others. Nine German citizens were awarded 2213:

International Women's Union Congress in Berlin, 1929

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values were further discredited as a consequence of

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