414:
468:
such company and the dozen disgruntled military men of rebellious and undisciplined character, who are the exception of the class, and always voluntary liaison agents for this kind of adventures. The conspirators, naturally, have not found an echo in any social sector and, judging by the mistake they have made, they must not be intelligent people to appreciate the national circumstances and the very powerful reasons, for which a people and an Army, by exception that can be given once a century, give their warmth and support to a change of political regime, something quite different from a vulgar pronouncement in the old style, moved by spite to ambition, united to senselessness.
323:
315:, although he backed out at the last moment, as well as groups of soldiers in Galicia, Andalusia, Aragon and Catalonia—. Immediately Melquíades Álvarez and the Count of Romanones would visit the king to demand the dismissal of Primo de Rivera and the appointment of Aguilera as the new head of government, a position in which he would remain for a short time to give way to a civilian cabinet. The date set for the uprising was the night of June 24, the
354:, with the local leaders of the coup, he found that the committed forces had been greatly reduced —some conspirators had been arrested by the police and others had distanced themselves from the coup due to police action—. Despite this, Aguilera decided to continue, but lieutenant colonel Bermúdez de Castro was arrested and the planned assault on the general captaincy was frustrated. Then, Aguilera decided to go to
461:
prior to
September 13 when they enjoyed that and, in addition, terrorism, separatism, impiety, monetary disrepute, world disdain, the disorder in Morocco and the ruin and abandonment of agricultural and industrial production. There they are with their own opinion. The immense Spanish majority demonstrates on a daily basis its love for the perseverance of the current regime and Government.
358:, with the intention of revolting there, counting on the support of the military governor, General Domingo Batet, also involved in the uprising. But the Civil Guard arrested them both at the hotel in Tarragona where they met. The Civil Guard found in General Aguilera's luggage more than two hundred copies of the
467:
The mosaic of the conspirators could not be more motley and grotesque: a group of trade unionists, another of republicans and anarchist intellectuals, qualified by their constant demolishing action, some people who, by their age, category and position, nobody would believe them capable of marching in
460:
A small number of people, blinded, undoubtedly, by passions, ambition or desperation, had been trying for some weeks to organize a plot, basing it on the fact that a long time has passed without enjoying the liberties or the pure constitutional regime. They yearn, as far as can be seen, for the times
492:
On April 18, 1927, the court martial was held in which
Generals Weyler and Batet, along with 17 other people, were declared innocent —despite this, Primo de Rivera ordered that Weyler's name be removed from the streets or squares that bore his name—. General Aguilera was only sentenced to six months
231:
Most of the officers involved in the conspiracy were from the
Artillery Corps. They were against the decree published on June 9, 1926, which unified the promotion systems in all the Armed Forces and Army Corps, with the exception of the "closed scale" defended by the artillerymen, which consisted of
471:
It does not seem necessary to anticipate the measures that the
Government will take in disciplinary and governmental terms, without prejudice to the penalties that the Courts may impose in due course; public opinion will become aware of them, and it is to be hoped that it will be satisfied with the
341:
The Army cannot tolerate the use of its flag and its name to maintain a regime that deprives the People of their rights. the reestablishment of constitutional legality. Reintegration of the Army, for the better defense of its prestige, to its proper purposes. Maintenance of order and adoption of
488:
15,000, and others smaller amounts. In Weyler's sanction, it was said that he was sanctioned for "his proven intervention or collaboration, more or less accentuated, in the preparation of events that could cause serious damage to the Nation and for frequently promoting, with his omens and words,
116:
the final say on promotions and rewarding like-minded military leaders while punishing dissenting voices. A royal decree of July 4, 1926, stated that it was not necessary to inform certain chiefs and officers why they had not been promoted and also denied them any right of appeal. The resulting
500:
pointed out, "let it not be said that it was grave: on the bench of the accused was the captain general of the Army and the lieutenant general number 1 of the scale, who had just resigned as president of the
Supreme Council of War and Navy ". On the other hand, and in spite of the failure,
501:
Melquiades
Alvarez, the writer of the Manifesto of the coup, saw something positive in the Sanjuanada: "Bad and unpleasant news it is; but we are already on the road to triumph. The movement already has its head and its idol. The Republic is the work of a very short time".
493:
and one day. On the other hand, Colonel
Segundo García was expelled from the Army, sentenced to 8 years; Lieutenant Colonel Bermúdez de Castro, sentenced to 6 years and a day; and Captains Fermín Galán y Perea and Lieutenant Rubio Villanuevas, sentenced to 4 years.
158:
and reconvene the parliament suspended in 1923, under the slogan, devised by
Romanones, "neither reaction nor revolution; Monarchy and parliamentary regime", although López Ochoa disagreed, arguing that the objective should not be the return to the situation before
125:
that had been ousted from power. "Many of the memoirs and political works written by military officers during this and later years reveal personal grievances, rather than an anti-dictatorship militancy based on deep ideological convictions," notes
Gonzalez Calleja.
400:
One of the reasons for the failure of the coup was that the plan was known by the King, because some of the conspirators had contacted people close to the monarch —Aguilera himself had informed the queen mother María
Cristina—, and Alfonso XIII "decided to bet on
299:, three fundamental enclaves of the Army—. Next, the compromised soldiers of the capital would rise up in Madrid, with General Riquelme taking command of the General Captaincy —the conspirators also had the support of General
223:. In the end, it was the latter who led the conspiracy, due to Weyler's advanced age, he was around 90 years old, and also because Primo de Rivera had dismissed him from his positions as Chief of the Central General Staff,
489:
unrest in the public spirit and difficulties for the Government of the Country". General Aguilera, for his part, refused to pay the fine, for which the government ordered the seizure of all his assets and his salary.
227:
and President of the Classification Board, when news reached him of the interviews he had held with María Cristina de Habsburgo. Some of the conspirators' meetings were held in Weyler's house in Madrid.
121:, when a flood of promotions for wartime merits took place) motivated some chiefs and officers to distance themselves. They began to conspire against the dictatorship by contacting politicians from the
405:, who seemed safer and, of course, more comfortable" and because "he suspected that, if the Dictatorship fell, it would be very difficult to establish a stable government", states Gabriel Cardona.
464:
The Security Headquarters, which has been rendering such brilliant services, has aborted the planned scandal, documenting enough to know the people who were plotting this absurd plot.
167:. The conspiracy was soon discovered, but Primo de Rivera did not impose severe penalties on those involved, treating them "as if they were naughty cadets," according to historian
235:
General Aguilera's aim was to overthrow Primo de Rivera was and form a liberal government presided by himself or by Melquíades Álvarez, with the Count of Romanones in charge of
232:
promotions based solely on seniority. The decree also outlawed the practice, widespread among the officers of the Artillery Corps of exchanging promotions for military honours.
346:
In accordancce with the agreed plan, General Aguilera, accompanied by Colonel Segundo García, went to Valencia where he arrived on the afternoon of June 23, but when he met in
283:
The plan of the conspirators was for General Aguilera to move to Valencia and revolt there, with the support of a revolutionary committee led by Lieutenant Colonel
477:
204:
147:
413:
337:
Melquíades Álvarez was in charge of writing the manifesto of the coup, "To the Nation and to the Army of land and sea", which stated among other things:
255:. However, the younger generals involved in the coup, such as López Ochoa, Riquelme or Queipo de Llano, were not satisfied with the restoration of the
822:
765:
363:
326:
200:
151:
342:
measures to guarantee the constitution of a freely elected Parliament which, as a sovereign body, needs to express the true national will.
236:
175:
449:, were arrested the same night of San Juan. Later General Weyler was arrested when he returned to Madrid after retiring to his home in
812:
793:
746:
112:
favoured wartime merits. Gradually, the dictatorship took control of the Board of Classification of Generals and Colonels, granting
472:
vigor with which the Government takes care of social tranquility and guarantees against disturbances to the national development.
67:
has said that the military policy of the dictatorship "was chaotic and contradictory." The situation could be exemplified by the
456:
On June 26 the newspapers published an "unofficial note" from the Government in which it gave its version of what had happened:
385:, but the security forces controlled the capital and the Civil Guard arrested the group of engineering students who, headed by
160:
35:
476:
Without waiting for the trial, Primo de Rivera imposed heavy fines on those involved, proportional to their wealth. Thus the
515:
510:
43:
256:
155:
244:
64:
212:
445:, one of the liaisons of Colonel Segundo García, and several politicians and trade unionists involved, among them
252:
224:
220:
248:
496:
The dictator Primo de Rivera tried to minimize the importance of the coup, but as the Republican politician
240:
197:
308:
139:
817:
422:
402:
143:
113:
481:
386:
284:
734:
Duelo de sables : el General Aguilera de ministro a conspirador contra Primo de Rivera (1917-1931)
97:). The situation is also and example of the promotion policy, which became inconsistent and arbitrary.
382:
260:
168:
164:
207:. The conspiracy gained importance when the two most senior generals in the Spanish Army joined it:
316:
193:
184:
179:
53:
446:
89:
83:
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272:
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322:
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31:
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was fined 500,000 pesetas (a fortune at the time), General Aguilera 200,000; General Weyler,
178:, where he was being held on suspended sentence, and came into contact with the newly formed
17:
485:
430:
394:
378:
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208:
268:
146:. The conspirators, who included prominent figures from the "old politics" such as the
77:
27:
Coup d'état that failed in its attempt to put an end to Primo de Rivera's dictatorship.
806:
732:
390:
189:
418:
216:
100:
The management of promotions had always been very controversial, especially in the
312:
264:
135:
434:
355:
304:
292:
142:, although he only had the support of a prominent military officer, General
366:, and which was signed by General Aguilera himself and by General Weyler.
171:. "He had not understood that this was a worrying symptom," Cardona adds.
450:
438:
351:
296:
117:
arbitrariness in promotions (which became particularly evident after the
101:
182:, which brought together the Republican parties and was promoted by the
347:
68:
138:
against the dictatorship was organised in 1925 by the cavalry colonel
370:
288:
786:
La España de Primo de Rivera. La modernización autoritaria 1923-1930
287:—the reason for choosing Valencia was that it was equidistant from
412:
321:
154:(presidents of the closed Chambers), intended to re-establish the
122:
87:
military, and then the interventionist position, supported by the
52:
because it was planned to take place on the night of June 24, the
39:
275:, went much further, defending the proclamation of the Republic.
739:
https://archive.org/details/duelodesableselg00mira/page/n285
758:
Historia del Ejército español y de su intervención política
108:
defended that only seniority should be promoted, while the
437:, and Lieutenant Colonel Bermúdez de Castro, arrested in
56:, was the first coup d'état attempt against the regime.
573:
571:
569:
775:
Cardona, Gabriel (2001). "Se tambalea el Dictador".
360:
Manifiesto a la Nación y al Ejército de Mar y Tierra
192:. This conspiracy was joined by politicians of the
760:(in Spanish). Madrid: Los Libros de la Catarata.
737:(in Spanish). Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva. pp.
215:, who feared the identification of her son, King
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589:
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397:, in order to take over the telegraph service.
174:Colonel Garcia continued to conspire from the
8:
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484:and former Senator Manteca 100,000; General
211:—apparently instigated by the former regent
267:, and the younger officers, such as Major
788:(in Spanish). Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
381:"in a climate of euphoria", according to
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75:" position, supported by the military
46:. The coup attempt, also known as the
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429:In addition to Generals Aguilera and
44:another coup d'état in September 1923
7:
636:
634:
532:
530:
784:González Calleja, Eduardo (2005).
213:María Cristina de Habsburgo-Lorena
30:In 1926 there was an unsuccessful
25:
453:, awaiting further developments.
756:Alía Miranda, Francisco (2018).
731:Alía Miranda, Francisco (2006).
373:, on the night of San Juan, the
823:Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
259:but advocated the convening of
36:dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
389:, were going to take over the
1:
245:Ministry of Grace and Justice
219:, with the Dictatorship— and
161:Primo de Rivera's coup d'état
18:1926 Spanish coup d'état
377:of the coup was read at the
38:, who had been installed in
839:
777:La Aventura de la historia
362:which had been written by
779:(in Spanish) (37): 66–70.
221:Francisco Aguilera y Egea
176:military casino in Madrid
813:Attempted coups in Spain
516:1929 Spanish coup d'état
511:1923 Spanish coup d'état
391:Palace of Communications
350:, a few kilometers from
253:Ministry of the Interior
65:Eduardo González Calleja
303:, military governor of
249:Manuel de Burgos y Mazo
474:
426:
423:Miguel Primo de Rivera
344:
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165:Constituent Parliament
93:and criticised by the
81:and questioned by the
71:(first defending the "
626:González Calleja 2005
590:González Calleja 2005
561:González Calleja 2005
549:González Calleja 2005
458:
416:
339:
325:
311:, Captain General of
309:Gil Dolz de Castellar
140:Segundo García García
119:landing of Al Hoceima
257:Constitution of 1876
241:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
156:Constitution of 1876
685:Alía Miranda (2018)
641:Alía Miranda (2018)
602:Alía Miranda (2018)
537:Alía Miranda (2018)
387:Antonio María Sbert
185:Universidad Central
180:Republican Alliance
163:, but to convene a
144:Eduardo López Ochoa
628:, p. 366-367.
478:Count of Romanones
427:
364:Melquiades Alvarez
335:
327:Melquíades Álvarez
285:Bermúdez de Castro
265:form of government
261:Constituent Courts
205:Count of Romanones
201:Melquíades Álvarez
152:Melquíades Álvarez
148:Count of Romanones
134:The first serious
767:978-84-9097-459-9
498:Alejandro Lerroux
421:and the dictator
317:night of San Juan
263:to decide on the
251:in charge of the
243:in charge of the
237:Ministry of State
54:Night of San Juan
34:to overthrow the
16:(Redirected from
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482:Gregorio Marañón
395:Plaza de Cibeles
379:Ateneo de Madrid
329:, author of the
209:Valeriano Weyler
203:and the liberal
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403:Primo de Rivera
383:Gabriel Cardona
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225:State Counselor
169:Gabriel Cardona
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114:Primo de Rivera
69:Morocco problem
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668:Cardona (2001)
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592:, p. 365.
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433:, arrested in
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369:Meanwhile, in
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196:, such as the
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26:
24:
14:
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2:
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725:Bibliography
718:, p. 66
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706:, p. 70
687:, p. 64
670:, p. 69
648:
643:, p. 63
621:
614:Cardona 2001
609:
597:
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578:Cardona 2001
556:
544:
539:, p. 62
495:
491:
475:
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463:
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455:
443:Fermín Galán
428:
419:Alfonso XIII
409:Consequences
399:
374:
368:
359:
345:
340:
336:
333:of the coup.
330:
282:
273:Fermín Galán
269:Ramón Franco
234:
230:
217:Alfonso XIII
183:
173:
133:
109:
105:
104:, where the
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94:
88:
82:
76:
72:
63:
48:
47:
29:
279:Failed coup
271:or Captain
194:Restoration
110:Africanists
90:Africanists
807:Categories
522:References
441:, Captain
313:Valladolid
190:José Giral
188:professor
136:conspiracy
130:Conspiracy
84:Africanist
73:abandonist
60:Background
49:Sanjuanada
435:Tarragona
375:Manifesto
356:Tarragona
331:Manifesto
305:Tarragona
293:Barcelona
198:reformist
505:See also
451:Mallorca
439:Valencia
352:Valencia
297:Zaragoza
106:junteros
102:infantry
95:junteros
78:junteros
393:in the
348:Godella
123:parties
32:attempt
792:
764:
745:
371:Madrid
289:Madrid
741:287.
486:Batet
431:Batet
417:King
40:Spain
790:ISBN
762:ISBN
743:ISBN
295:and
247:and
150:and
42:by
809::
692:^
675:^
660:^
633:^
568:^
529:^
319:.
291:,
239:,
798:.
770:.
751:.
425:.
20:)
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