464:
392:
524:
536:
500:
488:
476:
349:
361:
313:
548:
512:
428:
416:
404:
373:
572:
560:
337:
452:
440:
325:
173:
45:
301:, and many spoke Polish and Russian. These were categorized as two groups. Statistical differences existed between Ruthenians and Ukrainians. Ruthenians nationwide were 96.5% Greek Catholic but only 3.2% Orthodox, compared to Ukrainians who were almost equally divided at 52.4% Greek Catholic and 46.6% Orthodox. Most Ruthenians lived in provinces where the majority of the Ukrainian population was Greek Catholic, too.
593:
1272:
51:
766:
was quoted by communist sources to have admitted that the returned census forms had been interfered with by the executive. This it was claimed, affected particularly those forms from the south-eastern provinces. The extent of the tampering is not known. Another
English language account stated that he
754:
concluded that "in presenting the results, the
Central Statistical office emphasized the central role played by the Polish ethnic group by increasing the number of minority groups, and thus reducing the size of a given group, shown in the results. Ukrainian and Ruthenian were tabulated as separate
700:
countries the interpretation of the census was used for political purposes, to underline the officially-supported thesis that pre-war Poland incorporated areas where the non-Polish population made up the majority of inhabitants. For this purpose some authors combined all non-Polish speakers in
736:
Some authors contend that the change in questions asked by the census officials was due to the Polish government's wish to minimise the presence of minorities and represented an attempt to maximize the effects of a decade of educational policies stressing the Polish language.
683:
This situation created a difficulty in establishing the true number of ethnic non-Polish citizens of Poland. Some authors used the language criterion to attempt to establish the actual number of minorities, which was difficult considering that over 707,000 people in
755:
languages, although
Ukrainian was simply the newer name for Ruthenian, used by the more politically conscious and nationalistic elements. In the Province of Polesie, the census authorities returned most of the Belarusians there as speaking 'local languages'."
741:
called the 1931 census official but "unreliable" for determining ethnicity, saying that by using language as an indicator of ethnicity it had underestimated the number of ethnic non-Poles, and that in particular, ethnic Poles were not a majority in the
463:
391:
523:
535:
499:
487:
475:
547:
511:
427:
415:
403:
348:
571:
559:
360:
312:
451:
439:
372:
336:
324:
112:
The results of the census were being published in 39 volumes between 1936 and 1939 in a publishing series titled "Statistics of Poland". A list of all settlements in Poland was also prepared, but only a part related to
680:, according to the previous census of 1921. Thus the number of Jews by mother tongue increased as a percentage of the population in the 1931 survey, relative to the number of Jews as a nationality in the 1921 Census.
108:
and detailed information on types of farms, leaving only the question of the overall area of land owned by the citizen. The part related to education was expanded to include questions of ability to read and write.
668:. Moreover, many Jews by religion - almost 12% - considered Polish to be their mother tongue in 1931. However, a higher percent of Jews by religion - over 25% - considered themselves to be
664:
had included a nationality question which was replaced in the 1931 census by the "mother tongue" question; this change was protested by
Ukrainians and Jews among others, many of whom were
885:
829:
802:
743:
886:"Główny Urząd Statystyczny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, drugi powszechny spis ludności z dn. 9.XII 1931 r. - Mieszkania i gospodarstwa domowe ludność"
924:(Polish) Główny Urząd Statystyczny (corporate author) (1932) "Ludnosc, Ludnosc wedlug wyznania i plci oraz jezyka ojczystego" (table 10, pg. 15)
294:
The number of Polish native speakers relative to the total number of Roman
Catholics may be overestimated, and possibly closer 17-18 millions.
1185:
1151:
1113:
1036:
859:
806:
172:
784:
602:
114:
90:
1244:
948:
635:
1282:
893:
1097:
738:
1276:
733:"). In fact, the census had counted speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Ruthenian languages as separate categories
55:
1009:
982:
888:[Central Statistical Office the Polish Republic, the second census dated 9.XII 1931 - Abodes and household populace]
1059:
692:" rather than any other language. Other authors used approximation based on both language and declared religion. After
1308:
808:
Rozporządzenie Rady
Ministrów z dnia 2 września 1931 r. w sprawie przeprowadzenia drugiego powszechnego spisu ludności
751:
1106:
Poland's
Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947
133:), Belarusian, Russian, Lithuanian, German, Yiddish, Hebrew, Local, Other, and Not Declared. The category "Local" (
767:
admitted "that officials had been directed to undercount minorities, especially those in the eastern provinces".
606:
93:. It established that Poland's population amounted to almost 32 million people (over 6 million more than in the
1313:
763:
1318:
934:
162:
149:) was hotly debated after the fact, because a number of significant languages were not on the list, e.g.,
82:
661:
94:
1213:
were distributed as follows: Polesie, 654,000; Nowogrodek, 616,000; Wilno, 409,000; Bialystok,269,100
246:
Total: 31,915,779
747:
105:
823:
166:
1240:
1208:
1181:
1177:
National
Identity and Foreign Policy: Nationalism and Leadership in Poland, Russia and Ukraine
1147:
1141:
1109:
1101:
1032:
1005:
978:
944:
855:
673:
273:
Judaism: 3,113,933
158:
154:
104:
of
October 14, 1931. In contrast to the earlier census of 1921, the 1931 census did not count
1234:
1175:
1026:
999:
972:
938:
849:
912:
US Census Bureau, The
Population of Poland Ed. W. Parker Mauldin, Washington-1954. pp.74-75
665:
150:
142:
134:
86:
74:
44:
279:
Non-believers: 6,058
255:
Orthodox: 3,762,484
815:
130:
126:
1302:
677:
649:
892:(in Polish). Central Statistical office of the Polish Republic. 1938. Archived from
759:
693:
669:
617:
282:
Not Declared: 39,663
234:
Other: 11,119
789:
Drugi powszechny spis ludności z dnia 9 XII 1931r. Formularze i instrukcje spisowe
213:
Czech: 38,097
17:
1293:
706:
697:
657:
469:
1931 Census of Poland, Nowogrodek Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.19
397:
1931 Census of Poland, Bialostock Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.23
1137:
1083:
730:
702:
613:
529:
1931 Census of Poland, Stanislaw Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.22
541:
1931 Census of Poland, Tarnopol Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.26
505:
1931 Census of Poland, Pomorski Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.26
493:
1931 Census of Poland, Polesie Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.20
481:
1931 Census of Poland, Slaskie Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.20
553:
1931 Census of Poland, Warsaw Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.30
517:
1931 Census of Poland, Poznań Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.32
433:
1931 Census of Poland, Lublin Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.26
421:
1931 Census of Poland, Kielce Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.28
409:
1931 Census of Poland, Kraków Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.26
1271:
577:
1931 Census of Poland, Wolyn Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.22
565:
1931 Census of Poland, Wilno Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.10
100:
The census was organised following the rules established by an act of the
50:
726:
689:
653:
457:
1931 Census of Poland, Lwow Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.32
445:
1931 Census of Poland, Łódź Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.23
354:
1931 Census of Poland, Miasto Poznań , table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.11
270:
Other Christian: 145,418
231:: 707,088
1292:
Partial results can be found when searching for the following keyword:
714:
685:
366:
1931 Census of Poland, Miasto Warsaw, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.18
318:
1931 Census of Poland, Miasto Kraków, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.11
298:
378:
1931 Census of Poland, Miasto Wilno, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.11
225:
Hebrew: 243,539
1143:
Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944-1948
940:
On the Edge of Destruction: Jews of Poland Between the Two World Wars
718:
710:
342:
1931 Census of Poland, Miasto Lwow, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.11
330:
1931 Census of Poland, Miasto Łódź, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.14
722:
264:
Protestant Unite: 269,531
195:
Total: 31,915,779
171:
908:
906:
297:
The population was also categorized by religion. Most Jews spoke
210:
Russian: 138,713
219:
German: 740,992
129:
in the following categories: Polish, Ukrainian, Ruthenian (i.e.
101:
1236:
Orphans of Versailles: The Germans in Western Poland, 1918-1939
1289:
1283:
Original report from census. Document is in Polish and French.
586:
851:
Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939
762:
the pre-war chairman of the Polish census statistical office
267:
Protestant (gen.): 108,216
791:(in Polish). Warsaw: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. p. 128.
276:
Other non-Christian: 6,750
252:
Greco Catholic: 3,336,164
222:
Yiddish: 2,489,034
216:
Lithuanian: 83,116
198:
Polish: 21,993,444
176:
1931 Census of Poland Table 10 "Ludnosc- Population", pg.15
1028:
Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in the Post-Communist World
125:
The population was categorized by mother tongue i.e. the
1285:
Internet Archive (PDF file direct download, 88 pages).
1001:
The Jews of East Central Europe Between the World Wars
974:
The Jews of East Central Europe Between the World Wars
201:
Ukrainian: 3,221,975
880:
878:
32:
920:
918:
27:Poland's second census during the interwar period
261:Protestant Reformed: 33,295
258:Protestant Lutheran: 424,216
237:Not Declared: 39,163
204:Ruthenian: 1,219,647
750:. A 1954 study of the Polish population by the
249:Roman Catholic: 20,670,051
207:Belarusian: 989,852
803:Council of Ministers of the Republic of Poland
38:Mother tongue in Poland, based on 1931 census
8:
1239:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 95.
1004:. Indiana University Press. pp. 29–30.
977:. Indiana University Press. pp. 30–31.
943:. Wayne State University Press. p. 68.
1068:, as cited in Piotrowski, op.cit., page 294
1066:(in Polish). Warsaw: Czytelnik. p. 35.
1290:Podlaska Digital Library: document search.
1180:. Cambridge University Press. p. 63.
828:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
616:. Please do not remove this message until
1146:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 136.
656:to classify the respondents, rather than
636:Learn how and when to remove this message
843:
841:
839:
612:Relevant discussion may be found on the
776:
387:
308:
89:, performed on December 9, 1931 by the
897:(PDF, direct download, table: page 30)
821:
29:
121:Population by mother tongue and faith
7:
1031:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 73.
25:
854:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 17.
81:) was the second census taken in
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648:The census used the concept of
157:, and/or what might constitute
71:Second General Census in Poland
79:Drugi Powszechny Spis Ludności
1:
701:South-Eastern Poland (namely
1223:Joseph Marcus (1983), p. 17;
1064:Rzeczpospolita wielu narodów
183:Population by first language
1102:"Belorussian collaboration"
752:United States Census Bureau
618:conditions to do so are met
1335:
1108:. McFarland. p. 294.
688:declared that they spoke "
243:
1080:Historia Polski 1914-1939
1078:Henryk Zieliński (1983).
998:Mendelsohn, Ezra (1987).
971:Mendelsohn, Ezra (1987).
785:Główny Urząd Statystyczny
583:Mother tongue controversy
241:
91:Main Bureau of Statistics
42:
37:
729:) into one category of "
1233:Richard Blanke (1993).
764:Edward Szturm de Sztrem
666:bilingual or trilingual
95:previous census of 1921
1294:Spis powszechny 1931 r
1082:(in Polish). Wrocław:
935:Celia Stopnicka Heller
848:Joseph Marcus (1983).
744:Nowogródek Voivodeship
177:
146:
138:
78:
1277:Polish census of 1931
1207:Piotrowski, op.cit.,
814:(in Polish). Warsaw.
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159:transitional language
67:Polish census of 1931
56:Polish census of 1931
33:Polish census of 1931
1279:at Wikimedia Commons
1174:Ilya Prizel (1998).
818:1931 nr 80 poz. 629.
188:Population by faith
58:at Wikimedia Commons
1025:Ben Fowkes (2002).
748:Polesie Voivodeship
605:of this section is
106:national minorities
1309:Censuses in Poland
1098:Tadeusz Piotrowski
739:Tadeusz Piotrowski
178:
141:) versus "Other" (
18:1931 Polish Census
1275:Media related to
1187:978-0-521-57697-0
1153:978-0-7425-1094-4
1115:978-0-7864-0371-4
1060:Jerzy Tomaszewski
1038:978-0-333-79256-8
861:978-90-279-3239-6
674:national identity
646:
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292:
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115:Wilno Voivodeship
102:Polish Parliament
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760:World War II
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735:
694:World War II
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632:
626:October 2015
623:
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296:
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228:
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111:
99:
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707:Belarusians
698:Soviet bloc
658:nationality
85:during the
1303:Categories
1252:17 October
1193:17 October
1159:17 October
1138:Ana Siljak
1121:17 October
1084:Ossolineum
1044:17 October
1011:0253204186
984:0253204186
956:17 October
867:17 October
771:References
731:Ruthenians
703:Ukrainians
670:ethnically
603:neutrality
824:cite book
727:Poleszuks
614:talk page
305:By cities
167:Kashubian
1209:page 143
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719:Lemkos
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143:Polish
135:Polish
75:Polish
890:(PDF)
816:Dz.U.
812:(PDF)
690:local
678:Poles
229:Local
161:e.g.
131:Rusyn
1288:The
1254:2015
1241:ISBN
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856:ISBN
830:link
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725:and
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600:The
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