30:
296:, it was still possible to vote negatively, to invalidate one's ballot or not to vote at all "without great personal risk". In particular, the Nazis made no effort to prevent the casting of negative or invalid votes in districts that were known to have large populations of Jews, Poles and other ethnic minorities, who were then still allowed to vote. The expected unfavourable results in such areas would be useful in propaganda as proof of disloyalty to the Reich.
1073:
267:
allowed the
President to refer legislation passed by the Reichstag to a referendum. A referendum would also be held if 10% of eligible voters proposed an initiative. On 14 July 1933, the German cabinet used the Enabling Act to pass the "Law concerning the Plebiscite", which permitted the cabinet to
200:
The referendum question was on a separate ballot from the one used for the elections. The question was: "Do you approve, German man, and you, German woman, this policy of your national government, and are you willing to declare as the expression of your own opinion and your own will and solemnly
287:
Of the democratic nature of the referendum, the political scientist Arnold
Zurcher writes that "there undoubtedly was a great deal" of "intangible official pressure" but probably very little "downright coercion and intimidation at the polls". The historian
268:
call a referendum on "questions of national policy" and "laws which the cabinet had enacted". While the Weimar provisions allowing for referenda were not explicitly repealed, subsequent legislation made it clear those provisions would not be used.
255:. After securing their support by promising to respect the rights of the Catholic Church, it passed 441–94. With its passage, Hitler had become a dictator, though Hindenburg technically retained the ability to dismiss Hitler.
207:
Billigst Du, Deutscher Mann, und Du, Deutsche Frau, diese
Politik Deiner Reichsregierung, und bist Du bereit, sie als den Ausdruck Deiner eigenen Auffassung und Deines eigenen Willens zu erklären und Dich feierlich zu ihr zu
243:" to allow his government to pass laws directly, without the support of the Reichstag. Lacking the two-thirds supermajority necessary to pass such an act, Hindenburg dissolved the Reichstag on 31 January. In the
68:
Do you approve, German man, and you, German woman, this policy of your national government, and are you willing to declare as the expression of your own opinion and your own will and solemnly profess it?
1576:
326:. In general, rural parts of the country were more favourable and the cities least favourable to withdrawal, but overall support was higher than for granting Hitler presidential powers in 1934.
284:, then a bitter memory in the minds of not only the Nazis but also most ordinary Germans. Since German elections always took place on Sundays, the vote was held one day after the anniversary.
785:. XVIIth International Congress on Comparative Law. Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht. Vol. 188. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 107–125.
1467:
1462:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1231:
1226:
1528:
1523:
1533:
1442:
1483:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1553:
1221:
1096:
1039:
183:
1061:
1101:
839:
247:, the Nazis won 43.9% of the vote. Including his allies, Hitler enjoyed the support of 60% of the deputies, but needed the support of the Catholic
1548:
1211:
1191:
970:
943:
909:
878:
820:
798:
759:
1348:
1518:
1498:
1457:
1558:
1216:
244:
1571:
1538:
1447:
1361:
1356:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1206:
1002:
1508:
1488:
1186:
1607:
1543:
1503:
1493:
1371:
1566:
1513:
1054:
186:. The measure was approved by 95% of voters with a turnout of 96%. It was the first of a series of referendums held by the
1612:
281:
292:
notes that "the rejection of the
Versailles system was extraordinarily popular" and that at this stage in the history of
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1201:
1196:
1181:
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1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1091:
1106:
236:
1617:
319:
1597:
1047:
1602:
988:
289:
1434:
323:
280:
intentionally timed the referendum to take place as close as possible to the fifteenth anniversary of the
248:
719:
232:
191:
1077:
252:
330:
264:
224:
1027:
1019:
187:
779:
333:, where 98.4% of registered voters cast ballots. It was lowest in the affluent Berlin suburb of
976:
966:
949:
939:
927:
915:
905:
884:
874:
847:
826:
816:
794:
765:
755:
727:
175:
1011:
963:
Bringing in the people: a comparison of constitutional forms and practices of the referendum
897:
786:
747:
310:
197:, after the cabinet conferred upon itself the ability to hold referendums on 14 July 1933.
866:
202:
932:
873:. Vol. 1: Triumph, 1933–1939 (First U.S. ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press.
1591:
1031:
808:
896:
Richter, Hedwig; Jessen, Ralph (2018). "Elections, Plebiscites, and
Festivals". In
305:
293:
240:
228:
194:
179:
322:
stronghold, only 84% voted in favour. This regional variation was repeated in the
790:
953:
888:
277:
171:
919:
851:
830:
769:
731:
980:
777:
Böckenförde, Markus (July 2006). Riedel, Eibe; Wolfrum, Rüdiger (eds.).
1072:
1023:
334:
315:
1015:
276:
To whip up nationalist sentiment in the run up to the vote, the
1043:
16:
Referendum on German withdrawal from the League of
Nations
235:
on 30 January 1933. After his appointment, he wanted the
746:
Beck, Hermann (2018). "The Nazi 'Seizure Of Power'". In
697:
695:
693:
488:
486:
781:
Constitutional
Referendum in Germany — Country Report
1433:
1370:
1347:
1084:
1000:Zurcher, Arnold J. (1935). "The Hitler Referenda".
73:
22:
1933 German League of
Nations withdrawal referendum
993:Germany: The Long Road West, Volume II (1933–1990)
931:
778:
902:The Oxford illustrated history of the Third Reich
752:The Oxford illustrated history of the Third Reich
314:, support for withdrawal reached 97%, while in
1055:
636:
8:
684:
477:
465:
438:
251:to reach the required threshold to pass the
21:
904:(First ed.). Oxford University Press.
754:(First ed.). Oxford University Press.
624:
1062:
1048:
1040:
339:
600:
588:
576:
552:
540:
528:
79:
701:
672:
660:
648:
612:
492:
458:
435:
424:
413:
402:
391:
387:
376:
1481:See also: Elections and referendums in
840:"Hitler Is Supreme Under Enabling Act"
516:
20:
504:
425:
414:
403:
392:
344:
7:
1078:Elections and referendums in Germany
934:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
815:(1st ed.). Baden-Baden: Nomos.
813:Elections in Europe: a data handbook
564:
329:Voter turnout was greatest in the
14:
1003:American Political Science Review
1071:
938:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
838:Enderis, Guido (27 March 1933).
720:"All Germans rounded up to vote"
28:
811:; Stöver, Philip, eds. (2010).
182:on 12 November 1933 alongside
1:
218:
791:10.1007/978-3-540-37720-7_4
1634:
995:. Oxford University Press.
1476:
637:Richter & Jessen 2018
436:
426:Registered voters/turnout
388:
377:
366:
355:
350:
347:
259:Elections in Nazi Germany
90:
87:
78:
66:
42:
26:
989:Winkler, Heinrich August
478:Nohlen & Stöver 2010
466:Nohlen & Stöver 2010
439:Nohlen & Stöver 2010
308:, the stronghold of the
174:on withdrawing from the
1085:Parliamentary elections
290:Heinrich August Winkler
137:Invalid or blank votes
1608:Referendums in Germany
1529:North Rhine-Westphalia
1524:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
1349:Presidential elections
965:. Dordrecht: Nijhoff.
961:Suksi, Markku (1993).
282:Armistice of Compiègne
219:Hitler's rise to power
206:
1572:Free State of Prussia
1613:November 1933 events
1534:Rhineland-Palatinate
726:. 13 November 1933.
519:, pp. 183–184.
404:Invalid/blank votes
341:
265:Weimar Constitution
225:Paul von Hindenburg
184:Reichstag elections
23:
1554:Schleswig-Holstein
1372:European elections
844:The New York Times
340:
324:referendum of 1934
245:resulting election
1618:League of Nations
1585:
1584:
1484:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
972:978-0-7923-2208-5
945:978-0-831-77404-2
911:978-0-19-872828-3
898:Gellately, Robert
880:978-1-250-27510-3
822:978-3-8329-5609-7
800:978-3-540-37720-7
761:978-0-19-872828-3
748:Gellately, Robert
685:The Guardian 1933
591:, pp. 53–54.
507:, p. 100, note 2.
445:
444:
231:to the office of
223:Weimar President
176:League of Nations
168:
167:
164:
163:
57:
56:
1625:
1598:1933 referendums
1076:
1075:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1041:
1035:
996:
984:
957:
937:
923:
892:
871:The Hitler years
867:McDonough, Frank
862:
860:
858:
834:
804:
784:
773:
742:
740:
738:
705:
699:
688:
682:
676:
670:
664:
658:
652:
646:
640:
634:
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625:Böckenförde 2006
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342:
80:
62:
61:
50:12 November 1933
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38:
37:
33:
32:
31:
24:
1633:
1632:
1628:
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1624:
1623:
1622:
1603:1933 in Germany
1588:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1472:
1429:
1366:
1343:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1038:
1016:10.2307/1947171
999:
987:
973:
960:
946:
928:Shirer, William
926:
912:
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865:
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823:
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745:
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450:
302:
274:
261:
221:
216:
85:
69:
60:
59:
58:
36:
35:
34:
29:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1471:
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1279:
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1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
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1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
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1086:
1082:
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1069:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1037:
1036:
997:
985:
971:
958:
944:
924:
910:
893:
879:
863:
835:
821:
809:Nohlen, Dieter
805:
799:
774:
760:
743:
715:
713:
710:
707:
706:
689:
677:
665:
653:
641:
629:
627:, p. 110.
617:
605:
601:McDonough 2021
593:
589:McDonough 2021
581:
577:McDonough 2021
569:
557:
553:McDonough 2021
545:
541:McDonough 2021
533:
529:McDonough 2021
521:
509:
497:
482:
480:, p. 770.
470:
468:, p. 762.
457:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
443:
442:
434:
433:
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220:
217:
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201:profess it?" (
188:German cabinet
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2:
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1550:
1549:Saxony-Anhalt
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
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1535:
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1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
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1300:
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1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
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1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
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1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
968:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
941:
936:
935:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
907:
903:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
876:
872:
868:
864:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
796:
792:
788:
783:
782:
775:
771:
767:
763:
757:
753:
749:
744:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:
711:
704:, p. 96.
703:
698:
696:
694:
690:
686:
681:
678:
675:, p. 31.
674:
669:
666:
663:, p. 95.
662:
657:
654:
651:, p. 92.
650:
645:
642:
639:, p. 87.
638:
633:
630:
626:
621:
618:
614:
609:
606:
603:, p. 55.
602:
597:
594:
590:
585:
582:
579:, p. 53.
578:
573:
570:
567:, p. 58.
566:
561:
558:
555:, p. 42.
554:
549:
546:
543:, p. 33.
542:
537:
534:
531:, p. 29.
530:
525:
522:
518:
513:
510:
506:
501:
498:
495:, p. 91.
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
474:
471:
467:
462:
459:
452:
447:
441:, p. 770
440:
431:
428:
420:
417:
409:
406:
398:
395:
383:
380:
372:
369:
365:
361:
358:
354:
343:
338:
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332:
327:
325:
321:
318:, formerly a
317:
313:
312:
307:
299:
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100:
98:
95:
94:
82:
81:
77:
72:
65:
53:
51:
48:
46:
45:
41:
25:
19:
1577:East Prussia
1567:East Germany
1563:
1519:Lower Saxony
1480:
1452:
1337:
1010:(1): 91–99.
1007:
1001:
992:
962:
933:
901:
870:
855:. Retrieved
843:
812:
780:
751:
735:. Retrieved
724:The Guardian
723:
702:Zurcher 1935
680:
673:Winkler 2006
668:
661:Zurcher 1935
656:
649:Zurcher 1935
644:
632:
620:
615:, p. 5.
613:Enderis 1933
608:
596:
584:
572:
560:
548:
536:
524:
512:
500:
493:Zurcher 1935
473:
461:
331:Pfalz region
328:
309:
306:East Prussia
303:
294:Nazi Germany
286:
275:
262:
253:Enabling Act
249:Centre Party
241:enabling act
239:to pass an "
229:Adolf Hitler
222:
199:
195:Adolf Hitler
178:was held in
169:
158:
153:
148:
126:Valid votes
113:
106:
101:
96:
49:
18:
1499:Brandenburg
1435:Referendums
1207:1932 (July)
517:Shirer 1960
415:Total votes
393:Valid votes
149:Total votes
129:42,735,059
1592:Categories
1222:1933 (Nov)
1217:1933 (Mar)
1212:1932 (Nov)
1192:1924 (Dec)
1187:1924 (May)
1102:1867 (Aug)
1097:1867 (Feb)
954:1313834918
889:1257308682
857:5 November
737:8 February
505:Suksi 1993
448:References
429:45,178,701
418:43,492,735
396:42,735,059
381:42,735,059
359:40,633,852
278:Nazi Party
233:Chancellor
227:appointed
214:Background
192:Chancellor
172:referendum
154:43,492,735
118:2,101,207
102:40,633,852
1559:Thuringia
1032:146390292
920:990674903
852:0362-4331
831:617565273
770:990674903
732:0261-3077
565:Beck 2018
453:Footnotes
370:2,101,207
320:communist
237:Reichstag
208:bekennen?
1539:Saarland
991:(2006).
981:27684043
930:(1960).
869:(2021).
437:Source:
337:at 90%.
140:757,676
1564:former:
1509:Hamburg
1489:Bavaria
1024:1947171
900:(ed.).
750:(ed.).
712:Sources
407:757,676
367:Against
335:Potsdam
316:Hamburg
311:Junkers
300:Results
272:Conduct
180:Germany
159:100.00%
132:98.26%
114:Against
74:Results
1544:Saxony
1504:Bremen
1494:Berlin
1030:
1022:
979:
969:
952:
942:
918:
908:
887:
877:
850:
829:
819:
797:
768:
758:
730:
421:100.00
384:100.00
345:Choice
203:German
190:under
143:1.74%
121:4.92%
107:95.08%
88:Votes
84:Choice
1514:Hesse
1028:S2CID
1020:JSTOR
432:96.27
399:98.26
378:Total
362:95.08
348:Votes
1468:1938
1463:1936
1458:1934
1453:1933
1448:1929
1443:1926
1425:2024
1420:2019
1415:2014
1410:2009
1405:2004
1400:1999
1395:1994
1390:1989
1385:1984
1380:1979
1362:1932
1357:1925
1338:2025
1332:2021
1327:2017
1322:2013
1317:2009
1312:2005
1307:2002
1302:1998
1297:1994
1292:1990
1287:1987
1282:1983
1277:1980
1272:1976
1267:1972
1262:1969
1257:1965
1252:1961
1247:1957
1242:1953
1237:1949
1232:1938
1227:1936
1202:1930
1197:1928
1182:1920
1177:1919
1172:1912
1167:1907
1162:1903
1157:1898
1152:1893
1147:1890
1142:1887
1137:1884
1132:1881
1127:1878
1122:1877
1117:1874
1112:1871
1107:1868
1092:1848
977:OCLC
967:ISBN
950:OCLC
940:ISBN
916:OCLC
906:ISBN
885:OCLC
875:ISBN
859:2023
848:ISSN
827:OCLC
817:ISBN
795:ISBN
766:OCLC
756:ISBN
739:2024
728:ISSN
410:1.74
373:4.92
263:The
1012:doi
787:doi
356:For
304:In
97:For
1594::
1026:.
1018:.
1008:29
1006:.
975:.
948:.
914:.
883:.
846:.
842:.
825:.
793:.
764:.
722:.
692:^
485:^
210:)
205::
170:A
91:%
1063:e
1056:t
1049:v
1034:.
1014::
983:.
956:.
922:.
891:.
861:.
833:.
803:.
789::
772:.
741:.
687:.
351:%
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