471:. Many of the military commanders were also replaced by those who demonstrated loyalty during the coup or by those with personal connection to Smetona. The new commanders more closely monitored soldiers' moods and tried to root out any kind of politicking. For example, officers had to report any contact with officers who were disciplined after the coup. Supporters of Voldemaras attempted to stage two other coups in 1934, one in August and October, but these coups were discovered before they began and the organizers were arrested and sentenced to imprisonment for 2 to 15 years. To address officer shortages, a special 10-month course for reserve officers was organized by the
335:, acted as a negotiator between the military and the president. There is no evidence that he knew of the coup beforehand but it is clear that he did not attempt to stop it and that he attempted to negotiate on behalf of the rebellious military. His decision to join the rebels is usually explained as a result of his conflict with Minister of Defence
391:
111 officers faced disciplinary action: 32 were acquitted, 5 reassigned to new units, 6 demoted, 46 dismissed from the military, 22 demoted to privates and released to reserve. The ceremony demoting the 22 officers to privates took place on 10 July in witness of the 2nd
Infantry Regiment and was conducted by the new commandant of Kaunas
357:
There were three rounds of negotiations between
Smetona and the military. Smetona was supported by some of the officers and refused to negotiate. He could agree to some government changes but flatly refused to consider Voldemaras' return calling him a "political bandit". Smetona's supporters managed
390:
Arrests started in the morning of 7 June. To bring the end to the coup, the president had promised not to prosecute people involved in the coup. To that end, the government passed a special law granting amnesty to the coup participants, but they were still subject to disciplinary actions. In total,
237:
was reduced. Many military officers sympathized or supported
Voldemaras. This was particularly true among the younger generation of officers who compiled lists of "foreign" and thus "unreliable" older officers and tried to push them out of the military. After 1929, Smetona attempted to cleanse the
210:
organization to help the new regime fight its opponents. Iron Wolf was loyal to
Voldemaras and there were rumors that he might use it to oust Smetona. However, Smetona acted first and removed Voldemaras as Prime Minister on 19 September 1929. The Iron Wolf was officially liquidated but its members
278:
were distributed among the soldiers causing much disturbance and discontent. At the same time, a delegation of young officers visited
Smetona and demanded a government change. Rumors about the planned coup reached the president and the government, but they took little action and only ordered the
182:, were sentenced to death but their sentences were commuted to prison sentences. All five later received presidential pardons and were released by 1937. Voldemaras was released in 1938 on the condition that he would depart Lithuania. He chose France and largely faded from public life.
242:
began returning from internal exile and reestablishing their contacts with the military. In fall 1933, a group of young officers drafted six points of demands that called for the restoration of the spirit and goals of the
December 1926 coup, removal of Prime Minister
482:
tended his resignation, but
Smetona did not accept it. Instead, a new cabinet of ministers was installed on 12 June 1934. The new government retained only the Prime Minister and Minister of Finance Tūbelis, Minister of Internal Affairs
395:. However, the government supported the dismissed officers and helped them find new employment. The government was afraid that financial difficulties would only push the disgraced officers into various anti-government organizations.
377:
leading into the city. Lacking resolve, the soldiers returned to their barracks. In particular, some authors place the blame for the failed coup with Kubiliūnas who lacked determination and strong will. This sentiment is reflected in
294:
During the night of 6 to 7 June 1934, military officers stationed in Kaunas began the coup. They rang alarm bells mobilizing the soldiers. About 100 officers and 500–700 soldiers participated. Officers of the military aviation and
398:
The amnesty did not apply to the coup organizers. Voldemaras, although there is no evidence that he was involved in planning the coup, was sentenced to 12 years in prison on 17 June. Separately, he was tried for the article in
170:, in Kaunas and sent a delegation to negotiate with Smetona about reinstating Voldemaras and making other changes in the government. The coup was not directed against Smetona, but against the government of Prime Minister
177:
A total of 111 officers faced disciplinary actions; 32 were acquitted while others were dismissed from the military or demoted. Voldemaras was sentenced to 12 years in prison. Five coup leaders and organizers, including
314:
and the central phone station, encircled the
Ministry of Internal Affairs and the State Security Department. These and other strategic objects were taken without resistance. The police hurried to protect the
430:) on 15 July 1934. However, Smetona commuted the sentences to life sentence for Kubiliūnas and imprisonment for 10–15 years for others. All five received presidential pardons and were released in 1937.
247:, reinstatement of Voldemaras, and reestablishment of the Iron Wolf. The officers were critical of Tūbelis government which was in power since 1929. They saw it as stagnant, incapable, and nepotistic.
174:. Other military units and the police remained loyal to Smetona who refused to negotiate. The rebels lacked resolve and stood down after receiving promises that they would not be prosecuted.
1445:
1455:
403:
and received a six-month prison sentence in
November 1934. He was released in 1938 on the condition that he would depart Lithuania. A military tribunal presided by
1247:
1271:
1375:Žigaras, Feliksas (2007). "Lietuvos kariuomenės karininkų rengimo ir jų kvalifikacijos tobulinimo sistema (1919–1940 m.)". In Ažubalis, Algirdas (ed.).
1460:
468:
1376:
449:
332:
316:
275:
1389:
1450:
270:
in
Germany. Voldemaras faced trial which was to convene on 12 June 1934. In March and May 1934, the democratic governments in Latvia (see
1365:
1149:
1123:
363:
300:
288:
195:
1160:
233:. The agricultural exports plummeted which stirred up discontent among Lithuanian farmers. At the same time, the funding for the
166:
and many younger military officers. On 6–7 June 1934, several hundred soldiers captured several strategic objects, including the
354:, was particularly disliked by the younger officers. Officers saw him as a passive official without proper education or skills.
427:
408:
271:
1207:"Guarding the Honor of the Nation and the Prosperity of the State: National Defense of Lithuania "Iron Wolf" (1928-1930)"
1181:
1192:
159:
1333:
1440:
1430:
1435:
311:
206:. After two unsuccessful counter-coups in 1927, the new government felt insecure and established the militarized
167:
274:) and Estonia were overthrown. In May 1934, leaflets with the names of people who were allegedly spying for the
1465:
1116:
Antanas Smetona and His Lithuania: From the National Liberation Movement to an Authoritarian Regime (1893–1940)
207:
163:
404:
898:
191:
307:
203:
144:
484:
654:
336:
1206:
472:
453:
412:
367:
359:
351:
328:
179:
86:
416:
495:
411:) and Vytautas Kostas Druskis (former employee of the State Security Department) on 20 June and to
130:
1295:
434:
1234:
458:
255:
1385:
1361:
1320:
1282:
1258:
1226:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1119:
479:
445:
372:
244:
171:
155:
planned several coups against the government, this coup was the largest and most threatening.
162:
in September 1929 but still enjoyed considerable support among the members of the liquidated
1310:
1218:
230:
1384:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija. pp. 18–160.
489:
464:
347:
234:
213:
199:
148:
139:
91:
70:
392:
341:
475:. More than 300 men applied but only 110 were accepted and 103 graduated in May 1936.
1424:
1238:
421:
407:
handed out death sentences to Stepas Gerdžiūnas (reserve officer and member of the
259:
1222:
426:(deputy commander of military aviation unit), and Juozas Bačkus (commander of the
1118:. On the Boundary of Two Worlds. Translated by Senn, Alfred Erich. Brill Rodopi.
439:
319:. It was protected by 127 police officers and 25 presidential guards, armed with
238:
military of Voldemaras supporters. After a few relatively calm and stable years,
1324:
1315:
1286:
1262:
1230:
211:
remained loyal to Voldemaras and continued as an underground group known as
44:
1142:
Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940
382:(coward) – a codename assigned to him by the State Security Department.
1400:
324:
320:
1200:(Master's thesis) (in Lithuanian). Kaunas: Vytautas Magnus University.
664:(in Lithuanian). Vol. 24, no. XXIX. 13 June 1934. p. 2.
1358:
Lietuvos kariuomenė valstybės politinio gyvenimo verpetuose 1927–1940
1343:(in Lithuanian). Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania
296:
40:
291:, therefore the coup of 1934 was very similar to the coup of 1926.
116:
79 officers disciplined, 5 sentenced to death (sentences commuted)
1186:(PhD thesis) (in Lithuanian). Vilniaus universiteto leidykla.
1183:
Civilinės ir karinės valdžios sąveika Lietuvoje, 1918-1940 m.
919:
917:
915:
366:. They planned to use artillery to clear the blockade on the
840:
838:
1296:"Vidiniai neramumai Lietuvos Respublikoje 1919–1940 metais"
869:
867:
865:
711:
709:
707:
738:
736:
514:
512:
510:
266:
was confiscated, but the article was somehow published in
985:
983:
327:
to Kaunas, but he arrived already after the coup failed.
958:
956:
306:
Using three tanks, the military blocked bridges and the
908:(in Lithuanian). Vol. 58. 27 July 1934. p. 1.
789:
787:
637:
635:
279:
police in Kaunas to be alert and strengthen its posts.
262:. The article was banned in Lithuania and the issue of
250:
In February 1934, Voldemaras published an article in
1144:(Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press.
287:
Many of the officers participated in the successful
433:Smetona also replaced the key military commanders.
221:planned six coups against Smetona and started one.
1248:"Petro Kubiliūno malonės prašymai (1934–1937 m.)"
1097:
350:. Giedraitis, who was a cousin of Smetona's wife
198:. It was replaced by the government of President
1272:"Lietuvos karininkijos nuotaikų 1934 m. analizė"
323:and automatic rifles. Voldemaras was flown from
1194:Voldemarininkų politinis judėjimas 1929–1934 m.
448:who hurried to support Smetona, became the new
18:
346:who blocked Kubiliūnas' efforts to reform the
1161:"Prof. Augustinas Voldemaras tuokėsi Utenoje"
8:
1085:
1061:
1001:
923:
899:"Paskelbtas amnestijos įstatymas Lietuvoje"
844:
766:
674:
566:
554:
415:(Chief of the General Staff of Lithuania),
254:criticizing the government policies in the
147:, to overthrow the government of President
989:
947:
873:
614:
143:, supporters of the former Prime Minister
15:
1314:
1303:Acta Historica Universitatis Klaipedensis
1049:
1037:
1025:
962:
935:
885:
856:
754:
727:
715:
698:
686:
602:
590:
578:
518:
1378:Karo pedagogika lietuvoje (1918–1940 m.)
1159:Indrašius, Vytautas (13 February 2018).
829:
805:
778:
742:
542:
530:
1073:
506:
450:Chief of the General Staff of Lithuania
333:Chief of the General Staff of Lithuania
1399:Žilinskas, Antanas (3 February 2014).
1013:
974:
817:
793:
641:
626:
196:military coup d'état of December 1926
7:
1446:1930s coups d'état and coup attempts
655:"Voldemaras norėjo nuversti Smetoną"
463:, a former classmate of Smetona at
19:1934 Lithuanian coup d'état attempt
1401:"Dukart nuteistas mirti savanoris"
1332:Trimonienė, Rūta (December 2017).
1140:(1999). Tuskenis, Edvardas (ed.).
14:
1456:Attempted coups d'état in Europe
1360:(in Lithuanian). Versus Aureus.
1461:Far-right politics in Lithuania
1294:Stoliarovas, Andriejus (2016).
1098:Eidintas, Žalys & Senn 1999
1191:Markevičius, Kęstutis (2012).
494:, and Minister of Agriculture
229:Lithuania was affected by the
1:
1334:"Steponas Girdžiūnas-Gegužis"
1223:10.1080/01629778.2017.1421241
258:and worsening relations with
1279:Lietuvos istorijos metraštis
1255:Lietuvos istorijos metraštis
1180:Kilinskas, Kęstutis (2018).
289:coup d'état of December 1926
1451:Military coups in Lithuania
1205:Petronis, Vytautas (2018).
1114:Eidintas, Alfonsas (2015).
409:Lithuanian Riflemen's Union
190:The democratically elected
127:coup d'état attempt in 1934
1482:
1356:Vaičenonis, Jonas (2003).
303:were particularly active.
1270:Rudis, Gediminas (1998).
1246:Rudis, Gediminas (1997).
1211:Journal of Baltic Studies
276:State Security Department
158:Voldemaras was ousted as
110:
97:
80:
63:
23:
1316:10.15181/ahuk.v32i0.1463
272:1934 Latvian coup d'état
194:was deposed during the
192:government of Lithuania
444:, the director of the
310:, took control of the
134:
81:Commanders and leaders
55:Coup d'état suppressed
405:Edvardas Adamkavičius
364:2nd Infantry Regiment
301:5th Infantry Regiment
299:units as well as the
204:Augustinas Voldemaras
145:Augustinas Voldemaras
111:Casualties and losses
76:Lithuanian government
820:, pp. 231, 237.
473:War School of Kaunas
360:War School of Kaunas
137:) was an attempt by
1136:; Žalys, Vytautas;
1052:, pp. 247–248.
1040:, pp. 245–246.
1004:, pp. 109–110.
832:, pp. 342–343.
757:, pp. 239–240.
677:, pp. 113–114.
496:Jonas Pranas Aleksa
469:Minister of Defence
317:Presidential Palace
268:Preussische Zeitung
202:and Prime Minister
1138:Senn, Alfred Erich
1134:Eidintas, Alfonsas
1441:Conflicts in 1934
1431:1934 in Lithuania
1391:978-9955-423-58-4
1305:(in Lithuanian).
1281:(in Lithuanian).
1257:(in Lithuanian).
1076:, pp. 63–64.
1064:, pp. 54–55.
485:Steponas Rusteika
467:, became the new
446:Kaunas War School
413:Petras Kubiliūnas
329:Petras Kubiliūnas
225:Rising discontent
180:Petras Kubiliūnas
123:
122:
87:Petras Kubiliūnas
59:
58:
1473:
1436:June 1934 events
1416:
1414:
1412:
1395:
1383:
1371:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1341:Atmintinos datos
1338:
1328:
1318:
1300:
1290:
1276:
1266:
1252:
1242:
1201:
1199:
1187:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1155:
1129:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1086:Markevičius 2012
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1062:Markevičius 2012
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
1002:Stoliarovas 2016
999:
993:
987:
978:
972:
966:
960:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
924:Stoliarovas 2016
921:
910:
909:
903:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
860:
854:
848:
845:Markevičius 2012
842:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
782:
776:
770:
767:Markevičius 2012
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
731:
725:
719:
713:
702:
696:
690:
684:
678:
675:Stoliarovas 2016
672:
666:
665:
659:
651:
645:
639:
630:
624:
618:
612:
606:
600:
594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
567:Markevičius 2012
564:
558:
555:Markevičius 2012
552:
546:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
493:
462:
443:
425:
376:
345:
337:Balys Giedraitis
231:Great Depression
217:. In 1929–1934,
25:
24:
16:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1466:Fascist revolts
1421:
1420:
1419:
1410:
1408:
1407:(in Lithuanian)
1398:
1392:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1355:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1331:
1298:
1293:
1274:
1269:
1250:
1245:
1217:(49): 215–239.
1204:
1197:
1190:
1179:
1170:
1168:
1167:(in Lithuanian)
1158:
1152:
1132:
1126:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
990:Trimonienė 2017
988:
981:
973:
969:
961:
954:
948:Vaičenonis 2003
946:
942:
934:
930:
922:
913:
901:
897:
896:
892:
884:
880:
874:Vaičenonis 2003
872:
863:
855:
851:
843:
836:
828:
824:
816:
812:
804:
800:
792:
785:
777:
773:
765:
761:
753:
749:
741:
734:
726:
722:
714:
705:
697:
693:
685:
681:
673:
669:
657:
653:
652:
648:
640:
633:
625:
621:
615:Vaičenonis 2003
613:
609:
601:
597:
589:
585:
577:
573:
565:
561:
553:
549:
541:
537:
529:
525:
517:
508:
504:
487:
478:Prime Minister
465:Mitau Gymnasium
456:
454:Petras Šniukšta
437:
428:Hussar Regiment
419:
388:
370:
368:Panemunė Bridge
348:Lithuanian Army
339:
308:railway station
285:
256:Klaipėda Region
240:voldemarininkai
235:Lithuanian Army
227:
219:voldemarininkai
214:voldemarininkai
200:Antanas Smetona
188:
153:voldemarininkai
149:Antanas Smetona
140:voldemarininkai
92:Antanas Smetona
71:Voldemarininkai
47:
12:
11:
5:
1479:
1477:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1396:
1390:
1372:
1366:
1353:
1329:
1291:
1267:
1243:
1202:
1188:
1177:
1165:Lietuvos aidas
1156:
1150:
1130:
1124:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1100:, p. 204.
1090:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1050:Kilinskas 2018
1042:
1038:Kilinskas 2018
1030:
1028:, p. 243.
1026:Kilinskas 2018
1018:
1016:, p. 304.
1006:
994:
979:
977:, p. 237.
967:
963:Indrašius 2018
952:
940:
938:, p. 244.
936:Kilinskas 2018
928:
926:, p. 110.
911:
890:
888:, p. 242.
886:Kilinskas 2018
878:
861:
859:, p. 241.
857:Kilinskas 2018
849:
834:
822:
810:
808:, p. 341.
798:
796:, p. 301.
783:
781:, p. 343.
771:
759:
755:Kilinskas 2018
747:
745:, p. 342.
732:
730:, p. 238.
728:Kilinskas 2018
720:
718:, p. 235.
716:Kilinskas 2018
703:
701:, p. 234.
699:Kilinskas 2018
691:
689:, p. 233.
687:Kilinskas 2018
679:
667:
646:
644:, p. 235.
631:
629:, p. 234.
619:
607:
605:, p. 232.
603:Kilinskas 2018
595:
593:, p. 231.
591:Kilinskas 2018
583:
581:, p. 219.
579:Kilinskas 2018
571:
559:
547:
545:, p. 231.
535:
533:, p. 221.
523:
521:, p. 236.
519:Kilinskas 2018
505:
503:
500:
480:Juozas Tūbelis
417:Juozas Narakas
387:
384:
284:
283:Attempted coup
281:
245:Juozas Tūbelis
226:
223:
187:
184:
172:Juozas Tūbelis
160:Prime Minister
135:1934-ųjų pučas
121:
120:
117:
113:
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108:
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100:
99:
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89:
83:
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49:
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39:
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33:
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13:
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9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1402:
1397:
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1387:
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1379:
1373:
1369:
1367:9955-601-04-3
1363:
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1317:
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1157:
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1151:0-312-22458-3
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1131:
1127:
1125:9789004302037
1121:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1088:, p. 51.
1087:
1082:
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1070:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1039:
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1031:
1027:
1022:
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1007:
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998:
995:
991:
986:
984:
980:
976:
971:
968:
964:
959:
957:
953:
950:, p. 77.
949:
944:
941:
937:
932:
929:
925:
920:
918:
916:
912:
907:
900:
894:
891:
887:
882:
879:
876:, p. 76.
875:
870:
868:
866:
862:
858:
853:
850:
847:, p. 52.
846:
841:
839:
835:
831:
830:Eidintas 2015
826:
823:
819:
814:
811:
807:
806:Eidintas 2015
802:
799:
795:
790:
788:
784:
780:
779:Eidintas 2015
775:
772:
769:, p. 50.
768:
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748:
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743:Eidintas 2015
739:
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733:
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584:
580:
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569:, p. 46.
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358:to alert the
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31:6–7 June 1934
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1409:. Retrieved
1404:
1377:
1357:
1345:. Retrieved
1340:
1306:
1302:
1278:
1254:
1214:
1210:
1193:
1182:
1169:. Retrieved
1164:
1141:
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1107:Bibliography
1093:
1081:
1074:Žigaras 2007
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550:
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435:Jonas Jackus
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393:Kazys Skučas
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64:Belligerents
906:Darbininkas
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371: [
340: [
1425:Categories
1405:Santaka.lt
1309:: 99–117.
1014:Rudis 1997
975:Rudis 1998
818:Rudis 1998
794:Rudis 1997
642:Rudis 1998
627:Rudis 1998
502:References
186:Background
131:Lithuanian
1325:2351-6526
1287:0202-3342
1263:0202-3342
1239:149156249
1231:1751-7877
386:Aftermath
208:Iron Wolf
164:Iron Wolf
45:Lithuania
1411:29 April
1347:29 April
662:Keleivis
362:and the
321:carbines
151:. While
98:Strength
36:Location
325:Zarasai
103:600–800
1388:
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1148:
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380:bailys
352:Sofija
297:hussar
106:
52:Result
41:Kaunas
1382:(PDF)
1337:(PDF)
1307:XXXII
1299:(PDF)
1275:(PDF)
1251:(PDF)
1235:S2CID
1198:(PDF)
1171:1 May
902:(PDF)
658:(PDF)
492:]
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1413:2021
1386:ISBN
1362:ISBN
1349:2021
1321:ISSN
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1120:ISBN
125:The
119:None
28:Date
1311:doi
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