590:& Arthur S. Meyer, who called for the workers to end the strike pending negotiations, which strikers rejected. Newbold Morris called for five-day truce, which was loudly rejected. Then they proposed a three-day truce which was again rejected, with some strikers reportedly holding up 2 fingers to suggest they would prefer two days. However a truce was still rejected.
784:
772:
528:
935:. These original Motor Carrier Safety rules would have limited on-duty trucking hours to 60 hours a week, 15 hours max on-duty in a day, and 12 hours of working in a day. With this it also required that a daily log be kept. Lastly, it approved sleeper cabs, in spite of organized labor's criticisms of it being unsafe.
959:
Since at the time, the eight hour day was the generally recognized standard for workers. They argued implementing such a high limit as a legal standard, and claiming it is the safe driving limit, would simply be used by trucking companies to lengthen their hourly demands for workers, in effect making
509:
would be excluded from the strike. William Devery, president of Local 807 also commented on the strike. Saying each union officer was trying to get the men to return to work. But, that the strikers would not be expelled because they were, "fighting for the same principle as their officers, namely the
430:
Negotiations had started six weeks earlier, in anticipation of the contract expiring, employers had originally pushed for a pay cut. While union members had been calling for a reduction from a 47 to a 40-hour week, without any pay cut ($ 56.50/week) and one week's vacation. One motivation behind this
820:
The truckmen unions within
Philadelphia (Atlantic City Trucker Union, Philadelphia Joint Council 53 of the Brotherhood of Teamsters) were also going to meet with the Camden, New Jersey Teamster local the next day to decide on joining the strike. It comprised seven different Philadelphia locals, with
498:
for a general strike of truck drivers in NYC waterfront to start the next morning at 6 am. They then sent this information over to the union executive committee. A union officer that stayed anonymous estimated that around 5,000 truck drivers were involved in this initial strike. Police presence
697:
During this period goods were rushed from piers and warehouses with many union workers receiving overtime pay due to the longer hours. Reportedly as an attempt by employers to prepare for any potential resumption of the strike by building up a surplus of supplies. However, some of the damage to the
608:
which connects New York and New Jersey. That day several hundred picketers were present and shouted to truck drivers from the sidewalk to pullover and redirected them to park at the Hudson while they communicated with their employers. According to the NYT, the vast majority of truckers would not
890:
However, interstate firms, represented by the
Highway Transportation Association, refused to accept Mayor La Guardia's compromise proposal. In response an ultimatum was delivered by Walter J. Burke, president of Local 20408 of the Gasoline Station Attendants' Union on the night of September 29.
677:
That midnight, the unions agreed to a truce starting the next day and lasting until
Saturday, September 24. During which the union temporarily returned to work. And after which, if an agreement hadn't been reached, the union would then take an official strike vote encompassing the entire union.
1700:"TRUCK FIRMS HALT THE MAYOR'S PLAN; DRIVERS ACCEPT IT; Rise in Costs Seen 2-Year Contract Urged Operators Reject Peace Terms as 'Unfair' After All-Day Conference Fails CITY HAS A FLEET READY 1,000 Sanitation Vehicles Are Mobilized for Emergency—15,000 Quit in Jersey, Longshoremen Aid Union"
963:
Then in July, following pressure from organized labor, who called for an 8-hour daily limit & 48 hour weekly limit. They lowered the limit from 12 to 10 hours of working a day. While the 60 hour weekly limit remained unchanged and the effective date delayed again until
October 1.
1730:"STRIKE IN JERSEY BELIEVED NEAR END; Most Employers Either Sign or Promise To, on Basis of La Guardia Plan, Men Say UNIONS REPORT 20,000 OUT Organized Owners in Newark Stand Firm -- Paterson Gravely Hit by Walkout Strike Called on Monday Large Concern Signs 1,500 Idle in Westchester"
686:
On
September 22, the union's and employers groups met from 2–6 pm to negotiate, after which George Meany of New York State Federation of Labor criticized the operators for offering the union "absolutely nothing", adding that if that was maintained there would be "a real strike".
1762:"15,000 TRUCKMEN STRIKE IN JERSEY; Walkout, Voted in the Morning, Makes Rapid Headway in Tying Up Shipments QUICK END SEEN, HOWEVER Unions Await Outcome of New York's Settlement Plan—Pickets Watch Highways Not a Sympathy Strike Other Companies Affected Action Off in Westchester"
757:, whose contract would expire in 4 days, reiterated they would not cross the picket line or handle "hot" cargo i.e. from any companies involved with the strike. They also mentioned they would similarly be demanding a reduction of their work week, from 44 to 40 hours a week.
806:, were being blocked by the strike. However strikers claimed to allow these goods to travel, only stopping and checking trucks attempting to carry non-exempt goods under false 'flood signs'. This connects to a modern-day practice under current union law in the US, known as
1525:"LABOR HELD LIABLE UNDER RACKET LAW; Judge Leibell Overrules the Demurrers of Wheeler as Teamster Union Counsel FIRST DECISION ON SCOPE Contention of Senator That Congress Had No Intent to Curb Unions Is Discarded Wheeler Fears for All Unions Charges Levied on Truckers"
954:
After twenty years of operation of an eight-hour basic workday for employees of the railroad industry... it seems needless for me to comment on the patent unreasonableness of a fifteen-hour day as a standard specifically approved by the for the motor bus and trucking
967:
Between this period the New York trucker strike occurred, the role that the strike could have played within the regulations timeline is unclear. However at some point during it the regulation was delayed again, till it was officially implemented on March 1, 1939.
571:"The rank and file of the union feel that the Highway Transport Association of which Joseph M. Adelizzi and Jack Sullivan are the heads, is trying to use a Federal indictment against our officers and the membership to force us into a lower wage scale contract."
2022:"LONG-HAUL TRUCKS STILL ARE TIED UP; Six-Hour Conference Between Union and Employers Fails to Settle One Point CITY SERVICE IS NORMAL 13,000 of 15,000 Strikers Back at Work—Third of Newark's 1,500 Drivers Return Hitch in Negotiations Warns of Loss of Business"
2186:"TERMINAL STRIKE HAMPERS TRUCKING; Half the Long-Distance Hauls Stopped as Stevedores and Checkers Walk Out PERISHABLES ARE EXEMPT Meanwhile, Employers Plan to Sue Unless Union Drivers Abide by Contract 100 Per Cent" Behind Strikers Blames It on Individuals"
467:
throughout the downtown waterfront district to shut down work. Special police details were deployed at 8 am, in an unsuccessful attempt to stop the picket line. Somewhere between 300 and 400 trucking firms stopped operations the same day because of it.
2364:"SAFE TRUCK RULES AFFIRMED BY I. C. C.; Effective Date Is Postponed Again Until Oct. 1--Some Modifications Made 60-HOUR WEEK UPHELD But 8 Hours Rest for Drivers in Each 24 Is Required, With Relief After 10 Hours Labor Demanded Review Weekly Duty Limited"
870:
In response to the rejection of the deal, the sanitation vehicles were then deployed by Mayor La
Guardia the same day manned by pairs with one union member & one NYC sanitation department worker. Its efforts were directed by a group called the
866:
Reportedly according to one source, during this meeting a shoe was hurled from a balcony at
Michael Cashal, Teamster Vice President, hitting him in the thigh. After which Cashal reportedly stepped away from a microphone with anger and shouted.
1969:"800 Old Trucks at the City Hall Turn Park Into Outdoor Garage; Outmoded Vehicles Mobilized by Mayor Cut Up Lawn—Strikers Wander Through Building, Call Council President by First Name Mayor Reaches the Scene Commissioners Flit In and Out"
551:
The same day, the
Merchant Truckmen's Bureau of NY and Highway Transport Association jointly announced they had accepted an invitation to a City Hall settlement negotiations arranged by Mayor La Guardia from San Francisco the day before.
1905:"MAYOR WINS PLEA AT STRIKE MEETING; Truckmen Accept Hids Proposal at Stoemy Session-Many Vioce Protests Later SHOE HURLED AT CASHAL Klein Rallies Support for the Terms—Plans Are Heard for Driving City Vehicles Proposal Read by Mayor"
617:
By
September 20, 12,000 NYC truckers were striking and it had spread to three locals in New Jersey that same morning. Of the strikers, 5,000 teamster truckers were running driving pickets to stop trucking business inside the city.
627:
disagreed with the assessment of other newspapers of it as an 'outlaw' strike. Arguing mass support among the workers and on the basis that while leadership hadn't explicitly supported it, they specifically avoided punishing it.
1457:"TRUCK STRIKE IS ON AGAIN AFTER VOTE; MAYOR ASKS PEACE; La Guardia Calls Conference for Today, Promising to Make All Facts Public STRIKE VOTE 4,071 TO 365 Food, Medicine and Newsprint Exempted in New Tie-Up Under Union Sanction"
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875:
filled with other business owners within NYC, such as rail, reportedly uninvolved in the businesses involved in the strike. This was done through the declaration of a public emergency. To ship foodstuffs and other materials.
382:
members, with union leadership initially opposing it. It was caused by a contract expiration, demanding lower hours at the same weekly pay and by its end somewhere between 30,000 and 35,000 strikers were directly involved.
403:
The strike ended in
October as a partial union victory, they won lower hours at the same weekly pay & benefits, but it was not lowered to the demanded maximum 40-hour week but instead to a maximum 44-hour week limit.
437:
It was then taken to a vote on whether to accept these negotiations, with members voting to reject them. During this meeting around 1,000 workers also stood up and cheered for a strike. However, no strike vote was held.
1354:"MAYOR HOME, ACTSAT ONCE ON STRIKE; After Fast Flight From. Coast, He Starts Telephoning in an Effort to End Truck Row DISAPPOINTED BY EVENTS But Is Happy to See Family Safe After Their Peril in Long Island Storm"
982:
Later on in 1946, the NYC Teamsters would win the reduction to a 40-hour maximum week, with a $ 7.40 (equivalent to $ 125.24 in 2023) weekly pay raise, following a 31,000 person trucker strike in the city.
539:
On September 18, Acting Mayor Newbold Morris successfully asked the 'outlaw' strikers to ship food supplies from the Emergency Relief Bureau to home relief depots (people were evacuating, due to the yet to hit
2256:
2154:"TRUCKING TIE-UP WIDENED IN STRIKE; Sympathy Walkout Halts 60% of Long Hauls From and to City, Operators Say ONE CRITICIZES LA GUARDIA Inquiry Into Condition Urged as Drivers Quit Without Unions' Sanction"
1572:"COURT RESTRAINS TRUCKING UNION; 'Tribute' From Out-of-Town Concerns Barred in Fight to Suppress 'Racket' ACTION IS WON BY AMEN Counsel for Local 807 Says Decision Clarifies Law on Interstate Freighting"
2396:"NEW TRUCK RULES IN EFFECT MARCH 1; Duty Period of Drivers Is Limited to 60 to 70 Hours in a Week APPLY TO MOST CARRIERS Vehicles Owned by Farmers and Used to Transport Supplies to Farm Are Exempt"
939:
863:
representing the trucking corporations, voted to reject it early the next morning on September 27 at 1:40 am. The Merchant Associations of NY represented 500 members/businesses within NY.
636:
On September 21, acting mayor Newbold Morris (with the wired telegraph approval from mayor La Guardia in LA), gave an ultimatum to drivers to end the strike within 24 hours. That afternoon the
2499:
887:
Piecemeal, a significant portion of the represented companies signed under the terms individually over the next few days. By September 30, most metropolitan transportation was back to normal.
1786:
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also signed the agreement ending the strike in New Jersey. The strike is mostly regarded as a partial union victory, by the workers at the time and in retrospect by the Teamsters union.
894:
That same day, on September 29, Newark Teamster Local 863, a union of moving firm drivers, called a one-day sympathy strike in support of the striking New Jersey Teamster truck drivers.
897:
48 hours later, the strike officially ended for most on October 2 when the Highway Transport Association signed the contract agreement with Teamster Local 807. The same day the
884:
That same day, around 50 NYC businesses, that the associations represented, signed and around 35 businesses in New Jersey signed, both under the terms proposed by La Guardia.
742:
Francis M. Sheridan, general organizer of Motor & Bus Terminal Checker Platform & Office Workers also announced that day that they would be joining the strike. The
2244:
1326:"CITY ACTION URGED IN TRUCKING STRIKE; Merchants Call on Morris to Confer With Union 'Outlaws' to Avert General Tie-Up, Police Guard Increased Threats to Drivers Reported"
891:
Unless the strike was settled in 48 hours, 2,000 gasoline stations would be closed in the five boroughs by a sympathy strike from their 8,000 to 10,000 union members.
736:
On September 26, 11:30 am, 20,000 teamster drivers in New Jersey officially voted to concurrently strike alongside the New York truckers for the same conditions.
904:
In December, the smaller Checker Platform & Office Workers Union, who joined the strike on September 26, would also win their contract after other unions held
434:
At the meeting, the executive committee reported that the employers had backed away from cutting pay instead proposing to extend on the previous contract's terms.
817:
urged a truce that day, in a telegram to the Associated Press, representing other governors as the chairman of a New England governors conference held in Boston.
1075:"TRUCKING IS TIED UP BY 'OUTLAW' STRIKE; Insurgent Members of A. F. L. Union Halt Most Interstate Shipments in City Food Shipments Affected Limited to One Local"
2428:
787:
1997:"TRUCK STRIKE ENDS WITH 2 NEW PACTS; 123 Interstate Companies Sign Here-Jersey Agreement Is Ratified in Newark Parleys Bring Agreement Have Master Contract"
544:) and ballots for New York's primary election. At the time accusations were made by the union that non-relief workers had been used to load supplies at the
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997:
754:
691:
210:
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1943:
1207:
2153:
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1904:
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stopping their southern division temporarily because of freight piling up on the pier, and led freight to accumulate for both the Pennsylvania's and
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1996:
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At the time, accusations were made that materials headed for the New England and Long Island communities, which had suffered from floods due to the
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1415:
1074:
2363:
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1968:
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The hour regulations were immediately criticized by those within organized labor. With the American Federation of Labor, the Teamsters, and the
413:
379:
116:
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2122:
2056:
1603:
1256:
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743:
215:
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Union officers attempted to convince the strikers, with an order to return to work issued later that night by the executive committee.
321:
2429:"Work Stoppages Caused by Labor-Management Disputes in 1946 : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. 918"
2469:
1944:"MAYOR PROCLAIMS TRUCK EMERGENCY; USES CITY FLEET; Sanitation Vehicles Manned by Strikers After Employers Reject City Hall Proposal"
1174:"Text of Mayor's Strike Peace Plan; Agreement on Fundamental Starting Hour to Remain The Propositions Offered The Mayor's Proposals"
1022:
992:
943:
1558:
Final Judgment: U.S. v. Local 807 of International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Stablemen & Helpers of America, et al.
1002:
594:
205:
824:
That night Mayor La Guardia proposed a contract between the workers and corporate associations. The conditions were as follows:
460:
within New York City. Believing that negotiators were not making a genuine effort to win shorter hours at the same weekly wage.
499:
was significantly increased alongside the East and West side waterfronts, and sent to strike areas, in response to the strike.
1378:
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Pay on Saturday will be 1.5x normal daily pay and any work past eight hours for a day will be subject to special overtime pay.
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1103:
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He cited the recent indictment, that was put against 67 officers and members of the union, among other people, under the
977:
648:
623:
564:, between striking workers and the NYC Government. It was attended by 4,000–5,000 of the striking workers among others.
860:
314:
671:
1655:"SHIPPING SPEEDED BY TRUCKING TRUCE; Goods Rushed From Congested Piers—to Build Up Surplus Against Strike's Renewal"
424:
310:
960:
the eight hour day a more difficult goal. So on June 14, the implementation of the rule was delayed till August 1.
946:, president of the American Federation of Labor on January 7 released a public letter of protest which was sent to
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803:
775:
637:
541:
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318:
306:
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701:
On September 24 midnight, the truce expired. Union members swiftly voted to continue the strike on September 25.
660:
264:
1637:
September 1938: The most powerful hurricane on record to ever impact the region makes landfall near Fire Island.
2078:
1280:
2274:"I. C. C. LIMITS HOURS FOR TRUCK DRIVERS; 60 a Week Set as Maximum for Duty, With 12 for Actual Work in a Day"
656:
807:
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to be included in negotiations. Alongside the already included Teamster vice president, Michael J. Cashal.
1627:. NYC's Risk Landscape: A Guide to Hazard Mitigation (Report). New York City: City of New York. p. 49
276:
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The same day, 1,000 emergency sanitation vehicles were stationed outside city hall and prepared by Mayor
2436:
1021:
Sometimes also referred to as the 165th Infantry Regiment Armory in historical sources. (see history of
576:
545:
494:
On the morning of September 16, around 1,000 strikers, of the three local unions, voted in a meeting at
457:
375:
1208:"TRUCKMEN RETURN UNDER TRUCE TODAY; Strikers Give Four Days to Settle Row, but Threaten General Tie-Up"
502:
710:
561:
387:
1874:
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when asked, said they would support the strike if it occurred again, given it was an official vote.
814:
796:
721:
479:
2081:
Long-Haul Firm's Refusal to Sign Brings Threat of a Sympathy Strike by 10,000 Filling Station Men"
644:
739:
Around 30,000 truck drivers in total were striking within Greater New York and New Jersey area.
495:
471:
At some point strikers formed their own separate elected leadership to head a strike committee.
931:
announced its finalized hours of service trucking regulations effective July 1, 1938 under the
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1215:
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587:
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by Locals 807, 282, and 816. The vote count was 4,071, in favor, to 365. Food, medicine and
420:
1787:"The Dual Gate System in Construction Labor Relations: Primary, Neutral, and Contamination"
836:
A working week will be 44 hours, at the same total weekly pay as the previous 47-hour week.
2449:
709:
On September 25, 3:30 pm the strike was officially sanctioned by a union vote at the
567:
One of the leaders of the 'outlaw' strike Abe Klein, commented in interview at City Hall:
483:
2139:
1556:
841:
A basic day will be 8 hours long from 8am-4pm Mon-Fri, & four hours long on Saturday.
505:, Teamsters Vice President, promised that even in the case of a general trucking strike,
2245:"Hours of Service of Drivers; Driver Rest and Sleep for Safe Operations; Proposed Rule"
725:
666:
The expanding nature of the strike led to New York State Federation of Labor president
605:
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five-day, forty-hour week." At this time foodstuffs remained unaffected by the strike.
475:
269:
2463:
724:
returned the same day after a three-week trip of the US South and West, during which
2332:"GREEN ASSAILS I.C.C. RULING; Protests to Eastman Over 15Hour Day for Motor Drivers"
667:
2098:
1034:
12,000 in Hudson and adjoining counties, 5,000 in Newark, and 3,000 in Perth Amboy
747:
1257:"Truck Drivers Tie Up New York City – Rank and File Leaders Backed by Membership"
463:
The strike froze up much of interstate trucking in and out of NYC, using driving
423:. The executive committee of the unions reported on their negotiations with the
391:
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2407:
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1219:
1113:. Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor: 4, 5–6, 11.
714:
598:
506:
464:
412:
The immediate beginnings of the strike originate from the expiration of the
2305:
1850:"PHILADELPHIA PARLEY SET; Truck Unions Will Decide on Action This Morning"
431:
was to spread work to the 4,000 unemployed members of the drivers unions.
851:
No employee will work more than 44 hours a week, not even under overtime.
604:
Picketing by strikers continued in the city, one of the focuses was the
905:
456:
On September 15, unions members, principally from Local 807, began an
2085:
New York Herald Tribune, from Trucking Strike 1938 | NYCMA Collection
597:
announced their support for, and intention to not cross, any trucker
386:
On September 25, it was officially sanctioned by a union vote at the
1812:
Union-Busting Tactic You Should Know About: Neutral Gates #WGAStrong
2485:
Labor disputes led by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters
482:
was on a tour of the US South and West, partially to attend the
416:
Locals 807, 282, 816's previous contract on September 1, 1938.
181:
Motor & Bus Terminal Checker Platform & Office Workers
223:
Philadelphia Joint Council 53 of the Brotherhood of Teamsters
1831:
1297:
Dated newspaper from Trucking Strike, 1938 | NYCMA Collection
855:
The striking workers voted to accept these terms. While the
651:, and Connecticut. The strike also shut down delivery's for
582:
On the government side, Newbold Morris, & the New York
2243:
Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (2 May 2000).
1416:"Truck Strike's End To Be Asked Today; Relief Food Moved"
2427:
Statistics, United States Bureau of Labor (1947-01-01).
640:
made landfall in Long Island as a Category 3 hurricane.
1838:. Meriden, Connecticut. September 27, 1938. p. 14.
419:
On Wednesday, September 14, a meeting was held at the
1493:"TRUCKMEN REJECT STRIKE TRUCE PLAN; PARLEYS ON AGAIN"
762:
690:That day Walter B. Holt, the vice president of the
520:
336:
104:
84:
67:
59:
49:
26:
21:
2500:Transportation labor disputes in the United States
698:roads from the hurricane partially hampered this.
899:Associated Express and Truck Owners of New Jersey
717:were exempted from the strike through this vote.
579:and the then new federal anti-racketeering laws.
322:Associated Express and Truck Owners of New Jersey
560:On September 19, a mass meeting was held at the
400:, it was one of the largest US strikes of 1938.
952:
826:
569:
427:for a new contract to the rest of the members.
1281:"'Wildcat' Strike Ties Up Trucks of 300 Firms:
158:Teamsters' Joint Council No. 18 of New Jersey
927:Before the strike, on December 29, 1937, the
750:) also announced its support for the strike.
8:
1620:Van Lenten, Christine, ed. (November 2014).
1379:"Hurricane in Atlantic Heads Toward Florida"
942:petitioning for a pause of the regulations.
2079:"City's Trucking Normal, But Trouble Looms
1150:"Drivers accept terms while strike goes on"
1144:
1142:
1140:
998:1937 New York City department store strikes
1832:"Cross Asks Armistice in N.Y Truck Strike"
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
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1128:
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1124:
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1120:
593:During this meeting, the NY branch of the
18:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2057:"Truck Strike Routs Bosses; Unions Gain"
692:International Longshoremen's Association
478:, was the acting mayor of NYC, as Mayor
211:International Longshoremen's Association
2259:from the original on November 25, 2016.
1097:
1095:
1047:
1014:
303:
260:
201:
154:
127:
97:All previous benefits & protections
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821:Local 107 alone having 8,000 members.
759:
517:
1991:
1989:
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1932:
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374:started on September 15, 1938, as an
231:Gasoline Station's Attendents' Union
7:
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394:807, 282, and 816. According to the
831:The contract term will be two years
532:Idle trucks at Holland Tunnel Plaza
22:1938 New York City truckers' strike
2495:1930s strikes in the United States
1881:. Evening Star. September 27, 1938
978:1946 New York City truckers strike
14:
1875:"Strikers Accept LaGuardia Truce"
993:2005 New York City transit strike
663:in their yards & warehouses.
2140:"Teamsters History and Timeline"
1609:. September 24, 1938. p. 4.
1262:. September 24, 1938. p. 1.
1023:69th Infantry Regiment, New York
1003:1919 New York City Harbor Strike
782:
770:
672:Central Trades and Labor Council
526:
2480:Labor disputes in New York City
2475:1938 labor disputes and strikes
2308:49 Stat. 543 (Pub. Law 74-255)"
2099:"History – Teamsters Local 804"
1102:Peterson, Florence (May 1939).
923:Hours of Service § History
601:held on piers where they dock.
929:Interstate Commerce Commission
647:'s, the strike also spread to
372:New York City truckers' strike
16:Citywide transportation strike
1:
2431:. Analysis of Work Stoppages.
1836:Meriden Record/Record-Journal
1104:"ANALYSIS OF STRIKES IN 1938"
857:Highway Transport Association
595:Sailor's Union of the Pacific
307:Highway Transport Association
206:Sailor's Union of the Pacific
446:
364:47 hour week, $ 56.50 a week
30:September 15, 1938
873:Mayor's Citizen's Committee
861:Merchant Associations of NY
728:had been the acting mayor.
442:Course of the labor dispute
315:Merchant Associations of NY
220:Atlantic City Trucker Union
38:– October 2, 1938
2516:
1287:Locals Defy Their Chiefs.
975:
920:
755:Longshoremen's Association
661:New York Central Railroads
655:construction, lead to the
653:1939 New York World's Fair
425:Merchant Truckmen's Bureau
397:Bureau of Labor Statistics
311:Merchant Truckmen's Bureau
77:No reduction in weekly pay
2306:"Motor Carrier Act (1935)
2218:"N.Y Checkers Win Strike"
2103:local804.dreamhosters.com
1293:Jam City Freight Service"
781:
769:
525:
360:
341:
109:
94:Reduction to 44-hour week
2470:History of New York City
1879:www.newzpaperarchive.com
1289:Go Out as Contracts Die;
933:Motor Carrier Act (1935)
670:and Thomas Lyons of the
1283:Drivers in 3 A.F. of L.
657:Eastern Steamship Lines
609:cross the picket line.
277:NYPD Lewis J. Valentine
2444:Cite journal requires
1911:. September 28, 1938.
1661:. September 23, 1938.
1499:. September 20, 1938.
1422:. September 19, 1938.
1214:. September 22, 1938.
957:
950:of the I.C.C. Stating,
853:
813:Connecticut governor,
573:
348:30,000–35,000 Strikers
319:Publishers Association
2490:1938 in New York City
2160:. December 11, 1938.
2123:"Half the Battle Won"
2087:. September 30, 1938.
1604:"A Bona Fide Strike!"
1299:. September 16, 1938.
804:New England hurricane
638:New England hurricane
584:Social Security Board
577:Sherman Antitrust Act
546:Bronx Terminal Market
542:New England hurricane
421:Manhattan Opera House
117:Teamsters (IBT) Union
2223:. December 17, 1938.
2192:. December 9, 1938.
1975:. September 28, 1938
1950:. September 28, 1938
1856:. September 27, 1938
1768:. September 27, 1938
1706:. September 27, 1938
1463:. September 26, 1938
1360:. September 26, 1938
1332:. September 17, 1938
1180:. September 27, 1938
1111:Monthly Labor Review
1081:. September 16, 1938
621:An editorial in the
562:69th Regiment Armory
2255:(85): 25541–25611.
2028:. October 1, 1938.
1791:www.americanbar.org
458:unsanctioned strike
447:The 'Outlaw Strike'
376:unsanctioned strike
63:Contract expiration
2400:The New York Times
2368:The New York Times
2336:The New York Times
2278:The New York Times
2190:The New York Times
2158:The New York Times
2128:. October 1, 1938.
2062:. October 3, 1938.
2026:The New York Times
2001:The New York Times
1973:The New York Times
1948:The New York Times
1909:The New York Times
1854:The New York Times
1766:The New York Times
1734:The New York Times
1704:The New York Times
1659:The New York Times
1576:The New York Times
1529:The New York Times
1497:The New York Times
1461:The New York Times
1420:The New York Times
1383:The New York Times
1358:The New York Times
1330:The New York Times
1212:The New York Times
1178:The New York Times
1159:. October 1, 1938.
1079:The New York Times
908:sympathy strikes.
776:Profile view photo
649:Westchester County
362:Previous contract:
2003:. October 3, 1938
1578:. July 18, 1939.
1531:. July 30, 1938.
948:Joseph B. Eastman
793:
792:
763:Sanitation trucks
705:Sanctioned strike
643:According to the
588:Anna M. Rosenberg
537:
536:
503:Michael J. Cashal
378:by some of NYC's
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2446:|journal=
2419:
2402:. 1939-02-25.
2387:
2370:. 1938-07-27.
2355:
2338:. 1938-01-08.
2323:
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2280:. 1938-01-01.
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1736:. 1938-09-28.
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1385:. 1938-09-19.
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2437:cite journal
2422:
2411:. Retrieved
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2379:. Retrieved
2367:
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2335:
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2315:. Retrieved
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