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in the
Mississippi River, and the 50 mph (80 km/h) winds and 5-foot (1.5 m) waves overcame their encampments. Some became stranded on the islands and then froze to death as temperatures went below 10 °F (−12 °C) overnight. Others tried to make it to shore and drowned. Duck hunters constituted about half of the 49 deaths in Minnesota. Those who survived told of how ducks came south with the storm by the thousands, and everybody could have shot their daily limit had they not been focused on survival.
29:
308:. By early afternoon, temperatures approached 65 °F (18 °C) over most of the affected region. However, as the day wore on conditions quickly deteriorated. Severe weather was reported across much of the Midwest with heavy rain and snow, a tornado, and gale-force winds were all reported. Temperatures dropped sharply,
430:, a pioneering light plane pilot and flight school owner and John R. "Bob" Bean (one of the flight school instructors) both based in Winona, Minnesota, 25 miles upriver from La Crosse. They flew up and down the river in the wake of the storm, locating survivors and dropping supplies to them. Both men were nominated for the
422:
had taken time off from work and school to take advantage of the ideal hunting conditions. Weather forecasters had not predicted the severity of the oncoming storm, and as a result many of the hunters were not dressed for cold weather. When the storm began many hunters took shelter on small islands
401:
Survivors describe the cold as so severe that it was difficult to breathe, with the air so moisture laden it was thick like syrup and that the cold seared the survivors lungs like a red-hot blade. Many individuals claim that animals were aware of the upcoming weather shifts which led to animals
402:
moving rapidly from the area. Duck hunters who were out at the time were amazed at the amount of ducks that were in the area and on the move through the skies, one survivor recounting there were thousands. Future
Minnesota Vikings coach Bud Grant was caught in this storm.
499:. After the failure to provide an accurate forecast for this blizzard, forecasting responsibilities were expanded to include 24-hour coverage and more forecasting offices were created, yielding more accurate local forecasts.
398:. Transportation and communications were crippled, which made finding the dead and injured more difficult. The Armistice Day Blizzard ranks #2 in Minnesota's list of the top five weather events of the 20th century.
502:
The U.S. Weather Bureau was criticized that it failed to predict the huge blizzard and officials released a statement that they were aware that the storm was coming but wrong about its strength and scope. The
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448:, 2 people died when a passenger train and a freight train collided in the blinding snow. Watkins residents formed a human chain to lead the passengers to safety.
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that would last into the next day. Snowfalls of up to 27 inches (69 cm), winds of 50 to 80 miles per hour (80 to 130 km/h), 20-foot (6.1 m)
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Additionally, 1.5 million turkeys intended for
Thanksgiving dinners across Minnesota perished from exposure to the cold conditions.
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On
November 7, 1940, the low pressure system that later developed into the storm was affecting the
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A total of 146 deaths were blamed on the storm, with the following instances being noteworthy:
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922:"All Hell Broke Loose: Experiences of Young People During the Armistice Day 1940 Blizzard"
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branch of
Meteorology was upgraded to issue forecasts and not rely on the Chicago site.
358:, and 50 °F (28 °C) temperature drops were common over parts of the states of
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The morning of
November 11, 1940, brought with it unseasonably high temperatures in the
2518:
894:"Armistice Day Blizzard nearly claimed a teen Bud Grant among its duck-hunting victims"
539:, an infamous bridge collapse caused by the same low pressure system several days prior
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One survivor, Gerald Tarras, survived the storm in
Minneapolis due to the two family
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cut a 1,000-mile-wide (1600 km) swath through the middle of the country from
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Prior to this event, all of the weather forecasts for the region originated in
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recorded 16 in (41 cm). Record low pressures were recorded in
730:
Olson, Donald W.; Wolf, Steven F.; Hook, Joseph M. (November 1, 2015).
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810:"Armistice Day Blizzard killed 49 in Minnesota: 2 survivors remember"
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and produced the 40 mph (64 km/h) winds that destroyed the
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869:. Minnesota Climatology Office. December 16, 1999. Archived from
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dogs who lay beside him and provided body heat to protect him.
677:"Yesterdays News: Nov. 11, 1940: The Armistice Day Blizzard"
867:"Significant Minnesota Weather Events of the 20th Century"
455:, 66 sailors died in the sinking of three freighters, the
382:. In Minnesota, 27 in (69 cm) of snow fell at
978:"Armistice Day Storm - One of the worst to hit here"
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1992:
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340:moisture up from the South and pulling down a cold
297:. On November 10 the fast-moving storm crossed the
263:) and November 12, 1940. The intense early-season "
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649:"Gallery: Armistice Day blizzard, Nov. 11, 1940"
623:"Remembering the Armistice Day Blizzard of 1940"
204:Stearns Park Beach along North Lakeshore Drive (
1104:Major snow and ice events in the United States
625:. Minnesota Climatology Office. Archived from
527:Great Storms of the North American Great Lakes
1088:
301:in just two hours on its way to the Midwest.
33:The storm track of the Armistice Day Blizzard
8:
259:region of the United States on November 11 (
21:
2804:1940 natural disasters in the United States
1062:Yesterday's news: Storm paralyzes Minnesota
783:"Armistice Day Blizzard of 1940 Remembered"
537:Collapse of the first Tacoma Narrows Bridge
426:Casualties were lessened by the efforts of
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998:"Biggest Snow Storms in the United States"
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2829:November 1940 events in the United States
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892:Dennis Anderson (November 11, 2022).
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18:Storm in the midwestern United States
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732:"The Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse"
560:Williams, Jack (November 28, 2001).
1030:. November 12, 1940. Archived from
593:Minnesota State University, Mankato
505:Twin Cities (Minneapolis/St. Paul)
14:
621:Seely, Mark (November 10, 2000).
589:"Minnesota History: A Chronology"
192:
976:Cabot, James (March 19, 1991).
918:Hull, M.A., William H. (1985).
841:"The Day the Duck Hunters Died"
134:27 inches (68.6 cm) (
2814:Natural disasters in Wisconsin
2809:Natural disasters in Minnesota
2794:Blizzards in the United States
1067:Armistice Day Blizzard of 1940
562:"History, past weather events"
1:
2834:Michigan State Historic Sites
928:Stanton Publication Services
324:, began to fall. An intense
223:Michigan State Historic Site
705:"Armistice Day deep freeze"
332:northeastward into western
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898:{Minneapolis] Star Tribune
785:. National Weather Service
781:National Weather Service.
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522:Great Lakes Storm of 1913
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187:Informational Designation
166:$ 2.2 million (1940)
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350:The result was a raging
328:system tracked from the
175:Midwestern United States
845:Sporting Classics Daily
479:13 people died in
285:Meteorological synopsis
1057:Armistice Day Blizzard
1000:. NOAA. Archived from
249:Armistice Day Blizzard
22:Armistice Day Blizzard
2763:Extratropical cyclone
1024:"N.W. Storm Rages On"
295:Tacoma Narrows Bridge
55:Extratropical cyclone
2544:Dec 30 – Jan 2, 2021
2161:Dec 30, 2013 – Jan 4
1474:Dec 30, 1963 – Jan 4
1034:on December 31, 2006
983:Ludington Daily News
517:Climate of Minnesota
392:La Crosse, Wisconsin
255:) took place in the
1004:on January 13, 2007
956:"The Winds of Hell"
873:on October 11, 2013
816:. November 10, 2012
750:2015PhT....68k..64O
711:. November 12, 2017
685:. November 11, 2015
657:. November 13, 2015
629:on December 7, 2006
253:Armistice Day Storm
211:Ludington, Michigan
185:Armistice Day Storm
23:
847:. November 9, 2015
599:on January 7, 2007
446:Watkins, Minnesota
439:Labrador retriever
434:for their heroism.
2824:1940 in Wisconsin
2819:1940 in Minnesota
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1195:18th–19th century
759:10.1063/PT.3.2991
473:William B. Davock
416:Mississippi River
396:Duluth, Minnesota
291:Pacific Northwest
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80:November 12, 1940
72:November 10, 1940
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2799:1940 meteorology
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338:Gulf of Mexico
316:, followed by
312:picked up and
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266:panhandle hook
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1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
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1969:
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1963:
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1622:February 9–12
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1016:
1003:
999:
993:
990:
986:. p. C4.
985:
984:
979:
972:
969:
957:
954:Steil, Mark.
950:
948:
944:
939:
937:0-939330-01-6
933:
929:
924:
923:
914:
911:
899:
895:
888:
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872:
868:
862:
859:
846:
842:
836:
834:
832:
828:
815:
811:
805:
803:
801:
797:
784:
777:
774:
769:
765:
760:
755:
751:
747:
744:(11): 64–65.
743:
739:
738:
737:Physics Today
733:
726:
723:
710:
709:AitkinAge.com
706:
700:
697:
684:
683:
678:
672:
669:
656:
655:
650:
644:
641:
628:
624:
617:
615:
611:
598:
594:
590:
584:
581:
569:
568:
563:
556:
554:
550:
543:
538:
535:
533:
532:Mataafa Storm
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
510:
508:
506:
500:
498:
490:
488:
482:
478:
475:
474:
468:
467:
461:
460:
459:Anna C. Minch
454:
453:Lake Michigan
450:
447:
443:
440:
436:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:
411:
405:
403:
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369:
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361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:Upper Midwest
302:
300:
296:
292:
284:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:
262:
261:Armistice Day
258:
254:
250:
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236:
232:
224:
215:
212:
207:
203:
199:
195:
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183:
176:
173:
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149:
145:
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137:
133:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
25:
16:
2773:Storm naming
2768:Polar vortex
2700:
2684:Jan 31–Feb 2
2678:
2624:
2550:
2496:
2441:
2391:
2322:
2273:
2219:
2155:
2111:
2077:
2043:
1999:
1959:
1932:
1895:
1863:
1846:
1822:
1805:
1783:
1766:
1753:21st century
1731:
1719:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1541:
1529:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1424:
1407:
1395:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1340:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1277:
1271:20th century
1254:
1237:
1225:
1213:
1207:Feb 27–Mar 7
1201:
1038:December 21,
1036:. Retrieved
1032:the original
1027:
1018:
1008:December 21,
1006:. Retrieved
1002:the original
992:
981:
971:
959:. Retrieved
921:
913:
901:. Retrieved
897:
887:
877:December 21,
875:. Retrieved
871:the original
861:
849:. Retrieved
844:
818:. Retrieved
813:
787:. Retrieved
776:
741:
735:
725:
713:. Retrieved
708:
699:
689:December 31,
687:. Retrieved
682:Star Tribune
680:
671:
661:December 31,
659:. Retrieved
654:Star Tribune
652:
643:
633:December 21,
631:. Retrieved
627:the original
603:December 21,
601:. Retrieved
597:the original
583:
573:December 21,
571:. Retrieved
565:
501:
494:
486:
472:
465:
458:
420:duck hunters
409:
400:
384:Collegeville
364:South Dakota
349:
326:low pressure
303:
288:
271:winter storm
264:
252:
248:
246:
15:
1634:Dec 22 – 24
814:Twin Cities
388:Twin Cities
356:snow drifts
2788:Categories
544:References
469:, and the
428:Max Conrad
414:Along the
406:Casualties
386:, and the
336:, pulling
230:Designated
155:Fatalities
110:Duluth, MN
77:Dissipated
2753:Cold wave
2731:Feb 16–17
2726:Feb 10–13
2716:Jan 13–16
2689:Feb 21–28
2672:Dec 21–26
2667:Dec 12-16
2662:Nov 17–20
2655:Apr 11-14
2650:Feb 22-26
2640:Jan 27–30
2635:Jan 14–17
2618:Dec 13–18
2608:Oct 24–26
2601:Apr 15–17
2596:Mar 16–17
2591:Mar 10–17
2586:Feb 15–20
2581:Feb 13–17
2576:Feb 11–14
2571:Feb 10–12
2556:Jan 12–17
2539:Dec 23–25
2534:Dec 14–18
2519:Oct 29–30
2514:Oct 26–28
2502:Jan 14–19
2479:Dec 21–26
2467:Apr 10–12
2462:Mar 11–15
2457:March 3-4
2452:Feb 11–13
2447:Jan 16–21
2434:Nov 14-15
2427:Apr 12–15
2422:Mar 20–22
2417:Mar 11–15
2402:Jan 13–16
2380:Oct 29–31
2368:Mar 11–15
2358:Feb 12–14
2348:Jan 21–23
2343:Jan 19–24
2338:Jan 10–17
2316:Dec 23–26
2309:Apr 15–23
2304:Mar 21–25
2294:Feb 23–24
2279:Jan 21–24
2267:Dec 26–30
2262:Nov 24–27
2245:Feb 25–26
2235:Feb 12–17
2225:Jan 23–30
2213:Dec 10–27
2203:Nov 13–21
2191:Mar 24–28
2181:Feb 19–21
2176:Feb 11–14
2171:Jan 27–31
2166:Jan 20–22
2149:Dec 19–23
2144:Nov 22–28
2132:Mar 18–20
2105:Dec 25–28
2100:Dec 17–22
2083:Jan 16–20
2054:Jan 24–28
2032:Oct 23–28
2025:Mar 12–16
2020:Feb 24–27
2005:Jan 17–26
1982:Dec 22–28
1977:Dec 16–20
1972:Oct 13–20
1965:Jan 25–30
1953:Dec 19–25
1948:Dec 11–12
1911:Apr 13–17
1906:Feb 12–20
1901:Jan 11–24
1879:Nov 20–24
1874:Oct 11–13
1869:Feb 11–13
1857:Dec 14–16
1852:Jan 20–23
1840:Dec 24–28
1835:Dec 21–24
1828:Feb 17–23
1811:Feb 14–19
1789:Jan 29–31
1777:Dec 27–31
1772:Jan 18–30
1742:Jan 14–15
1713:Oct 24–26
1670:Mar 12–15
1658:Dec 10–12
1610:Jan 13–14
1593:Jan 25–27
1522:Dec 25–28
1498:Jan 26–27
1486:Jan 27–31
1462:Oct 25–30
1435:Jan 18–21
1430:Jan 11–13
1418:Dec 11–13
1401:Mar 18–22
1389:Mar 18–19
1377:Feb 17–18
1365:Nov 24–30
1353:Dec 25–26
1341:Nov 10–12
1329:Jan 27–28
1317:Mar 15–18
1293:Nov 27–28
1260:Feb 11–14
1248:Mar 11–14
1243:Jan 12–13
1114:Seasons:
961:April 24,
851:April 24,
820:April 24,
789:April 24,
768:0031-9228
567:USA Today
491:Aftermath
376:Wisconsin
372:Minnesota
334:Wisconsin
320:and then
2711:Jan 8–10
2694:Mar 9–17
2613:Dec 9–12
2385:Dec 8–10
2363:Feb 8–22
2353:Feb 6–10
2333:Jan 7–13
2299:Mar 8–11
2289:Feb 7–10
2255:May 9–11
2208:Dec 9–11
2198:Nov 8–13
2127:Mar 1–10
2117:Feb 7–18
2095:Nov 7–10
2071:Nov 8–10
2049:Jan 8–13
2037:Dec 5–29
2015:Feb 7–11
1943:Mar 6–10
1938:Jan 3–11
1926:Dec 8–18
1725:Jan 4–10
1694:Jan 6–10
1557:Jan 9–12
1546:Feb 9–11
1510:Feb 8–10
1305:Nov 6–11
1231:Jan 6–10
1219:Oct 4–11
903:June 15,
511:See also
481:Illinois
380:Michigan
360:Nebraska
352:blizzard
345:air mass
279:Michigan
251:(or the
201:Location
59:Blizzard
2746:Related
2721:Feb 1–7
2706:Jan 6–7
2645:Feb 1–5
2630:Jan 3–4
2566:Feb 6–8
2529:Dec 4–6
2507:Feb 2–5
2412:Mar 6–8
2407:Mar 1–3
2397:Jan 2–5
2328:Jan 4–8
2250:Mar 1–6
2139:Oct 3–5
2010:Feb 1–6
1816:Dec 5–8
1799:Dec 4–5
1737:Jan 2–4
1682:Feb 2–6
1598:Feb 5–7
1535:Mar 3–5
1515:Mar 5–8
1450:Mar 6–8
1439:Feb 2–5
1413:Mar 2–5
1186:2023–24
1181:2022–23
1176:2021–22
1171:2020–21
1166:2019–20
1161:2018–19
1156:2017–18
1151:2016–17
1146:2015–16
1141:2014–15
1136:2013–14
1131:2012–13
1126:2011–12
1121:2010–11
1116:2009–10
746:Bibcode
715:June 1,
497:Chicago
466:Novadoc
257:Midwest
934:
766:
462:, the
394:, and
378:, and
342:arctic
275:Kansas
163:Damage
108:) (at
69:Formed
2490:2020s
1993:2010s
1794:Feb 7
1760:2000s
1569:Feb 2
318:sleet
310:winds
206:M-116
2701:2024
2679:2023
2625:2022
2551:2021
2497:2020
2442:2019
2392:2018
2323:2017
2274:2016
2220:2015
2156:2014
2112:2013
2078:2012
2044:2011
2000:2010
1960:2009
1933:2008
1896:2007
1864:2006
1847:2005
1823:2004
1806:2003
1784:2002
1767:2000
1732:1999
1720:1998
1701:1997
1689:1996
1677:1995
1665:1993
1653:1992
1641:1991
1629:1989
1617:1983
1605:1979
1588:1978
1576:1977
1564:1976
1552:1975
1542:1973
1530:1971
1505:1969
1493:1967
1481:1966
1469:1964
1457:1963
1445:1962
1425:1961
1408:1960
1396:1958
1384:1956
1372:1952
1360:1950
1348:1947
1336:1940
1324:1922
1312:1920
1300:1913
1288:1905
1278:1900
1255:1899
1238:1888
1226:1886
1214:1804
1202:1717
1040:2006
1010:2006
963:2018
932:ISBN
905:2023
879:2006
853:2018
822:2018
791:2018
764:ISSN
717:2019
691:2017
663:2017
635:2006
605:2006
575:2006
368:Iowa
322:snow
314:rain
247:The
102:mbar
100:971
51:Type
754:doi
471:SS
464:SS
457:SS
451:In
444:In
277:to
106:hPa
2790::
1026:.
980:.
946:^
930:.
926:.
896:.
843:.
830:^
812:.
799:^
762:.
752:.
742:68
740:.
734:.
707:.
679:.
651:.
613:^
591:.
564:.
552:^
374:,
370:,
366:,
362:,
281:.
269:"
2660:(
2657:)
2606:(
2603:)
2512:(
2509:)
2472:(
2469:)
2436:)
2432:(
2429:)
2378:(
2375:)
2314:(
2311:)
2260:(
2257:)
2196:(
2193:)
2137:(
2134:)
2088:(
2085:)
2064:(
2061:)
2030:(
2027:)
1970:(
1967:)
1833:(
1830:)
1711:(
1708:)
1524:)
1520:(
1517:)
1096:e
1089:t
1082:v
1042:.
1012:.
965:.
940:.
907:.
881:.
855:.
824:.
793:.
770:.
756::
748::
719:.
693:.
665:.
637:.
607:.
577:.
208:)
138:)
112:)
104:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
