444:
metal on the inner surface of the socket. After propagating through the weld metal during a large number of flights, the fatigue crack entered the socket's parent metal. This crack eventually affected 45% of the cross-section of the socket before the lower boom failed on the fatal flight. Investigators noted the amount of metal in the socket that was unaffected by the fatigue crack at the time of the accident and calculated that the wing was capable of supporting loads up to about 2.5 times the weight of the aircraft on its fatal flight. This suggested the gusting winds prevailing at the time, and the turbulence associated with the low altitude at which the aircraft was flying, were partly responsible for the failure.
247:
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and struck the ground 150 yards (140 m) from the main wreckage. The right engine was torn away from the right wing and struck the ground about 50 feet (15 m) from the main wreckage. It was slightly damaged by the fire. The main wreckage trail was about 100 yards (91 m) long. In the gyrations of the aircraft after separation of the outer part of the left wing, other parts broke free and separated from the main wreckage. Many small pieces of wreckage were found scattered over a wide area.
365:
586:
joint had not been inspected since installation of Pratt & Whitney engines in 1943. The
Inquiry also heard that the maximum weights of all civil aircraft registered in Australia were determined conservatively and in a manner that was consistent with the International Convention on Aerial Navigation. The increase in maximum weight of VH-UYY was only granted after all appropriate calculations had been performed to ensure the aircraft was safe at the increased weight.
771:. The left wing of VH-UYY, which was undergoing conversion at Essendon Airport, was taken to Mackay and installed on VH-UKK to allow it to return to service. The fire-damaged wing from VH-UKK was taken to Essendon Airport, repaired, and installed on VH-UYY. This was the wing that ultimately failed on 31 January 1945. VH-UKK had flown for 11,670 hours prior to conversion to twin-engine configuration. By the time VH-UKK ceased flying it had flown for 15,020 hours.
464:
336:
626:, had its certificate of airworthiness suspended and it did not fly again. The accident drew public attention to the potential for metal fatigue to cause sudden failure of the structure of a modern civil aircraft. The Department of Civil Aviation began a practice of calculating the safe retirement life of metal aircraft registered in Australia.
26:
724:). Airlines of Australia and Australian National Airways were competitors until March 1937 when ANA acquired 60% of the shares in AoA. On 1 July 1942 ANA acquired the remaining 40% of the shares in AoA. Over the next six months all AoA's aircraft were re-painted with ANA's all-silver colour scheme and re-branded with new names –
560:
hinge bracket. Clark had advised the two to tell the pilot about the crack if they thought it was serious. After the crash, Clark reported this conversation to the
Minister for Civil Aviation and made a statement to the press. He repeated his statement in the House of Representatives. There was also
435:
Investigators found nothing in the wreckage to indicate there had been an explosion or fire in the aircraft prior to it striking the ground. It was immediately clear that the outer part of the left wing had broken away from the aircraft. The lower boom in the main spar had failed at the outboard edge
355:
The outer section of the left wing, outboard of the engine nacelle, was found about ¾ mile (1.2 km) from the main wreckage. Apart from the fracture surfaces on the inboard ends of the spars it was almost undamaged. The right wing was torn into three sections by the violence of the gyrations
753:
The strength of the undercarriage restricted the maximum landing weight to 10,750 lb (4,876 kg). At the time of installation of the Pratt & Whitney engines, dump valves were also installed to allow dumping of fuel if an emergency forced the crew to land shortly after takeoff. Testing
593:
on 10 April 1945. The Court found that the accident was caused by a fatigue crack in the lower boom of the main spar in the left wing. It found that the presence of a crack in the elevator hinge bracket could not be determined but even if a crack had been present it had not contributed to the cause
585:
The
Inquiry heard evidence that the annual inspection of VH-UYY had been completed on 2 November 1944 and since then it had flown for 525 hours. At an inspection of this kind it was possible to examine most of the welded joints in the wing, but not the welded spar joint that ultimately failed. That
479:
The
Investigation Panel determined that the conversion from three-engine to two-engine configuration was not a cause of the accident. It found that fatigue failure of the wing was inevitable, and this modification and subsequent operation at a higher weight caused only slight shortening of the time
443:
at its
Division of Aeronautics in Melbourne. These examinations determined that separation of the left wing was initiated by metal fatigue of the lower main spar boom attachment socket. The primary structure of the Stinson was of welded steel tube construction. A fatigue crack had initiated in weld
302:
Several witnesses reported hearing a sharp crack followed by cessation of noise from the engines. When they looked up they saw the
Stinson spiralling downwards. Part of one wing had separated from the remainder of the aircraft and it was drifting slowly towards the ground. As they watched, they saw
254:
The accident and related matters were investigated by a
Supreme Court judge who also found that the aircraft's left wing failed in flight due to a fatigue crack. The judge made five recommendations including one that a safe flying life should be fixed for each metal aircraft registered in Australia
351:
inner wing, and left inner wing still with its engine attached, struck the ground inverted and was immediately consumed by fire. The bodies of the eight passengers were found in what remained of the cabin but were burned beyond recognition. The violent gyration of the fuselage threw the two pilots
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The Air Court of
Inquiry first sat on 27 March 1945 in Melbourne, chaired by Mr Justice Philp. The terms of reference for the Inquiry were to inquire into the causes of the accident; to investigate Mr Clark's allegations about a crack in the elevator hinge bracket; and to investigate Mr White's
495:"The Panel feels impelled to assert that neither the original design nor the original manufacture was at fault ... the tragedy has several new lessons to teach all concerned with aviation, and that learning provides some small degree of compensation for the loss of valuable human lives."
402:
By
October 1943 VH-UYY had been converted to twin-engine configuration in the Essendon Airport facilities of Australian National Airways which had taken over Airlines of Australia. The increase in total power from 705 to 1,100 hp (526 to 820 kW) improved the takeoff, climb and
387:
engines in its two remaining
Stinsons (a Stinson had crashed in February 1937 and another in March 1937). In early 1943 the decision was made to convert both aircraft to twin-engine configuration by removing the Lycoming engines and installing a 550 horsepower (410 kW) 9-cylinder
295:. On board were two pilots and eight passengers. A strong and gusting wind was blowing from the south-west and the sky was mostly overcast with the base of the clouds about 2,000 ft (610 m) above sea level. About 20 minutes after takeoff the aircraft was approaching
436:
of the engine nacelle and then the upper boom had also failed as the result of the wing folding upwards under the air loads imposed on it. The rear spar had then failed, allowing the entire outer part of the wing to separate from the aircraft and drift slowly to the ground.
310:
The crash occurred 21 minutes after taking off from Essendon Airport. The flight covered a distance of only 50 nmi (93 km) and ended in farming country about 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Redesdale. The site of the crash was once part of "Spring Plains"
352:
through the roof of the cockpit. Their bodies were found unburned 12–15 yards (11–14 m) from the main wreckage. The tail of the aircraft broke away from the fuselage and fell to the ground about 220 yards (200 m) from the main wreckage.
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that the Investigation Panel's report had not focussed attention on the major alteration involved in the conversion from a three-engined aeroplane to a two-engined aeroplane. Thomas White was a member of parliament and a former RAAF
535:
that an undetected fatigue crack in a welded joint in a boom attachment fitting in the left wing caused the crash. Drakeford also said he was satisfied the work of the Investigation Panel was completed competently and thoroughly.
594:
of the accident. It also found that the change of engines was not part of the cause of the accident but the increase in maximum weight had caused the accident to occur a little earlier than would have happened otherwise.
380:, each of 235 horsepower (175 kW). It was approved to fly at a maximum weight of 10,500 lb (4,763 kg). Four Stinson Model A aircraft were imported to Australia in 1936 and operated by Airlines of Australia.
1289:
491:"In the type of construction embodied in these aircraft, where concentrated loads are carried by a small number of heavy members, a single fatigue failure can, and in fact has caused, a complete structural collapse.
243:, to separate from the remainder of the aircraft. The expert panel investigating the accident believed this to be the first fatal aircraft accident anywhere in the world directly attributable to metal fatigue.
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680:
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ANA should be given a licence to import a detector for examining welding used in aircraft structures. If this detector proved satisfactory, similar detectors should be installed at all major aerodromes.
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The unique nature of the accident should be drawn to the attention of the Australian Council for Aeronautics. The council should be asked to study the phenomenon of metal fatigue in aircraft structures.
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2045:
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The Department of Civil Aviation should obtain a suitable number of V-G recorders and install them in airline aircraft operating in Australia to survey the conditions arising on major air routes.
440:
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641:, the first such symposium in an English-speaking country. Five of the thirty technical papers presented at the symposium dealt specifically with the problem of metal fatigue in aircraft.
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The matching socket in the spar in the right wing was also examined and found to be affected by a similar fatigue crack in the interior of the weld metal. This crack was detected by
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Conversion of VH-UKK to twin-engines was completed first. Shortly after it re-entered service the fabric on its left wing was slightly damaged in a brief fire during re-fuelling at
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aircraft, were tested by repeated loading to examine the characteristics of fatigue in aircraft structures. Eventually, approximately 200 Mustang wings were tested in this way.
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one-engine-inoperative performance of the aircraft and permitted the maximum weight to be increased to 11,200 lb (5,080 kg) for takeoff. For the next 15 months
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Both wings of VH-UKK should be sent to the Division of Aeronautics laboratories for test and examination to advance the knowledge of fatigue of aircraft structures.
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228:. It crashed 50 nmi (93 km) from Melbourne. All ten occupants were killed in the accident. The aircraft was one of four Stinsons imported in 1936 by
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concerns that the Investigation Panel had neglected to consider the significant alteration made by removing three engines and replacing them with two engines.
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showed that 450 lb (204 kg) of fuel could be dumped in flight so the maximum weight of VH-UKK and VH-UYY was set at 11,200 lb (5,080 kg).
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the whole tail assembly break free from the fuselage. Moments later the wreckage struck the ground and a pall of black smoke rose into the air. Part of the
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wing, outboard of the engine nacelle, continued to drift down slowly and reached the ground about ¾ mile (1.2 km) from the main wreckage.
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487:"The crash is, as far as is known to the Panel, the first example of a failure inflight of an aircraft structure attributable directly to fatigue.
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After the outbreak of war in the Pacific in December 1941, Airlines of Australia had found it impossible to obtain spare parts for the
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began a long-term program aimed at advancing the knowledge of metal fatigue in aircraft structures. Surplus wings, manufactured by
570:. Following this criticism in the Parliament House of Representatives the Minister for Civil Aviation, Arthur Drakeford, appointed
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Critical joints of all heat treated, welded steel tube aircraft structures should be examined annually by the magnaflux method.
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engines. The noses of the two aircraft were to be re-built by installing streamlined structures made of aluminium sheet.
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Ground engineers and aircraft inspectors should receive instruction in the inspection of welding in aircraft structures.
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and several people observed it flying about 1,000 ft (300 m) above ground level, just below the cloud base.
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A V-G recorder is an elementary recording device for continually recording an aircraft's speed (V) and manoeuvre
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Six of the thirty technical papers were presented by speakers from the United Kingdom; and three from the USA.
60:
1955:
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239:
crack in the main spar of the left wing that caused the outer part of the left wing, outboard of the engine
232:(AoA). Three had now crashed with the loss of 17 lives, and the fourth would not be permitted to fly again.
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VH-UYY flew for 13,763 hours, including 2,797 hours since its conversion to a twin-engine aeroplane.
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556:(RAAF) aircraft mechanics who were fellow-passengers had shown him a small crack in the aircraft's
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The Investigation Panel's report was sent to the Minister for Civil Aviation on 17 February 1945.
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ANA flew the route from Essendon to Kerang, Mildura and Broken Hill, and return, six days a week.
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The Investigation Panel's report was completed in two weeks and included five recommendations:
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Regulations regarding the constitution and powers of Air Courts of Inquiry should be reviewed.
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engine on each wing. These engines had been imported to Australia in large numbers for use as
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Investigations made to determine how to calculate a limit on the flying life of aircraft.
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Investigators were able to determine the most likely sequence of the in-flight break-up:
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to conduct an inquiry into the accident using the powers of the National Security Act.
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The Structures and Materials Division of the Division of Aeronautics laboratory at
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517:, the sole Stinson Model A surviving in Australia, should be cancelled immediately.
229:
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The fracture surfaces on the outer part of the left wing were examined by the
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1047:– 24 February 1945, p.5 (National Library of Australia) Retrieved 25 May 2012
1025:– 24 February 1945, p.2 (National Library of Australia) Retrieved 25 May 2012
81:
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1103:– 3 February 1945, p.2 (National Library of Australia) Retrieved 25 May 2012
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930:– 1 February 1945, p.7 (National Library of Australia) Retrieved 25 May 2012
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915:– 1 February 1945, p.3 (National Library of Australia) Retrieved 25 May 2012
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856:– 1 February 1945, p.2 (National Library of Australia) Retrieved 25 May 2012
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to avoid further failures due to metal fatigue. This practice is now called
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1234:– 20 April 1945, p.5 (National Library of Australia) Retrieved 25 May 2012
1217:– 20 April 1945, p.6 (National Library of Australia) Retrieved 25 May 2012
1154:– 31 March 1945, p.5 (National Library of Australia) Retrieved 25 May 2012
1136:– 28 March 1945, p.8 (National Library of Australia) Retrieved 25 May 2012
1088:– 29 March 1945, p.5 (National Library of Australia) Retrieved 25 May 2012
898:– 28 March 1945, p.5 (National Library of Australia) Retrieved 25 May 2012
368:
The aircraft involved in the accident, prior to conversion to twin engines
1202:– 6 April 1945, p.5 (National Library of Australia) Retrieved 25 May 2012
1187:– 5 April 1945, p.4 (National Library of Australia) Retrieved 25 May 2012
1172:– 4 April 1945, p.5 (National Library of Australia) Retrieved 25 May 2012
1121:– 2 March 1945, p.6 (National Library of Australia) Retrieved 25 May 2012
2031:
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by in-flight structural failure
292:
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25:
217:
147:
740:. ANA made a practice of naming its aircraft with names ending in
363:
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engines and silver colour scheme. VH-UYY was similarly converted.
396:
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681:
List of accidents and incidents involving airliners by location
676:
List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
407:
was used on the Melbourne-Kerang-Mildura-Broken Hill route.
597:
Mr Justice Philp's report contained five recommendations:
610:
Duplicates of all log books should be kept on the ground.
622:
The sole remaining Stinson Model A in Australia, VH-UKK
451:
inspection but could not be seen by visual examination.
589:
Mr Justice Philp presented the Court's report to the
2026:
Aviation accidents and incidents in Victoria (state)
235:
It was determined that the accident was caused by a
30:
A Stinson Model A in standard trimotor configuration
2046:
Australian National Airways accidents and incidents
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250:Stinson Model A in original trimotor configuration
1149:"Expert Says Cracked Bracket Did Not Cause Crash"
1083:"Evidence Of Crack In Airliner's Elevator Hinge"
340:Newspaper photographs of the wreckage of VH-UYY
1464:Australian National Airways Douglas DC-4 crash
483:In its report, the Investigation Panel wrote:
441:Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
347:The main wreckage consisting of the fuselage,
19:1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash
1793:
1299:Aviation accidents and incidents in Australia
1283:
1227:"Stinson Crashed As Result Of Wing Fracture"
1020:"Air Liner Crash Due To Unseen Crack In Wing"
8:
671:List of disasters in Australia by death toll
267:The aircraft was a modified Stinson Model A
18:
1445:Queensland Airlines Lockheed Lodestar crash
1800:
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1722:Essendon Airport Beechcraft King Air crash
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708:The four Stinsons were registered VH-UGG (
319:and was where he constructed and flew the
17:
1856:Australian National Airways Stinson crash
1413:Australian National Airways Stinson crash
1098:"Alleged Defect In Elevator Of ANA Plane"
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
468:Image of VH-UKK after conversion to twin
2036:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1945
1593:Barrington Tops Cessna 210 disappearance
1523:MacRobertson Miller Airlines Flight 1750
1144:
1142:
1078:
1076:
1037:
1035:
1033:
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996:
666:1937 Airlines of Australia Stinson crash
1437:MacRobertson Miller Aviation DC-3 crash
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548:, a member of parliament, had flown in
1429:Australian National Airways DC-3 crash
1421:Australian National Airways DC-3 crash
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287:at 7:55 am local time for a flight to
1886:Resko Przymorskie Dornier Do 24 crash
1749:Coulson Aviation Lockheed C-130 crash
1314:Avro Ten Southern Cloud disappearance
1182:"Conservative Loads Fixed For Planes"
1042:"Crack In Joint Led To Stinson Crash"
7:
1558:Disappearance of Frederick Valentich
527:The Minister for Civil Aviation, Mr
1906:USAAF Boeing B-17 Isle of Man crash
1647:Australia Beechcraft King Air crash
1601:Alice Springs hot air balloon crash
1499:Trans Australia Airlines Flight 538
1491:Trans Australia Airlines Flight 408
1330:Airlines of Australia Stinson crash
1257:Fyshwick, Australia. pp. 200.
1067:
1000:
967:
948:
880:
833:
552:five days prior to the crash. Two
1628:South Pacific Airmotive DC-3 crash
1255:. Aerospace Publications Pty. Ltd.
908:"Airliner Crashes After Explosion"
849:"A.N.A. Plane Exploded In Mid Air"
14:
1765:Coulson Aviation Boeing 737 crash
1197:"Inquiry Into Stinson Crash Ends"
652:during its licence-production of
650:Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation
52:Fatigue failure of wing structure
2061:January 1945 events in Australia
1926:B-25 Empire State Building crash
1896:Liberator Commando disappearance
1810:Aviation accidents and incidents
639:The Failure of Metals by Fatigue
462:
334:
24:
1131:"Inquiry Into Crash Of Stinson"
531:, made a detailed statement to
390:Pratt & Whitney R-1340-AN1
220:, Victoria—the first leg of an
1167:"Stinson Completely Airworthy"
1:
2041:Disasters in Victoria (state)
1846:American Airlines Flight 6001
925:"Fatal Passenger Plane Crash"
480:before the failure occurred.
224:regular scheduled service to
1876:American Airlines Flight 009
1757:Gold Coast mid-air collision
1730:Sydney Seaplanes DHC-2 crash
1585:Advance Airlines Flight 4210
1381:KNILM Douglas DC-3 shootdown
1357:Brocklesby mid-air collision
1212:"Finding In Stinson Inquiry"
511:certificate of airworthiness
321:first aeroplane in Australia
226:Broken Hill, New South Wales
166:Broken Hill, New South Wales
2066:1945 disasters in Australia
1946:National Airlines Flight 16
1916:Eastern Air Lines Flight 45
1671:Lockhart River air disaster
1655:Whyalla Airlines Flight 904
1542:Ansett Australia Flight 232
1253:Air Crash Vol. 2, Chapter 2
654:North American P-51 Mustang
646:Fishermen's Bend, Melbourne
633:organised an international
576:Supreme Court of Queensland
273:Australian National Airways
222:Australian National Airways
2082:
554:Royal Australian Air Force
376:with three Lycoming R-680
372:The Stinson Model A was a
283:departed from Melbourne's
2056:1940s in Victoria (state)
1998:
1825:
1695:Pel-Air Westwind ditching
1566:Cessna 188 Pacific rescue
1116:"Judge For Stinson Crash"
461:
333:
291:, stopping at Kerang and
279:. On 31 January 1945 the
23:
1979:Broadway Liberator crash
315:which had been owned by
893:"Welded Joint In Plane"
631:University of Melbourne
271:VH-UYY and operated by
208:aircraft departed from
61:Spring Plains, Victoria
1714:Queensland DH.84 crash
1663:QantasLink Flight 1737
1550:Connellan air disaster
1389:Bakers Creek air crash
497:
369:
251:
1620:RAAF Boeing 707 crash
1515:Ansett-ANA Flight 149
1507:Ansett-ANA Flight 325
1405:Canal Creek air crash
1365:Canberra air disaster
629:In December 1946 the
485:
367:
317:John Robertson Duigan
249:
230:Airlines of Australia
204:On 31 January 1945 a
212:for a flight of 127
82:37.0200°S 144.5663°E
2007:► 1946
2001:1944 ◄
1687:Emirates Flight 407
78: /
20:
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1956:Beiping C-46 crash
1936:Elvetham air crash
1472:Maroochy air crash
1101:The Canberra Times
1023:The Canberra Times
896:The Canberra Times
853:The Canberra Times
769:Mackay, Queensland
561:criticism from Mr
370:
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114:Aircraft name
103:Aircraft type
87:-37.0200; 144.5663
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1866:Avro York crash
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1859:
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1853:
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1839:
1838:
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1397:Rewan air crash
1395:
1387:
1379:
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1363:
1355:
1344:
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707:
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542:
492:
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422:left outer wing
416:
362:
335:
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206:Stinson Model A
107:Stinson Model A
86:
84:
80:
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44:31 January 1945
31:
12:
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5:
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2069:
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2028:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1969:forced landing
1964:
1961:
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1954:
1951:
1950:
1944:
1941:
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1249:Job, Macarthur
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720:) and VH-UYY (
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457:External image
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412:
385:Lycoming R-680
378:radial engines
361:
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343:
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331:
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329:External image
264:
261:
214:nautical miles
200:
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13:
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1937:
1927:
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1835:China Clipper
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1263:1-875671-01-3
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845:
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
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816:
809:
799:
796:
792:
786:
783:
777:
774:
770:
764:
761:
757:
750:
747:
743:
739:
736:was re-named
735:
731:
728:was re-named
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
705:
702:
696:
693:
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682:
679:
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674:
672:
669:
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636:
632:
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617:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
599:
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595:
592:
587:
583:
579:
577:
573:
569:
568:group captain
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
539:
537:
534:
530:
522:
519:
516:
512:
508:
505:
502:
501:
500:
496:
493:
489:
484:
481:
473:
471:
460:
455:
452:
450:
445:
442:
437:
430:
427:
425:tail assembly
424:
421:
420:
419:
414:Investigation
413:
411:
408:
406:
400:
398:
394:
393:
386:
381:
379:
375:
366:
359:
357:
353:
350:
341:
332:
327:
324:
322:
318:
314:
308:
306:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
275:(ANA) as the
274:
270:
262:
260:
258:
248:
244:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
142:
139:
136:
134:Flight origin
132:
128:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
108:
105:
101:
96:
91:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
27:
22:
16:
1966:
1855:
1833:
1412:
1338:Kyeema crash
1252:
1242:Bibliography
1229:
1222:
1214:
1207:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1177:
1169:
1151:
1133:
1126:
1118:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1070:, p. 38
1044:
1022:
1003:, p. 37
970:, p. 39
951:, p. 34
927:
920:
910:
903:
895:
888:
883:, p. 36
851:
836:, p. 35
798:
785:
776:
763:
755:
749:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
695:
643:
638:
628:
623:
621:
596:
588:
584:
580:
563:Thomas White
549:
546:Joseph Clark
543:
526:
514:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
469:
446:
438:
434:
431:right engine
417:
409:
404:
401:
391:
382:
371:
360:The aircraft
354:
346:
309:
301:
280:
276:
266:
257:safe-lifeing
253:
234:
203:
155:2nd stopover
125:Registration
117:
15:
791:load factor
716:), VH-UKK (
712:), VH-UHH (
289:Broken Hill
163:Destination
85: /
73:144°33′59″E
2020:Categories
1373:Little Eva
810:References
754:of VH-UKK
726:Townsville
722:Townsville
533:Parliament
513:of VH-UKK
428:right wing
269:registered
263:The flight
187:Fatalities
171:Passengers
150:, Victoria
109:(modified)
70:37°01′12″S
1989:Flight 19
1215:The Argus
1200:The Argus
1185:The Argus
1170:The Argus
1152:The Argus
1134:The Argus
1119:The Argus
1086:The Argus
1045:The Argus
928:The Argus
912:The Argus
635:symposium
618:Aftermath
449:magnaflux
374:tri-motor
297:Redesdale
210:Melbourne
195:Survivors
138:Melbourne
1251:(1992).
1068:Job 1992
1001:Job 1992
968:Job 1992
949:Job 1992
881:Job 1992
834:Job 1992
714:Brisbane
660:See also
558:elevator
144:Stopover
98:Aircraft
36:Accident
1814: (
1812:in 1945
734:Grafton
718:Grafton
710:Lismore
637:titled
574:of the
540:Inquiry
313:Station
293:Mildura
241:nacelle
237:fatigue
49:Summary
1975:Nov 22
1952:Oct 12
1922:Jul 28
1912:Jul 12
1902:Apr 23
1892:Mar 27
1872:Feb 23
1852:Jan 31
1842:Jan 10
1767:(2023)
1759:(2023)
1751:(2020)
1732:(2017)
1724:(2017)
1716:(2012)
1697:(2009)
1689:(2009)
1681:(2008)
1673:(2005)
1665:(2003)
1657:(2000)
1649:(2000)
1630:(1994)
1622:(1991)
1603:(1989)
1595:(1981)
1587:(1980)
1568:(1978)
1560:(1978)
1552:(1977)
1544:(1972)
1525:(1968)
1517:(1966)
1509:(1961)
1501:(1960)
1493:(1960)
1474:(1950)
1466:(1950)
1447:(1949)
1439:(1949)
1431:(1948)
1423:(1946)
1415:(1945)
1407:(1943)
1399:(1943)
1391:(1943)
1383:(1942)
1375:(1942)
1367:(1940)
1359:(1940)
1340:(1938)
1332:(1937)
1324:(1932)
1316:(1931)
1261:
756:Binana
738:Binana
732:, and
730:Tokana
624:Binana
550:Tokana
515:Binana
405:Tokana
281:Tokana
277:Tokana
218:Kerang
148:Kerang
129:VH-UYY
118:Tokana
1985:Dec 6
1962:Nov 3
1942:Oct 5
1932:Oct 5
1882:Mar 5
1862:Feb 1
1830:Jan 8
1741:2020s
1706:2010s
1639:2000s
1612:1990s
1577:1980s
1534:1970s
1483:1960s
1456:1950s
1349:1940s
1306:1930s
687:Notes
349:right
1816:1945
1259:ISBN
793:(G).
509:The
470:Wasp
397:tank
392:Wasp
305:left
179:Crew
57:Site
41:Date
742:ana
544:Mr
2022::
1159:^
1141:^
1108:^
1075:^
1052:^
1030:^
1008:^
975:^
956:^
935:^
861:^
841:^
818:^
323:.
259:.
190:10
1818:)
1801:e
1794:t
1787:v
1291:e
1284:t
1277:v
744:.
198:0
182:2
174:8
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