331:, head of the Hungarian Catholic hierarchy, infuriated at the loss of the overwhelming majority of its property without compensation and at the clergy's being excluded from voting upon Communist initiative, condemned the "Marxist evil" in a pastoral letter and called on the faithful to support the Smallholders, who upheld traditional values. Also, in this, Hungary's first election under full universal suffrage, and its only one where men and women voted with different-coloured ballot papers, women surprised the Communists by generally backing the Smallholders; the former launched a propaganda campaign implying these women were easily deceived or ignorant. Still, the verdict of 4.8 million voters, 90% of the enfranchised, was clear in general terms: they preferred parliamentary democracy based on private property and a market economy to socialism with state economic management and planning. They hoped these preferences would prevail in spite of the presence of Soviet occupying forces, who were expected to leave once a peace treaty was signed. However, guided by the same expectation and wishing to avoid confrontation until then, the Smallholders yielded to Marshal
320:
27:
507:
279:; moreover, the revolutionary social and political changes of 1945 were effected without popular consultation, and in view of the special ties developing that year between Moscow and Budapest (an agreement on close economic cooperation and the resumption of full diplomatic relations), the Western powers urged free elections and withheld acknowledging the Provisional Government until the Soviets agreed to hold them.
1053:
810:) posts, as well as transport and social welfare. Control of the Interior Ministry and especially the security police helped the Communists marginalise political opponents one by one. Selected assassinations, sabotage of opposition parties' offices and the closure of Catholic youth organisations were among the methods employed.
299:
volunteers and those interned or being prosecuted by the people's courts were barred from voting. The liberal electoral law was also supported by the
Communists, who were not bothered by the failure of their proposal to field a single list of candidates on the part of the Communist-Social Democrat
282:
The election, by secret ballot and without census or fraud, is reckoned as the first relatively democratic election ever held in
Hungary, and was certainly the closest thing to an honest election held in the country until 1990. It was also one of only two remotely free elections ever held in what
335:(Chairman of the Allied Control Commission), who made it clear that a grand coalition in which the Communists preserved the gains already secured (that is, the Ministry of the Interior and control over the police) was the only kind of government acceptable to the Soviets.
791:, who instructed Voroshilov to renegotiate Interior and a deputy premier post for the Communists. A debate on the form of the state also ensued; Mindszenty led a vigorous monarchist campaign but despite some uncertainty among the Smallholders, a republic was chosen.
291:). One author states it was "generally fair, but not entirely free", as only "democratic" parties were allowed to compete, meaning most of the pre-war right-wing parties were excluded, as well as those parties that did not participate in the
300:
coalition parties, which would have ensured a majority for left-wing parties: intoxicated by their recruitment successes and misjudging the effect of the land reform on their appeal, they expected an "enthralling victory" (
786:
After the election, on 9 November the four major parties divided the portfolios. The arrangement, in which the
Smallholders took the Interior while the Communists obtained Finance, was rejected by Soviet Foreign Minister
319:
541:
305:
252:
220:
102:
312:
won slightly above and the
Communists slightly below 17%, and the National Peasant Party just 7% (the rest going to the Citizen Democrats' Party and the new Hungarian Radical Party of
1628:
1618:
1041:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1648:
1019:
1633:
1623:
1638:
288:
1643:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
838:
272:
51:
41:
26:
565:
359:
120:
1683:
1034:
1014:
1000:
976:
933:
899:
861:
385:
309:
637:
613:
454:
431:
174:
156:
802:
became Prime
Minister of a government in which the Smallholders had half the portfolios. The Communists received the Interior (
1662:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1693:
1027:
1065:
248:
growing in numbers; a land reform that March had radically altered the property structure; and inflation was rampant.
1507:
445:
327:
Of the many reasons for the success of the
Smallholders and the failure of the Communists was the fact that Cardinal
292:
161:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1613:
589:
408:
245:
138:
1688:
661:
475:
304:
predicted winning as much as 70%). To their bitter disappointment, the result was nearly the opposite: the
807:
422:
260:
179:
143:
399:
125:
1057:
394:
328:
211:
1463:
463:
255:
won a sweeping victory. However, the
Smallholders' gains were gradually whittled away by Communist
251:
In what is generally reckoned as the first relatively free election in the country's history, the
788:
440:
437:
332:
313:
301:
1010:
996:
972:
929:
895:
857:
834:
803:
506:
484:
368:
207:
391:
276:
65:
795:
376:
216:
107:
295:, a wartime anti-fascist alliance. Only the leaders of the dissolved rightist parties,
256:
1677:
826:
296:
241:
237:
799:
365:
284:
948:
481:
460:
236:
on 4 November 1945. They came at a turbulent moment in the country's history:
414:
371:
1052:
417:
263:
that the defeat would "not play an important role in
Communist plans".
233:
944:“An Attempt at a New, Democratic Start.” Hungary 1944-1953, Lesson 1.
308:, winning the contest in all 16 districts, won 57% of the vote, the
318:
193:
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
1023:
928:, p.135. Continuum International Publishing Group (2000),
946:
The
Institute for the History of the 1956 Revolution,
1606:
1500:
1462:
1064:
201:
73:
798:, was elected president on 1 February 1946, while
856:, p.8. Central European University Press (1999),
513:
924:Duchen, Claire and Bandhauer-Schoffmann, Irene.
259:, fulfilling the prediction of Communist leader
969:International History of the Twentieth Century
1035:
92:
8:
995:. Central European University Press (2004),
911:
909:
907:
18:
894:, p.56. Cambridge University Press (2006),
271:Elections (which had not taken place since
1042:
1028:
1020:
499:
195:
82:
17:
848:
846:
342:
819:
773:
760:
747:
734:
721:
717:
697:
683:Public figures appointed by Parliament
761:
748:
735:
722:
522:
519:
516:
293:Hungarian National Independence Front
232:Parliamentary elections were held in
19:1945 Hungarian parliamentary election
7:
1058:Elections and referendums in Hungary
831:Elections in Europe: A data handbook
993:Hungary in the Cold War, 1945-1956
566:Social Democratic Party of Hungary
240:had had a devastating impact; the
14:
386:Hungarian Social Democratic Party
84:
1051:
505:
289:1946 elections in Czechoslovakia
25:
405:
382:
360:Independent Smallholders' Party
356:
69:205 seats needed for a majority
1663:List of Hungarian by-elections
892:Crucibles of Political Loyalty
542:Independent Smallholders Party
472:
451:
428:
306:Independent Smallholders Party
253:Independent Smallholders Party
1:
1009:. Palgrave Macmillan (2002),
202:Prime Minister after election
64:All 409 elected seats in the
971:, p.217. Routledge (2003),
829:& Philip Stöver (2010)
775:Source: Nohlen & Stöver
244:was occupying it, with the
1710:
794:The Smallholders' leader,
1657:
774:
770:
762:Registered voters/turnout
757:
744:
731:
718:
698:
685:
682:
590:Hungarian Communist Party
533:
530:
527:
504:
409:Hungarian Communist Party
345:
246:Hungarian Communist Party
198:
173:
155:
137:
119:
101:
81:
62:
35:
23:
1684:1945 elections in Europe
1066:Parliamentary elections
852:Andorka, Rudolf et al.
662:Hungarian Radical Party
476:Hungarian Radical Party
275:) were required by the
806:) and Deputy Premier (
638:Civic Democratic Party
614:National Peasant Party
455:Civic Democratic Party
432:National Peasant Party
324:
967:Best, Antony, et al.
926:When the War was Over
854:A Society Transformed
323:Election ballot, 1945
322:
287:(the other being the
199:Prime Minister before
1694:Elections in Hungary
1007:A History of Hungary
468:Sándor Szent-Iványi
395:Democratic socialism
890:Wittenberg, Jason.
736:Invalid/blank votes
501:
464:National liberalism
339:Parties and leaders
180:Sándor Szent-Iványi
20:
1464:European elections
789:Vyacheslav Molotov
500:
441:Left-wing populism
438:Agrarian socialism
333:Kliment Voroshilov
325:
1671:
1670:
1005:Kontler, László.
839:978-3-8329-5609-7
779:
778:
493:
492:
485:Social liberalism
369:Liberal democracy
329:József Mindszenty
283:would become the
230:
229:
226:
225:
191:
190:
58:
57:
1701:
1056:
1055:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1021:
979:
965:
959:
956:
950:
942:
936:
922:
916:
913:
902:
888:
882:
881:Kontler, p.395-6
879:
873:
870:
864:
850:
841:
824:
509:
502:
392:Social democracy
343:
310:Social Democrats
196:
175:Civic Democratic
157:National Peasant
94:
83:
37:
36:
30:
29:
21:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1689:1945 in Hungary
1674:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1653:
1602:
1501:Local elections
1496:
1458:
1060:
1050:
1048:
991:Borhi, László.
988:
983:
982:
966:
962:
957:
953:
943:
939:
923:
919:
914:
905:
889:
885:
880:
876:
871:
867:
851:
844:
825:
821:
816:
784:
498:
400:Árpád Szakasits
341:
316:'s followers).
277:Yalta Agreement
269:
219:
210:
194:
126:Árpád Szakasits
68:
63:
47:4 November 1945
31:
24:
12:
11:
5:
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1441:
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1416:
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1386:
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1371:
1366:
1361:
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1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
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1126:
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1081:
1076:
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1039:
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1024:
1018:
1017:
1003:
987:
984:
981:
980:
960:
951:
937:
917:
915:Kontler, p.396
903:
883:
874:
872:Borhi, pp77–78
865:
842:
818:
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812:
783:
780:
777:
776:
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771:
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746:
745:
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733:
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353:
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268:
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257:salami tactics
228:
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1387:
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1237:
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1217:
1215:
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1210:
1207:
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1192:
1190:
1187:
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1177:
1175:
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1160:
1157:
1155:
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1150:
1147:
1145:
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1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1015:1-4039-0316-6
1012:
1008:
1004:
1002:
1001:963-9241-80-6
998:
994:
990:
989:
985:
978:
977:0-415-20739-8
974:
970:
964:
961:
955:
952:
949:
947:
941:
938:
935:
934:0-7185-0180-2
931:
927:
921:
918:
912:
910:
908:
904:
901:
900:0-521-84912-8
897:
893:
887:
884:
878:
875:
869:
866:
863:
862:963-9116-49-1
859:
855:
849:
847:
843:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:Dieter Nohlen
823:
820:
813:
811:
809:
808:Mátyás Rákosi
805:
801:
797:
792:
790:
781:
767:
764:
754:
751:
741:
738:
728:
725:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
693:
690:
687:
681:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
657:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
639:
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633:
629:
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623:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
609:
605:
602:
599:
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586:
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581:
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575:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
561:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
537:
531:National List
526:
512:
508:
503:
495:
488:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
467:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
423:Mátyás Rákosi
421:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
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351:
348:
344:
338:
336:
334:
330:
321:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
294:
290:
286:
280:
278:
274:
266:
264:
262:
261:Mátyás Rákosi
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
222:
218:
215:
213:
209:
206:
205:
197:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
172:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
154:
150:
147:
145:
144:Mátyás Rákosi
142:
140:
136:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
118:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
100:
96:
91:
88:
85:
80:
76:
72:
67:
61:
54: →
53:
50:
48:
45:
43:
40:←
39:
38:
34:
28:
22:
16:
1358:
1006:
992:
968:
963:
954:
945:
940:
925:
920:
891:
886:
877:
868:
853:
830:
822:
796:Zoltán Tildy
793:
785:
528:Constituency
489:Imre Csécsy
377:Zoltán Tildy
326:
314:Oszkár Jászi
302:József Révai
281:
270:
250:
242:Soviet Union
238:World War II
231:
217:Zoltán Tildy
108:Zoltán Tildy
46:
15:
1607:Referendums
958:Borhi, p.77
804:László Rajk
800:Ferenc Nagy
749:Total votes
723:Valid votes
446:Péter Veres
366:Agrarianism
285:Soviet bloc
208:Béla Miklós
162:Péter Veres
1678:Categories
1661:See also:
986:References
482:Liberalism
461:Liberalism
267:Background
782:Aftermath
765:5,160,499
752:4,773,545
726:4,729,301
702:4,729,301
546:2,697,137
415:Communism
349:Ideology
139:Communist
388:(MSzDP)
372:Big tent
212:Military
833:, p899
618:324,772
594:801,986
570:823,250
496:Results
418:Marxism
362:(FKgP)
352:Leader
234:Hungary
89:Leader
74:Turnout
1013:
999:
975:
932:
898:
860:
837:
755:100.00
739:44,244
705:100.00
642:76,393
478:(MRP)
457:(PDP)
434:(NPP)
411:(MKP)
346:Party
148:16.96
130:17.41
112:57.03
97:Seats
77:92.50%
814:Notes
768:92.50
729:99.07
699:Total
666:5,763
597:16.96
573:17.41
549:57.03
534:Total
523:Seats
517:Votes
514:Party
184:1.62
166:6.87
121:MSZDP
86:Party
1649:2022
1644:2016
1639:2008
1634:2004
1629:2003
1624:1997
1619:1990
1614:1989
1598:2024
1593:2019
1588:2014
1583:2010
1578:2006
1573:2002
1568:1998
1563:1994
1558:1990
1553:1985
1548:1980
1543:1975
1538:1971
1533:1967
1528:1963
1523:1958
1518:1953
1513:1949
1508:1919
1492:2024
1487:2019
1482:2014
1477:2009
1472:2004
1454:2022
1449:2018
1444:2014
1439:2010
1434:2006
1429:2002
1424:1998
1419:1994
1414:1990
1409:1985
1404:1980
1399:1975
1394:1971
1389:1967
1384:1963
1379:1958
1374:1953
1369:1949
1364:1947
1359:1945
1354:1944
1349:1939
1344:1935
1339:1931
1334:1926
1329:1922
1324:1920
1319:1910
1314:1906
1309:1905
1304:1901
1299:1896
1294:1892
1289:1887
1284:1884
1279:1881
1274:1878
1269:1875
1264:1872
1259:1869
1254:1865
1249:1861
1244:1848
1239:1847
1234:1843
1229:1839
1224:1832
1219:1830
1214:1825
1209:1811
1204:1807
1199:1805
1194:1802
1189:1796
1184:1792
1179:1790
1174:1764
1169:1751
1164:1741
1159:1728
1154:1722
1149:1708
1144:1687
1139:1681
1134:1662
1129:1659
1124:1655
1119:1649
1114:1647
1109:1637
1104:1635
1099:1630
1094:1625
1089:1622
1084:1618
1079:1613
1074:1609
1011:ISBN
997:ISBN
973:ISBN
930:ISBN
896:ISBN
858:ISBN
835:ISBN
742:0.93
669:0.12
645:1.62
621:6.87
273:1939
221:FKGP
115:245
103:FKGP
66:Diet
52:1947
42:1944
714:421
708:359
558:245
552:216
169:23
151:70
133:69
1680::
906:^
845:^
711:50
694:12
630:23
624:20
606:70
600:61
582:69
576:60
555:29
297:SS
187:2
1043:e
1036:t
1029:v
691:–
688:–
678:0
675:0
672:0
654:2
651:0
648:2
627:3
603:9
579:9
520:%
93:%
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