115:
244:
581:
equally promulgated. It therefore came with a series of recommendations. Broadcast of the regional QFF should be done on time and as a priority. All clearances into a control zone should include the regional QFF and any local reading should not be given. Altimeter setting messages should be sent on their own and not included in other messages to avoid confusion. Air traffic procedures should be uniformly applicable to all users. Air traffic officers should be examined periodically. Ensure that there is no possibility of controllers confusing future regional QFF with the current QFF. RAF crews should be given more information on procedures in the
Metropolitan Control Zone.
3319:
561:
512:
3331:
3307:
484:. It was at 14:38 told to circle Northolt at 5,000 feet. Air traffic control then gave the Swedish aircraft permission at 14:45 to descend to 2,500 feet. The RAF aircraft was cleared at 14:50 to descend to 4,000 feet. At 14:52 the DC-6 reported "just passed 2,500 feet; going down". The controller reminded the pilot that he was only cleared to 2,500 feet and was not to descend.
3343:
3355:
3367:
3295:
588:, but the collision at Northwood brought the attention of the risks of too little vertical distance between aircraft in the stack. In November 1948, after the inquiry had closed, the Ministry of Civil Aviation increased the vertical separation distance between aircraft in control zones from 500 feet to 1000 feet.
488:
580:
None of the evidence established the cause of the collision. However, in the opinion of the court of inquiry the cause would probably be found in one of the factors mentioned. It also noted that although the air traffic system was satisfactory, not all of the procedures involved appeared to have been
499:
Three minutes after the DC-6 report at 2,500 feet, at 14:54, the York was cleared down to 3,000 feet. The DC-6 decided to divert to
Amsterdam at 14:59 and informed the tower; it was cleared to leave the area at 2,500 feet at 15:03 although this was not acknowledged by the DC-6. Nothing
576:
The court found no evidence of error by the
Swedish crew, although it noted that the erroneous QFF may have caused the altimeter to be wrong by one millibar. Although there was evidence of a failure to adhere to proper radio communications procedure, it probably was not a factor in the accident. The
503:
The permission for the York to descend was given at least a minute or two after the DC-6 was cleared from the area, but neither aircraft acknowledged the last messages. At 15:03 the two aircraft collided about 6.4 kilometres (3.5 nmi; 4.0 mi) north of
Northolt Aerodrome. An investigation
572:
While the inquiry was satisfied that the air traffic control system was satisfactory it raised three operational errors of concern which may have contributed to the disaster. Specifically it underlined that the air traffic control issued a landing forecast to the RAF aircraft of a local QFF which
552:
The inquiry report was published on 21 January 1949. One conclusion found that the height separation in force in the
Northolt area of 500 feet provided an inadequate margin of safety and recommended that it be increased to 1,000 feet for the Metropolitan Control Zone. The report also
464:
Upon arrival in the
Northolt area both aircraft were placed in a stacking pattern, which in addition to the two involved aircraft included two other aircraft at higher altitudes. Each stack had an intermediate distance of 500 feet. The stacking was regulated by the air traffic control of
577:
report stated there was reason to believe that the York's altimeters were set a lot higher than the
Regional QFF. This may have been caused by using the wrong QFF sent earlier by the controller or that the altimeters were still set to the standard mean sea level barometric pressure.
420:. The aircraft were two of four participating in a stacking at Northolt. At the time of the accident, the SAS aircraft was holding at 2,500 feet while the RAF aircraft was holding at 3,000 feet. However, due to an error in the setting of the
548:
A week after the accident it was announced that a public inquiry would be held into the accident, only the third such inquiry held in the United
Kingdom for an air accident. The inquiry was chaired by William McNair and opened on 20 September 1948.
941:
381:). All thirty-nine people aboard both aircraft were killed. It was SAS's first fatal aviation accident and was at the time the deadliest civilian aviation accident in the UK. It is still the deadliest mid-air collision in British history.
523:
Both aircraft crashed into a wood, bursting into flames on impact. After fire and rescue crews put out the fires, the Avro York was found to be completely destroyed by the crash and the only part of the DC-6 that was still intact was the
532:, with the rest of the DC-6 also being destroyed by the fire. All seven passengers and crew of the Avro York died and all thirty-two passengers and crew of the DC-6 also died, bringing the total number of deaths to thirty-nine.
465:
Metropolitan Zone. Any aircraft entering the stack had to follow orders from air traffic control, which indicated their altitudes and route, and issued gates allowing the aircraft to enter and leave. Air traffic control issued
535:
The collision was at the time the most lethal aviation accident in the United
Kingdom and is still the deadliest mid-air collision in the UK. It now ranks as the fifteenth-most fatal accident in Britain. The accident was
1182:
934:
3392:
2219:
927:
424:
compensation of the RAF aircraft, it may have been lower. At the time of the collision the DC-6 was ascending, as the pilots had minutes before decided to divert to
Amsterdam and to leave the stacking.
508:
later reported that the York was above the DC-6, which was climbing. The starboard wing of the DC-6 penetrated the York on the starboard side behind the freight door and detached the York's tail unit.
3206:
557:) that had been introduced in May 1948 for aircraft above 1,500 feet within control zones, and that any error in setting the barometric pressure of one millibar gave an error of 28 feet.
573:
could have been interpreted by the pilots as a regional QFF; the air traffic control not transmitting a regional QFF according to schedule; and the broadcasting of a faulty QFF to the SAS crew.
3402:
1877:
3201:
1190:
3397:
2700:
3452:
3211:
741:
3387:
2212:
2840:
537:
3422:
3407:
2637:
3437:
3412:
2541:
2535:
2205:
1837:
919:
3457:
3442:
2960:
409:
1829:
1107:
452:. It was flying a transport mission from RAF Luqa in Malta to RAF Northolt. On board were six crew members and the High Commissioner for the Federation of Malaya
3462:
3124:
2897:
1468:
1139:
445:, was brand new and had first flown earlier that year. It had twenty-five passengers and a flight crew of seven, making a total of thirty-two people on board.
2190:
overseas territories; this template excludes currently independent countries formerly a part of the British Empire, and this template also excludes Hong Kong
1091:
2450:
1123:
1067:
505:
3176:
2621:
2523:
1639:
1313:
1083:
1115:
3235:
3181:
2460:
2377:
2357:
2058:
1377:
3166:
1845:
1297:
1040:
1016:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
1983:
1198:
114:
243:
2513:
2173:
2125:
2082:
1770:
1484:
1404:
1321:
2327:
1615:
1476:
60:
3171:
1746:
1583:
1516:
1273:
3318:
2953:
2572:
2503:
1919:
1730:
1679:
1599:
1564:
1540:
1500:
1361:
1166:
1099:
3427:
3196:
2914:
2493:
1959:
1927:
1452:
1147:
2927:
2820:
1943:
1778:
1703:
1556:
560:
511:
3230:
2410:
2229:
2141:
1951:
1869:
1853:
1623:
1524:
1257:
3432:
2157:
2050:
2007:
1695:
1548:
1508:
3161:
2946:
2440:
2347:
2297:
2165:
1975:
1805:
1754:
1591:
1436:
1428:
3191:
3147:
3133:
3110:
2740:
2600:
2430:
2263:
2117:
1444:
1420:
1369:
3285:
3186:
2015:
1655:
1647:
1337:
1329:
1230:
1131:
358:
147:
3447:
2149:
1935:
1460:
441:
in the Netherlands to RAF Northolt in London on 4 July 1948. The aircraft, with Swedish registration SE-BDA and named
950:
Aviation accidents and incidents in the United Kingdom, British Crown Dependencies, and British Overseas Territories
2367:
2287:
2066:
2042:
1999:
1967:
1892:
438:
178:
2253:
2101:
2074:
1412:
1214:
500:
was heard from the York after 14:45 and it did not acknowledge further clearance down to 1,500 ft at 15:05.
3251:
2483:
1532:
1206:
434:
167:
2715:
3417:
3335:
2891:
2565:
2337:
2307:
1762:
1607:
1289:
965:
822:
797:
772:
655:
2277:
1663:
1345:
3311:
2595:
2470:
2420:
2109:
1991:
1900:
1813:
1492:
1281:
1265:
870:
866:
694:
385:
154:
3156:
3119:
3090:
3076:
2750:
2133:
2034:
1738:
1396:
1174:
1048:
861:
699:
466:
421:
818:
793:
584:
The issue of flight stacking was debated at the time. This had largely focused on the problems with
3223:
3218:
2810:
2785:
2780:
2658:
1786:
1711:
449:
405:
266:
2197:
2558:
2317:
1821:
1305:
1249:
1222:
1032:
481:
477:
768:
651:
476:
At 14:12, the York was given permission to enter the Metropolitan Zone at 5,000 feet over
2805:
1885:
1671:
1631:
1075:
585:
374:
370:
53:
43:
3029:
2760:
2745:
2705:
746:
3299:
3013:
2987:
1687:
1024:
366:
271:
3347:
3272:
2992:
2972:
2720:
1861:
973:
3381:
3371:
3359:
3323:
2790:
2730:
2679:
1000:
981:
3256:
3083:
3039:
2997:
2825:
2795:
2765:
2684:
565:
516:
417:
401:
354:
300:
189:
127:
676:"39 Feared Dead in Air Collision – York and Skymaster crash near Northolt". News.
2938:
456:, who was returning to London. The weather was poor at the time of the accident.
3059:
2770:
2710:
1008:
453:
3054:
3049:
3044:
2830:
2397:
75:
62:
3034:
2775:
2735:
2725:
2653:
2581:
529:
492:
470:
397:
393:
378:
362:
256:
433:
The SAS aircraft was flying a regular international scheduled flight from
2605:
540:. It was the fourth loss of a DC-6 and the third-most fatal at the time.
413:
289:
2815:
2800:
2674:
2755:
553:
discusses the standard setting for altimeters (known as the regional
525:
894:"The Northolt Air Crash – Three mistakes as possible cause". News.
559:
510:
487:
486:
119:
A DC-6 of Scandinavian Airlines System similar to the one involved
448:
The Avro York C.1, with serial number MW248, was operated by the
2969:
2942:
2554:
2201:
923:
469:
measurements (QFE), allowing the aircraft to synchronise their
726:. No. 51188. London. 28 September 1948. col A, p. 2.
631:. No. 51182. London. 21 September 1948. col A, p. 6.
554:
913:. No. 51226. London. 11 November 1948. col B, p. 2.
2550:
898:. No. 51286. London. 22 January 1949. col G, p. 4.
627:"Air Collision Inquiry – Last Instruction to Pilots". News.
843:"Northolt Air Disaster – A Public Inquiry". News in Brief.
3393:
Accidents and incidents involving Royal Air Force aircraft
1183:
London, Scottish & Provincial Airways Airspeed Courier
847:. No. 51122. London. 13 July 1948. col C, p. 3.
909:"Airport Control – Wider separation of aircraft". News.
722:"Air Crash Inquiry – Ministry Official's Theory". News.
680:. No. 51115. London. 5 July 1948. col A, p. 4.
1878:
British International Helicopters Sikorsky S-61N crash
742:"Families return to air disaster now almost forgotten"
3283:
3265:
3244:
3100:
3068:
3022:
3006:
2980:
2907:
2839:
2693:
2667:
2646:
2630:
2614:
2588:
2093:
2026:
1911:
1797:
1722:
1575:
1388:
1241:
1158:
1059:
992:
955:
339:
331:
323:
315:
307:
296:
285:
277:
262:
252:
236:
228:
220:
212:
204:
196:
185:
174:
163:
153:
143:
133:
123:
107:
99:
91:
49:
39:
31:
26:
3403:Accidents and incidents involving the Douglas DC-6
856:
854:
248:RAF Avro York similar to the one in the collision
392:, was on an international scheduled flight from
3398:Accidents and incidents involving the Avro York
3453:Mid-air collisions involving military aircraft
3388:Scandinavian Airlines accidents and incidents
2954:
2566:
2213:
935:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
622:
620:
8:
1191:Hillman's Airways de Havilland Dragon Rapide
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
21:
3423:History of the London Borough of Hillingdon
1838:British Army Gazelle friendly fire incident
3408:Aviation accidents and incidents in London
2961:
2947:
2939:
2573:
2559:
2551:
2220:
2206:
2198:
942:
928:
920:
242:
113:
20:
1830:Bristow Helicopters Westland Wessex crash
735:
733:
3438:Mid-air collisions in the United Kingdom
3413:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1948
3167:1953 Mediterranean Sea mid-air collision
1469:Hawker Hunter multiple aircraft accident
1041:Transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown
3290:
596:
3458:July 1948 events in the United Kingdom
3443:Mid-air collisions involving airliners
2451:Australian National Airways DC-3 crash
2126:Haughey Air AgustaWestland AW139 crash
2524:Airborne Transport DC-3 disappearance
2328:British European Airways Flight S200P
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
353:took place on 4 July at 15:03 when a
7:
3463:1948 disasters in the United Kingdom
2461:Royal Air Force Avro Lancaster crash
2378:Keerbergen Fiat G.212 airplane crash
2358:Cebu Philippine Air Lines DC-3 crash
2059:Morecambe Bay Eurocopter AS365 crash
1477:RAF Lakenheath nuclear near-disaster
1378:Manchester BEA Douglas DC-3 accident
819:"Scandinavian Airlines System – SAS"
689:
687:
564:Aerial view of the area surrounding
3182:1956 Scottish Airlines air disaster
1846:British Airways Sikorsky S-61 crash
1731:British European Airways Flight 548
1680:Hawker Hunter Tower Bridge incident
1640:British European Airways Flight 706
1600:British United Airways Flight 1030X
1501:British European Airways Flight 411
1108:Imperial Airways de Havilland DH.34
519:similar to the one in the collision
495:similar to the one in the collision
1984:Royal Air Force Nimrod R1 ditching
1298:USAAF Boeing B-17 on North Barrule
1140:Imperial Airways Handley Page W.10
794:"Collision – Aircraft – In flight"
450:99 Squadron of the Royal Air Force
14:
2928:List of airline holding companies
2821:Swedish Intercontinental Airlines
2514:Beechcraft Model 18 disappearance
2174:English Channel Piper PA-46 crash
2083:Biggin Hill Cessna Citation crash
1771:British Airtours Boeing 707 crash
1704:Ariana Afghan Airlines Flight 701
1092:Daimler Airway de Havilland DH.34
3365:
3353:
3341:
3329:
3317:
3305:
3293:
3143:1948 Northwood mid-air collision
2851:1948 Northwood mid-air collision
2230:Aviation accidents and incidents
2186:Includes Crown dependencies and
1068:Golders Green Handley Page O/400
351:1948 Northwood mid-air collision
22:1948 Northwood mid-air collision
2915:SAS Frösundavik Office Building
2008:Edinburgh Air Charter Flight 3W
1747:British Airways bombing attempt
1696:BKS Air Transport Flight C.6845
1584:Channel Airways Dakota accident
1314:Broadway Consolidated Liberator
740:Fisher, Barbara (7 July 2008).
2298:Northwest Airlines Flight 4422
2166:Gatwick Airport drone incident
1976:Bristow Helicopters Flight 56C
1920:British Army Gazelle shootdown
1541:London Vickers Viking accident
1437:Little Rissington UFO incident
1362:KLM Constellation air disaster
1100:KLM Fokker F.III disappearance
1:
3177:1955 Shackleton disappearance
2898:Dash 8 landing gear incidents
2741:British Midland International
2494:Aeroflot Ilyushin Il-12 crash
2431:Northwest Airlines Flight 421
1960:Mull of Kintyre Chinook crash
1928:Scotland RAF Shackleton crash
1017:Brooklands Flanders Monoplane
2016:Korean Air Cargo Flight 8509
1944:Llyn Padarn helicopter crash
1779:British Army Gazelle downing
1199:SABENA Savoia-Marchetti S.73
412:MW248, was on a flight from
359:Scandinavian Airlines System
148:Scandinavian Airlines System
2388:Northwood mid-air collision
2142:Blackbushe Phenom 300 crash
1952:British Army Lynx shootdown
1936:British Airways Flight 5390
1870:British Army Lynx shootdown
1854:Manchester Airport disaster
1485:London Heathrow Avro Vulcan
1405:Heathrow BEA Vickers Viking
1354:Northwood mid-air collision
1322:Railway Air Services Dakota
1258:Ruislip Wellington accident
3479:
3172:1953 Skyways disappearance
2504:KLM Constellation disaster
2368:United Airlines Flight 624
2288:Delta Air Lines Flight 705
2158:Leicester helicopter crash
2051:Loganair Islander accident
2043:British Airways Flight 268
2000:Virgin Atlantic Flight 024
1624:Cambrian Airways Liverpool
1616:Skyways Coach-Air Avro 748
1509:Blackbushe Viking accident
538:SAS's first fatal accident
506:Ministry of Civil Aviation
439:Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
179:Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
3428:20th century in Middlesex
3157:1950 Llandow air disaster
2923:
2533:
2441:Sabena Douglas C-47 crash
2348:Sabena Douglas DC-4 crash
2245:
2184:
2102:Vauxhall helicopter crash
2075:British Airways Flight 38
1806:Biggin Hill Invader crash
1755:Norfolk mid-air collision
1656:Holden's Lightning flight
1592:BAC One-Eleven test crash
1517:Nutts Corner BEA Viscount
1429:Farnborough Airshow crash
1274:Gibraltar Liberator AL523
241:
112:
56:, London, United Kingdom
16:Mid air collision over UK
3107:Accidents and incidents
2118:Glasgow helicopter crash
1565:Turkish Airlines Gatwick
1533:Winter Hill air disaster
1445:Aldbury Valetta accident
1421:Aer Lingus C-47 accident
1370:Exhall mid-air collision
1167:Air Union Farman Goliath
1084:Air Union Farman Goliath
435:Stockholm Bromma Airport
303:, London, United Kingdom
192:, London, United Kingdom
168:Stockholm Bromma Airport
1968:Air Algérie Flight 702P
1763:Graham Hill plane crash
1648:Felthorpe Trident crash
1608:Little Baldon air crash
1453:Swissair Convair CV-240
1338:Croydon Dakota accident
1290:Freckleton air disaster
1231:Jersey Airport disaster
1148:Luft Hansa Junkers G 24
823:Aviation Safety Network
798:Aviation Safety Network
773:Aviation Safety Network
695:"The Northolt Disaster"
656:Aviation Safety Network
404:. The Avro York of the
377:in London, UK (then in
3433:Disasters in Middlesex
3192:1959 Air Charter crash
2711:AerolĂneas de Baleares
2150:Shoreham Airshow crash
1664:Stockport air disaster
1557:BOAC Bristol Britannia
1461:Prestwick air disaster
569:
520:
496:
3245:Notable people/groups
2716:AerolĂneas Argentinas
2638:Scandinavian Airlines
2622:Scandinavian Airlines
2596:Scandinavian Airlines
2421:Air France Flight 072
2110:CHC Scotia Flight 23R
2067:Alderney UFO sighting
1992:Knight Air Flight 816
1901:Kegworth air disaster
1814:Aer Lingus Flight 164
1525:Aquila Airways Solent
1493:Sutton Wick air crash
1282:Moordown air disaster
1124:Air Union Blériot 155
1116:Air Union Blériot 155
865:3 February 1949, pp.
563:
514:
490:
3120:1945 Avro York crash
3023:Airliners/transports
2876:(New York City 1984)
2751:Continental Airlines
2411:Lake Mead B-29 crash
2254:Los Gatos DC-3 crash
2134:Loganair Flight 6780
2035:Loganair Flight 670A
1739:Court Line Flight 95
1549:Syerston Avro Vulcan
1397:Llandow air disaster
1215:KLM Croydon accident
1175:Meopham air disaster
769:"Sunday 4 July 1948"
652:"Sunday 4 July 1948"
467:atmospheric pressure
422:atmospheric pressure
3197:1990 Scotland crash
2786:Rezidor Hotel Group
2781:Norwegian Air Lines
2659:SAS Ground Handling
2589:Subsidiary airlines
2542:► 1949
2536:1947 ◄
2484:Waycross B-29 crash
1787:Dan-Air Flight 0034
1712:1969 theft of C-130
1207:Jersey Air Disaster
371:collided in mid-air
72: /
23:
3448:Mid-air collisions
3187:1958 Dan-Air crash
2864:(Los Angeles 1969)
2539:
2338:Bodaybo Li-2 crash
2318:Pan Am Flight 1-10
2308:Gatow air disaster
1822:Dan-Air Flight 240
1306:Elvetham air crash
1250:Dunbeath air crash
1223:Edmonton air crash
570:
521:
497:
3281:
3280:
2936:
2935:
2548:
2547:
2278:Heathrow disaster
2195:
2194:
1886:Pan Am Flight 103
1672:Iberia Flight 062
1632:Pan Am Flight 292
1346:Heathrow disaster
1330:BOAC Douglas C-47
1132:KLM Fokker F.VIII
1076:R38-class airship
703:: 30. 8 July 1948
504:officer from the
388:SE-BDA and named
347:
346:
44:Mid-air collision
3470:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3336:London transport
3334:
3333:
3332:
3322:
3321:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3289:
3069:Notable aircraft
2963:
2956:
2949:
2940:
2761:Danish Air Lines
2706:AB Aerotransport
2575:
2568:
2561:
2552:
2540:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2199:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2105:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2019:
2011:
2010:(September 1999)
2003:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1904:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1808:(September 1980)
1790:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1643:
1635:
1634:(September 1965)
1627:
1619:
1611:
1603:
1595:
1587:
1568:
1560:
1552:
1551:(September 1958)
1544:
1543:(September 1958)
1536:
1528:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1488:
1480:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1448:
1440:
1432:
1431:(September 1952)
1424:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1381:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1234:
1226:
1225:(September 1938)
1218:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1185:(September 1934)
1178:
1170:
1151:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1094:(September 1923)
1087:
1079:
1071:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1004:
985:
977:
969:
944:
937:
930:
921:
915:
914:
906:
900:
899:
891:
874:
858:
849:
848:
840:
834:
833:
831:
829:
815:
809:
808:
806:
804:
790:
784:
783:
781:
779:
765:
759:
758:
756:
754:
747:Uxbridge Gazette
737:
728:
727:
719:
713:
712:
710:
708:
691:
682:
681:
673:
667:
666:
664:
662:
648:
633:
632:
624:
568:during the 1940s
246:
117:
92:Total fatalities
87:
86:
84:
83:
82:
77:
73:
70:
69:
68:
65:
24:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3342:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3294:
3292:
3284:
3282:
3277:
3261:
3240:
3162:1952 Luqa crash
3096:
3064:
3018:
3002:
2976:
2975:aircraft family
2967:
2937:
2932:
2919:
2903:
2882:(Gottröra 1991)
2858:(Istanbul 1960)
2842:
2835:
2806:Skyways Express
2689:
2663:
2647:Airline support
2642:
2626:
2610:
2584:
2579:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2196:
2191:
2180:
2172:
2168:(December 2018)
2164:
2156:
2148:
2140:
2136:(December 2014)
2132:
2124:
2120:(November 2013)
2116:
2108:
2100:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2065:
2061:(December 2006)
2057:
2049:
2045:(February 2005)
2041:
2037:(February 2001)
2033:
2022:
2018:(December 1999)
2014:
2006:
2002:(November 1997)
1998:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1970:(December 1994)
1966:
1958:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1922:(February 1990)
1918:
1907:
1899:
1888:(December 1988)
1884:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1793:
1785:
1781:(February 1978)
1777:
1769:
1765:(November 1975)
1761:
1753:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1694:
1688:BOAC Flight 712
1686:
1678:
1674:(November 1967)
1670:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1590:
1582:
1571:
1567:(February 1959)
1563:
1559:(December 1958)
1555:
1547:
1539:
1535:(February 1958)
1531:
1527:(November 1957)
1523:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1491:
1483:
1475:
1471:(February 1956)
1467:
1463:(December 1954)
1459:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1384:
1376:
1372:(February 1949)
1368:
1360:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1328:
1324:(December 1946)
1320:
1316:(November 1945)
1312:
1304:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1237:
1233:(November 1938)
1229:
1221:
1217:(December 1936)
1213:
1205:
1201:(December 1935)
1197:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1169:(February 1930)
1165:
1154:
1150:(November 1929)
1146:
1138:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1110:(December 1924)
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1070:(December 1920)
1066:
1055:
1047:
1039:
1031:
1025:Cody Floatplane
1023:
1015:
1011:(December 1910)
1007:
999:
988:
980:
972:
964:
957:
951:
948:
918:
908:
907:
903:
893:
892:
877:
859:
852:
842:
841:
837:
827:
825:
817:
816:
812:
802:
800:
792:
791:
787:
777:
775:
767:
766:
762:
752:
750:
739:
738:
731:
721:
720:
716:
706:
704:
693:
692:
685:
675:
674:
670:
660:
658:
650:
649:
636:
626:
625:
598:
594:
546:
462:
431:
367:Royal Air Force
272:Royal Air Force
270:
247:
237:Second aircraft
118:
100:Total survivors
80:
78:
76:51.60°N 0.453°W
74:
71:
66:
63:
61:
59:
58:
57:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3476:
3474:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3418:1948 in London
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3362:
3350:
3338:
3326:
3314:
3312:United Kingdom
3302:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3273:Orange Harvest
3269:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3145:
3140:
3131:
3122:
3117:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2721:Aerovias Guest
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2176:(January 2019)
2170:
2162:
2160:(October 2018)
2154:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2104:(January 2013)
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2079:
2077:(January 2008)
2071:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1978:(January 1995)
1972:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1903:(January 1989)
1897:
1896:
1895:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1862:Hindawi affair
1858:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1708:
1706:(January 1969)
1700:
1692:
1684:
1676:
1668:
1660:
1652:
1644:
1642:(October 1965)
1636:
1628:
1620:
1612:
1604:
1596:
1594:(October 1963)
1588:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1487:(October 1956)
1481:
1473:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1447:(January 1954)
1441:
1439:(October 1952)
1433:
1425:
1423:(January 1952)
1417:
1413:Ringway Dakota
1409:
1407:(October 1950)
1401:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1366:
1364:(October 1948)
1358:
1350:
1342:
1340:(January 1947)
1334:
1332:(January 1947)
1326:
1318:
1310:
1308:(October 1945)
1302:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1262:
1260:(October 1942)
1254:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1193:(October 1934)
1187:
1179:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1126:(October 1926)
1120:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1049:Airship N.S.11
1045:
1037:
1029:
1021:
1013:
1005:
996:
994:
990:
989:
987:
986:
984:(October 1899)
978:
974:Cecil Shadbolt
970:
961:
959:
953:
952:
949:
947:
946:
939:
932:
924:
917:
916:
901:
875:
850:
835:
810:
785:
760:
729:
714:
683:
668:
634:
595:
593:
590:
545:
542:
461:
458:
437:in Sweden via
430:
427:
345:
344:
341:
337:
336:
333:
329:
328:
325:
321:
320:
317:
313:
312:
309:
305:
304:
298:
294:
293:
287:
283:
282:
279:
275:
274:
264:
260:
259:
254:
250:
249:
239:
238:
234:
233:
230:
226:
225:
222:
218:
217:
214:
210:
209:
206:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
187:
183:
182:
176:
172:
171:
165:
161:
160:
157:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
110:
109:
108:First aircraft
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
51:
47:
46:
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3475:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3351:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3313:
3303:
3301:
3291:
3287:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:Stuart Davies
3250:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:disappearance
3151:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:disappearance
3137:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3115:disappearance
3114:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2971:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2841:Accidents and
2838:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2791:SAS Braathens
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:Air Greenland
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2680:Star Alliance
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2543:
2537:
2532:
2525:
2515:
2505:
2495:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2462:
2452:
2442:
2432:
2422:
2412:
2402:
2401:
2398:PBY Catalina
2389:
2379:
2369:
2359:
2349:
2339:
2329:
2319:
2309:
2299:
2289:
2279:
2269:
2268:disappearance
2267:
2255:
2244:
2231:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2189:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2152:(August 2015)
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2112:(August 2013)
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1946:(August 1993)
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1856:(August 1985)
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1832:(August 1981)
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1757:(August 1974)
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:(October 1957
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1380:(August 1949)
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:(August 1944)
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1252:(August 1942)
1251:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
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1196:
1192:
1188:
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1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1134:(August 1927)
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1118:(August 1926)
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:(August 1923)
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:(August 1918)
1034:
1030:
1027:(August 1913)
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:Charles Rolls
998:
997:
995:
991:
983:
982:Percy Pilcher
979:
975:
971:
967:
966:Thomas Harris
963:
962:
960:
954:
945:
940:
938:
933:
931:
926:
925:
922:
912:
905:
902:
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890:
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839:
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824:
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764:
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749:
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690:
688:
684:
679:
672:
669:
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639:
635:
630:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
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611:
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605:
603:
601:
597:
591:
589:
587:
582:
578:
574:
567:
562:
558:
556:
550:
544:Investigation
543:
541:
539:
533:
531:
527:
518:
513:
509:
507:
501:
494:
489:
485:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
459:
457:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
428:
426:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:serial number
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:Avro York C.1
361:(SAS) and an
360:
356:
352:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:
295:
291:
288:
286:Flight origin
284:
280:
276:
273:
268:
265:
261:
258:
257:Avro York C.1
255:
251:
245:
240:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181:, Netherlands
180:
177:
173:
169:
166:
164:Flight origin
162:
158:
156:
152:
149:
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
129:
126:
122:
116:
111:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
81:51.60; -0.453
55:
52:
48:
45:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
3257:Roy Chadwick
3236:Preservation
3149:
3142:
3135:
3126:
3112:
3089:
3084:G for George
3082:
3075:
3055:Super Trader
2894:(Milan 2001)
2850:
2826:Thai Airways
2796:SAS Commuter
2766:Estonian Air
2685:WOW Alliance
2615:Destinations
2472:Bukken Bruse
2471:
2399:
2387:
2265:
2187:
2128:(March 2014)
2085:(March 2008)
2069:(April 2007)
2053:(March 2005)
1954:(March 1994)
1930:(April 1990)
1864:(April 1986)
1773:(March 1977)
1741:(April 1974)
1690:(April 1968)
1682:(April 1968)
1602:(April 1965)
1503:(March 1957)
1495:(March 1957)
1415:(March 1951)
1399:(March 1950)
1353:
1348:(March 1948)
1300:(April 1945)
1284:(March 1944)
1102:(April 1924)
910:
904:
895:
860:
844:
838:
826:. Retrieved
813:
801:. Retrieved
788:
776:. Retrieved
763:
751:. Retrieved
745:
723:
717:
705:. Retrieved
698:
677:
671:
659:. Retrieved
628:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:RAF Northolt
551:
547:
534:
522:
517:Douglas DC-6
502:
498:
475:
463:
447:
443:Agnar Viking
442:
432:
418:RAF Northolt
416:in Malta to
402:RAF Northolt
400:to London's
390:Agnar Viking
389:
386:registration
383:
355:Douglas DC-6
350:
348:
301:RAF Northolt
278:Registration
190:RAF Northolt
155:Registration
138:Agnar Viking
137:
128:Douglas DC-6
18:
3030:Lancastrian
2601:SAS Connect
2144:(July 2015)
1962:(June 1994)
1938:(June 1990)
1880:(July 1988)
1872:(June 1988)
1848:(July 1983)
1840:(June 1982)
1824:(June 1981)
1789:(July 1979)
1749:(July 1974)
1733:(June 1972)
1698:(July 1968)
1666:(June 1967)
1658:(July 1966)
1650:(June 1966)
1626:(July 1965)
1618:(July 1965)
1610:(July 1965)
1479:(July 1956)
1455:(June 1954)
1356:(July 1948)
1276:(July 1943)
1209:(July 1936)
1177:(July 1930)
1142:(June 1929)
1078:(June 1921)
1051:(July 1919)
1043:(June 1919)
1009:Cecil Grace
1003:(July 1910)
976:(July 1892)
454:Edward Gent
406:99 Squadron
297:Destination
267:99 Squadron
186:Destination
79: /
35:4 July 1948
3382:Categories
3219:In fiction
3207:Shackleton
3150:Star Ariel
3136:Star Tiger
3040:Lincolnian
3014:Shackleton
2988:Manchester
2908:Facilities
2892:Flight 686
2886:Flight 347
2880:Flight 751
2874:Flight 901
2868:Flight 130
2862:Flight 933
2856:Flight 871
2400:Miss Macao
2266:Star Tiger
1994:(May 1995)
1986:(May 1995)
1816:(May 1981)
1714:(May 1969)
1586:(May 1962)
1511:(May 1957)
1268:(May 1943)
1266:RAF Hudson
1019:(May 1912)
968:(May 1824)
592:References
471:altimeters
384:The DC-6,
332:Fatalities
316:Passengers
221:Fatalities
205:Passengers
64:51°36′00″N
3231:Operators
3127:Star Dust
2993:Lancaster
2973:Lancaster
2843:incidents
2811:Snowflake
2776:Linjeflyg
2771:LAN Chile
2736:Braathens
2726:airBaltic
2668:Alliances
2654:EuroBonus
2582:SAS Group
911:The Times
896:The Times
845:The Times
724:The Times
678:The Times
629:The Times
530:tailplane
493:Avro York
460:Collision
398:Amsterdam
394:Stockholm
379:Middlesex
375:Northwood
340:Survivors
308:Occupants
229:Survivors
197:Occupants
67:0°27′11″W
54:Northwood
3300:Aviation
3129:accident
2701:Pre-1952
2606:SAS Link
2474:disaster
1893:template
1033:Maxstoke
828:17 April
803:17 April
778:17 April
753:11 April
707:17 April
661:17 April
414:RAF Luqa
290:RAF Luqa
263:Operator
175:Stopover
170:, Sweden
144:Operator
27:Accident
3348:Denmark
3286:Portals
3266:Related
3202:Lincoln
2998:Lincoln
2981:Bombers
2831:Widerøe
2816:Spanair
2801:Scanair
2694:History
2675:SkyTeam
2234: (
2232:in 1948
2188:current
482:Reading
480:, near
478:Woodley
429:Flights
408:, with
365:of the
292:, Malta
40:Summary
3372:Sweden
3360:Norway
3324:London
3224:Ashton
3101:Topics
3060:Ashton
3050:Trader
3007:Patrol
2900:(2007)
2888:(1994)
2870:(1972)
2756:Danair
2746:Cimber
2520:Dec 28
2500:Oct 20
2490:Oct 12
2437:Aug 31
2427:Aug 29
2407:Jul 21
2394:Jul 16
2364:Jun 17
2354:May 17
2344:May 12
2334:Apr 24
2324:Apr 21
2314:Apr 15
2294:Mar 12
2284:Mar 10
2260:Jan 30
2250:Jan 28
956:Before
862:Flight
700:Flight
526:rudder
515:A SAS
369:(RAF)
159:SE-BDA
3148:1949
3134:1948
3125:1947
3113:PA278
3111:1945
3091:PA474
3077:FM213
3045:Tudor
2631:Fleet
2510:Nov 8
2480:Oct 6
2467:Oct 2
2457:Sep 3
2447:Sep 2
2417:Aug 1
2384:Jul 4
2374:Jul 1
2304:Apr 5
2274:Mar 2
2264:BSAA
2094:2010s
2027:2000s
1912:1990s
1798:1980s
1723:1970s
1576:1960s
1389:1950s
1242:1940s
1159:1930s
1060:1920s
993:1910s
586:icing
373:over
281:MW248
3212:York
3035:York
2970:Avro
2236:1948
958:1910
830:2014
805:2014
780:2014
755:2011
709:2014
663:2014
528:and
491:RAF
396:via
349:The
324:Crew
253:Type
213:Crew
134:Name
124:Type
50:Site
32:Date
871:130
867:129
555:QFF
357:of
3384::
878:^
853:^
821:.
796:.
771:.
744:.
732:^
697:.
686:^
654:.
637:^
599:^
473:.
224:32
208:25
200:32
95:39
3288::
2962:e
2955:t
2948:v
2574:e
2567:t
2560:v
2238:)
2221:e
2214:t
2207:v
943:e
936:t
929:v
873:.
869:–
832:.
807:.
782:.
757:.
711:.
665:.
343:0
335:7
327:6
319:1
311:7
269:,
232:0
216:7
103:0
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
