1612:, pp. 181: 2 November 1950 Three Palestinian children shot, two fatally by IDF troops near Deir Ayyub in the Latrun salient. According to subsequent Arab legion reports, whose main points were confirmed by UN observers. Ali Muhammad Ali Alyyan (12) his sister Fakhriyeh Muhammad Ali Alyyan (10) and their cousin Khadijeh Abd al Fattah Muhammad Ali (8) all from Yalu village. Had gone to gather fire wood near the demarcation line, some 400 yd (370 m) inside the Jordanian territory. An Israeli patrol came upon them and Khadijeh began to run back to her village. The IDF patrol opened fire and wounded her superficially on the thigh. As the children’s father and uncle rushed to the scene they saw the patrol dragging the brother and sister away to a spot south of Deir Ayyub, in no mans land. The men looked on helplessly from a near by hill. “The two children were stood in a wadi bed and the soldiers opened fire at them. According to both witnesses only one man fired at them with a sten gun but none of the detachment attempted to interfere.
999:
decided on 31 August, by a majority vote, that Israel had violated the
Armistice Agreement by expelling villagers of Wadi Fukin across the demarcation line and decided that the villagers should be allowed to return to their homes. However, when the villagers returned to Wadi Fukin under the supervision of the United Nations observers on 6 September, they found most of their houses destroyed and were again compelled by the Israeli Army to return to Jordanian controlled territory. The United Nations Chairman of the Mixed Commission, Colonel Garrison B. Coverdale (US), pressed for a solution of this issue to be found in the Mixed Armistice Commission, in an amicable and UN spirit. After some hesitation, an adjustment in the Green Line was accepted and finally an agreement was reached whereby the Armistice line was changed to give back Wadi Fukin to the Jordanian authority who, in turn, agreed to transfer some uninhabited, but fertile territory south of Bethlehem to the Israeli authority.
1089:(HKJMAC) went into the area and counted over 100 families, nearly 1,000 members of the es-Sani tribe. Sheikh El Hajj Ibrahim informed the MAC that the es-Sani had been forced off their cultivated lands southeast of Beersheba, at El Sharia, to El Laqiya, north-east of Beersheba. On the new area at El Laqiya, for the next three years the es-Sani had made it productive to the extent that Israel then declared a quantity of their grain as surplus crop and demanded that it be sold to the Israeli government at a fixed price. The Military Governor of Beersheba, Lt. Colonel Hermann, informed Sheikh El Hajj Ibrahim that Israel was going to establish a settlement at El Laqiya and that his tribe would have to move to Tel Arad. Sheikh El Hajj Ibrahim had then led the es-Sani over the Jordan/Israel ceasefire land rather that move to the inferior land around Tel Arad.
1315:, p. 6: Ben-Gurion to aides "Before the founding of the State on the eve of its creation, our main interest was self defense. To a large extent, the creation of the state was an act of self defense...Many think that we're still at the same stage. But now the issue at hand is conquest, not self defense. As to setting the borders—it's an open ended matter. In the Bible as well as in our history there are all kinds of definitions of the country's borders, so there is no real limit. No border is absolute. If it's the desert-it could just as well be the other side. If it's the sea, it could also be across the sea. The world has always been this way. Only the terms have changed. If they should find a way of reaching other stars, well then, perhaps the whole earth will no longer suffice."
750:, reported that United Nations Observers recorded extensive looting of villages in Galilee by Israeli forces, which carried away goats, sheep and mules. This looting, United Nations Observers report, appeared to have been systematic as army trucks were used for transportation. The situation, states the report, created a new influx of refugees into Lebanon. Israeli forces, he stated, have occupied the area in Galilee formerly occupied by Kaukji's forces, and have crossed the Lebanese frontier. Bunche goes on to say "that Israeli forces now hold positions inside the south-east corner of Lebanon, involving some fifteen Lebanese villages which are occupied by small Israeli detachments".
688:, a former Egyptian air brigade commander, member of the Muslim Brotherhood and member of the Revolutionary Council. 250 Palestinian volunteers started training in March 1953 with further volunteers coming forward for training in May and December 1953. Part of the Border police personnel were attached to the Military Governor’s office and placed under ‘Abd-al-‘Azim al-Saharti to guard public installations in the Gaza strip.
38:
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affected areas. It was inevitable that thousands of people, in the course of this redrawing of demarcation lines, were cut off from the fields that were their livelihood, cut off from their only resources of water and from the meager pastures on which they used to graze their cattle. An estimated 15 villages were ceded to Israel and a further 15,000 Palestinian Arabs became refugees.
790:
invasion they were likely to strike us in the rear. I gathered all the Jewish
Mukhtars who had contact with Arabs in different villages, and asked to whisper in the ear of some Arabs that great Jewish reinforcements had arrived in Galilee and that it is going to burn all the villages of the Huleh. They should suggest to those Arabs, as a friend, to escape while there is still time.
1600:, pp. 180: August 1950 Four Israeli policemen rape a Palestinian “infiltrator”, Khadija Bint Suliman Hussein of the West Bank village of Qatana at the Agu Gosh police station where she was being held. She was caught picking fruit in a grove that her family owned. The four policemen were tried by an internal disciplinary board and each sentenced to 18 months in prison.
1287:, p. 186: "The major activities towards the end of the 1948 ethnic cleansing operation now focused on implementing Israel's anti-repatriation policy on two levels. The first level was national, introduced in August 1948 by an Israeli governmental decision to destroy all the evicted villages and transform them into new Jewish settlements or 'natural' forests."
842:. There they were let out and ordered to go to Jordan. The soldiers opened fire, aiming just above their heads, meaning to drive them from their homeland for good. However, Chacour's father and brothers managed to return three months later. The operation to achieve a Palestinian Arab free Israel/Lebanon border zone came to an end on 15 16 November, leaving
639:
prices between the two areas. In 1950, most of these complaints concerned the shooting by
Israelis of refugee civilians and livestock, said to have illegally crossed the demarcation lines. In the most serious case of this kind, Egypt complained that on the 7 and 14 October 1950, Israeli military forces shelled and machine-gunned the Arab villages of
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Commission should supervise their return and rehabilitation in a manner to be determined by the
Commission; (b) Holds that no action involving the transfer of persons across international frontiers, across armistice lines or within the demilitarized zone should be undertaken without prior decision of the Chairman of the Mixed Armistice Commission.
1263:, p. 536: "Excluding the Negev Beduoin, it is probable that the number of Arabs kicked out of, or persuaded to leave, the country in the border-clearing operations and in the internal anti-infiltration sweeps during 1948-1950 was around 20,000. If one includes expelled northern Negev Bedouin, the total may have been as high as 30,000-40,000."
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not only to
Palestinian refugees who had left Israeli territory but also to Palestinian Arabs who had remained in Israel but who had left their ordinary place of residence. One quarter of the Arab citizens of Israel are "internal refugees," who until 1948 resided in villages that were destroyed in the war.
1023:"(a) Decides that Arab civilians who have been removed from the demilitarized zone by the Government of Israel should be permitted to return forthwith to their homes and that the Mixed Armistice Commission should supervise their return and rehabilitation in a manner to be determined by the Commission; and
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In the first years of
Israeli independence building up the state security and power was seen by Ben-Gurion as more important than political and media-orientated matter. He believed that Israel had to understand that if it wished to stabilise its position and realize Zionist goals, it could do so only
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area of
Palestine during the period of the British Mandate and was driven from their homes for the first time when the Israeli forces had occupied Beersheba. The Bedouin had gone to settle in Auja al-Hafir and had been living there for more than two years. The Bedouin made representation to return to
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which dealt with the case of some 1,000 villagers whom Israel had expelled from Baqa al-Gharbiyye and forced across the border. Moshe Dayan commented that the United
Nations could compel Israel to take the refugees back, but if they did, "They would be sorry." The Consul felt that those words cast a
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informed the inhabitants that they must not employ the refugees, raise difficulties in housing them and refuse to accept their children into schools...The
Government would regard it favourably it they pressured them to leave the area. the inhabitants took the hint and acted accordingly and within
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After negotiations lasting days it was arranged for the es-Sani to return to Israel; although the
Israelis wanted the es-Sani transported inside Jordan to a point opposite and closer to Tel Arad which the Jordanians refused to do this and it was finally settled that the transfer would be made at the
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Additionally the IDF carried out operations, mainly in Jordanian-held territory and Egyptian-held territory. The early reprisal raids failed to achieve their objectives and managed to increase hatred for Israel amongst Arab countries and refugees. The disruptive and destabilizing nature of the raids
625:
The Registration of Residents ordinance of 1949 left unregistered Palestinian Arabs without legal status and vulnerable to deportation. The Abandoned Property law of 1950, where the moveable and immovable property belonging to the refugees was effectively appropriated by the state of Israel, applied
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Once the fighting phase of the 1948 Arab-Israeli war had ceased with a truce, the Israeli bureaucracy was faced with the task of ruling over dozens of severely disrupted Israeli Arab villages and towns, where thousands of displaced Palestinians had taken refuge. Since the Israeli state did not trust
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The IDF adopted a free fire policy which included patrols, ambushes, laying mines, setting booby traps and carrying out periodic search operations in Israeli Arab villages. The "free fire" policy in the period of 1949 to 1956 has been estimated to account for 2,700 to 5,000 Palestinian Arab deaths.
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area, proved a challenging one, largely due to the presence of more than 200,000 Palestinian Arab refugees in the Gaza area. The terms of the Armistice Agreement restricted Egypt's use and deployment of regular armed forces in the Gaza strip. The Egyptian government circumvented this restriction by
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who were living on a bare subsistence level from crossing lines beyond which they hoped to find fodder for their hungry sheep, or for scarce fuel. Additionally, occasional nightly clandestine smuggling occurred between Gaza and Hebron. The smuggling was largely motivated by the great discrepancy in
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The Sheikh's story of the court action was true. On 28 September 1952, under the heading, * 'Bedouin Tribe Moved/' the Israel press announced that "Tribesmen of the Kiderat El Sana Teljaha tribe were last week moved from their former homes at El Laqiya, east of the Beersheba-Hebron road, to a new
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Israeli forces attacked Jalbun village, with small arms, on the 5 December 1949, they then expelled the inhabitants from their village causing fatal casualties amongst the villagers. The Jordanian government strongly protested against unwarranted Israeli action and call on UN secretary General to
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and that a portion of the files are still sealed and a portion "yet to be opened". However their contents would be of interest to researchers of "population transfer" in Israel for this period as the index listing have intriguing titles such as: Expulsion of inhabitants; Transfer of Inhabitants;
926:
was then redrawn in blue ink on the southern map to give the impression that a movement in the Green line had been made. However, this replacement involved a considerable change of the lines, a change which could not be carried out without inflicting serious hardships upon the population and the
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To prevent future incidents caused by infiltration on the Egyptian ceasefire line and DMZ, the Mixed Armistice Commission finally decided that a system of mixed border patrols comprising officers and enlisted men from each side would decrease tension and lessen infiltration. Initially, the mixed
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being given to Jordanian control. On 15 July when the Israeli Army expelled the population of Wadi Fukin after the village had been transferred to the Israeli-occupied area under the terms of the Armistice Agreement concluded between Israel and the Jordan Kingdom. The Mixed Armistice Commission
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were served with an expulsion order (The Palestinians had been held in a confined area since 1948) and the first group of them were taken on trucks to the Gaza Strip. Majdal was then renamed Ashkelon by the Israelis in an ongoing process of de-Arabisation of the topography as described by Meron
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The long battle had weaken our forces and before us stood great duties of blocking the routes of invasion. We therefore looked for means which did not force us into employing force, in order to cause the tens of thousands of sulky Arab who remained in the Galilee to flee, for in case of an Arab
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to allow them to return to their village. Early in September 1953 the Supreme Court decided that the authorities had to answer to why the inhabitants were not allowed to return home. The result was devastating: on 16 September 1953 the Israeli air force and army in a joint operation bombed the
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During Operation Hiram in the upper Galilee, Israeli military commanders received the order: "Do all you can to immediately and quickly purge the conquered territories of all hostile elements in accordance with the orders issued. The residents should be helped to leave the areas that have been
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In the lake Huleh area, during 1951, Israel initiated a project to drain the marsh land to bring 15,000 acres (61 km) into cultivation. The project caused a conflict of interests between the Palestinian Arab villages in the area, consequently 800 inhabitants of the villages were forcibly
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Noting the complaint with regard to the evacuation of Arab residents from the demilitarized zone: (a) Decides that Arab civilians who have been removed from the demilitarized zone by the Government of Israel should be permitted to return forthwith to their homes and that the Mixed Armistice
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On 16 January 1949, an attempt to move the remaining Palestinian Arab inhabitants of Tarshiha to the neighbouring towns of Mi'ilya and Majd al Kurum was prevented by UN and Christian clerical intercession. Pressure from kibbutz and the military in the Galilee panhandle mounted to remove the
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in Palestine. United Nations observers found that thirteen Arabs, including women and children, had died during the exodus and bodies of several more had been found crushed by armoured vehicles. By 3 September, the number of expelled Arabs had reached 4,071. Most of them had lived in the
826:. On 13 November 1948 the inhabitants of Kafr Bir'im were instructed by the IDF to "temporarily" evacuate in expectation of an Arab counter-attack. Emmanuel Friedman, an intelligence officer of the 7th Brigade, explained the evacuation orders to the villagers. The order was issued by
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had been expelled and forced across the ceasefire line. The Mixed Armistice Commission decided, by majority vote, that Israel had violated the General Armistice Agreement by driving the civilians across the demarcation line into the territory of the Hashemite Jordan Kingdom.
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30 October 1956 When Israel attacked Egypt across the Sinai peninsula in co-ordination with an Anglo-French attack on Suez. The remainder of the Palestinians living in the DMZs were driven into Syria. The villages of Baqqara and Ghannama now lie as rubble and are empty.
1303:' as Zionism's ultimate objective did not end with the 1948 war. The politicians of the 'Right' primarily of the Revisionist Herut party, led by Menachem Begin, continued throughout 1949 and the early and mid 1950s to clamour publicly for the conquest of the West Bank.
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accepted the expelled civilian Palestinian Arabs from Majdal on humanitarian grounds as they would otherwise have been exposed to "torture and death". That however did not mean their voluntary movement. Furthermore, testimony of the expelled Arabs and reports of the
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for the period of June 1949 through December 1952, Jordan complained of 37 instances of expulsion of Arabs from Israel. For the period 1 January 1953 through to 15 October 1953, Jordan complained of 7 instances of expulsion of Arabs from Israel involving 41 people.
589:
Israeli security was conceptualized on two levels: general security and daily security. General security covered the threat of invasion while daily security aimed to secure Israeli territory from infiltration. This was achieved by three processes: the transfer of
869:
acting as their lawyer. On 31 July 1951 the Israeli courts recognised the rights of the villagers to their land and their right to return to it. The court said the land was not abandoned and therefore could not be placed under the custodian of enemy property.
622:, as well as the prime minister's consultant for Arab affairs and the commander-in-chief of military rule. In concert, the committee presided over three regional sub-committees (south, center and north), which dealt with the daily business of governance.
822:. Because the villages were located in an area within 5 km of to the Israel-Lebanon border, they were to be evacuated of their Palestinian Arab population. For security reasons, the Israeli forces wanted the villages populated primarily by
1872:, p. 33: On 15 August 1949; The US consul to Jerusalem had doubts about the value of the Israeli proposal to accept 100,000 refugees. In a letter to the Secretary of State Acheson, the consul, William Burdett, reported on a meeting of the
548:
on 1 August 1948 where the basic attitude of the Israeli government was that a solution must be sought, not through the return of the refugees to Israel, but through the resettlement of the Palestinian Arab refugee population in other states.
838:, originally a resident of Iqrit, relates in his autobiography how in the spring of 1949, the IDF rounded up all the men and older boys in the village (including his own father and three eldest brothers), and trucked them to the border with
1026:"(b) Holds that no action involving the transfer of persons across international frontiers, armistice lines or within the demilitarized zone should be under-taken without prior decision of the Chairman of the Mixed Armistice Commission..."
830:. The villagers of Kafr Bir'im initially sought protection in a nearby cave. Seeing the elderly, women and children living in the cave, the Minister of Police Bechor Sheetrit suggested that the villagers move further south to the town of
834:, where there were 400 abandoned houses, "until the military operations are over". Approximately 700 of the Kafr Bir'em villagers found accommodation within Israel, and the remaining 250 were encouraged to cross into Lebanon. Archbishop
124:
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in the Egyptian-controlled territory of the Gaza strip, killing seven civilians and the wounding twenty. Israel complained of infiltration incidents leading to the death of four Israeli settlers and the wounding of twenty others.
618:, it placed this entire population under a tight military regime supervised by the Central Committee for Arab Affairs. Established in 1954, the committee had representatives from the police and the domestic intelligence agency,
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659:) asked the Knesset permission for the 6,000 refugees of Nazareth to return to their surrounding villages; at the same time the IDF were conducting a sweep through the city of Nazareth, rounding up non-residents who the
1085:, Major Itzaq, inform the MAC that the Israelis had expelled ten families of the es-Sani tribe and that they were now situated inside the Jordan border south of Hebron. On 22 September Commander Hutchison USNR of the
544:. Ben-Gurion emphatically rejected the return of refugees in the Israeli Cabinet decision of June 1948. This position is reiterated in a letter to the UN of 2 August 1949 containing the text of a statement made by
2547:
1008:
notify the security council to take prompt and strict measures to return expelled Palestinians to their village, to hand back their looted belongings, and to compensate the villagers for all losses and damages.
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The Israeli government claimed that as an extension of the Arab-Israeli conflict, Arab countries were aiding and abetting infiltrators by using them as guerillas. Some historians consider this claim inaccurate.
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2,500 dunums (625 acres) were purchased. The purchase price was paid in Jordanian currency and the Palestinian Arabs were then transported to the ceasefire line with their luggage and from there transported to
2337:
1873:
1086:
717:
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In March 1949, as Iraqi forces withdrew from Palestine and handed over their positions to the smaller Jordanian legion, three Israeli brigades manoeuvred into threatening positions in Operation
497:. Many villages along the ceasefire lines and the Lebanon border area were leveled, and many emptied villages were resettled by new Jewish immigrants and demobilized Israeli military forces.
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site at Tel Arad. ... On 15 September, the High Court in Jerusalem issued an order 'nisi* against the Military Governor and the Ministry of Defence against the enforced move of the tribe."
212:
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1449:
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During anti-infiltration operations, Israeli forces committed atrocities including gang rape, murder and the dumping of 120 suspected infiltrators in the Avara desert without water.
753:
An example of the use of "rumours" is given where Glazer comments on the use of psychological warfare against civilians and quotes Nafez Nazzal's description of the Galilee exodus:
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area into the Jordanian controlled sector. Before the Palestinian Arabs were expelled they were severely maltreated, their homes destroyed, their cattle, sheep, belongings looted.
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patrols along the Egyptian demarcation line worked satisfactorily. The Egyptian Authorities maintained a policy of "incarcerating" the inhabitants of the Gaza strip until 1955.
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3. The right to settle Jews on all the land within their territory, with the right to develop the economy without having to take into account the rights of the previous owners.
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713:
From November 1948 through the summer of 1949 and the signing of the General Armistice Agreements, an additional 87 villages were occupied, 36 of which were emptied by force.
504:. During the consolidation period, Israel was more intent on gaining control of the demilitarized zones on the Syrian, Jordanian and Egyptian fronts than on its image abroad.
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161:
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207:
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From the signing of the General Armistice Agreements in 1949, Jordan and Egypt had complained on many occasions that Israel had been reducing the Arab population of the
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1668:, p. 63: Tom Segev notes that in the Israeli state archives there are scores of files with information concerning the Israeli Government's policy regarding the
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In 1954 Israel "evacuated" the Palestinian villages of Baqqara and Ghannama in the central sector of the Israel/Syria demilitarized zone the Chief of Staff of the
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1299:, p. 11: Zionist mainstream thought had always regarded the Jewish State from the Mediterranean sea to the Jordan River as its ultimate goal. The vision of '
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Ilan Pappé reports that the last gun-point expulsion occurred in 1953 where the residents of Umm al-Faraj were driven out and the village destroyed by the IDF. "
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were expelled across the Jordanian/Israeli ceasefire line as they had moved into Kfar Yassif from the surrounding villages during the period of fighting in 1948.
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According to the Jordanian minister of foreign affairs at the time, on 7 November 1949, Israeli forces expelled two thousand men, women, children from
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forming a Palestinian para-military police force, the Palestinian Border police, in December 1952. The Border police were placed under the command of
45:
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1081:(UNTSO) in some instances but had taken no steps to allow the return of the Arabs. On 17 September 1952, the senior Jordan Military Delegate to the
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and even Arab villagers across the ceasefire lines into the Egyptian Sinai and the Jordanian held West Bank. Israel had been condemned by the
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467:
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in Palestine to the Secretary-General on complaints concerning the observance of the General Armistice Agreement between Israel and Syria
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From 1949 to 1956, an estimated 90% of infiltration was motivated by social and economic concerns. It was naturally difficult to prevent
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put the Western plans for the defence of the Middle East in jeopardy, leading Western powers to apply pressure on Israeli to desist.
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from a position of strength, together with the accompanying risk of condemnation and confrontation with the international community.
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Concentration of Arab Residents; Complaints about Police treatment; Demolition of Arab Houses; and Acts against Civilians.
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478:. This period of the exodus was characterised predominantly by forced expulsion during the consolidation of the state of
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20 August 1950 Israeli authorities expelled into Egyptian territory all the Bedouin living in the demilitarized zone of
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The pejorative term 'infiltrator' was also applied to refugee non-residents who had not left Israel, as was the case in
318:
234:
219:
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2071:"S/1420: Telegram from Ruhi Abdul Hadi, Minister Foreign Affairs, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan to UN Secretary General"
1996:"S/1428: Telegram from Ruhi Abdul Hadi, Minister Foreign Affairs, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan to UN Secretary General"
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773:. They were not prepared to withstand the Jewish attack and decided to accept their neighbours advice and leave.
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During the Lausanne Peace Conference the US consul, William Burdett, reported on a meeting of the Jordan/Israel
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The Jewish National Fund under Yosef Weitz actively encouraged Palestinian Arab emigration. In the village of
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401:
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The Israeli government was of the view that the armistice agreements gave them three indisputable rights:
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Israel's Border Wars, 1949-1956; Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation and the Countdown to the Suez War
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area of the Northern West Bank in a secret agreement reached on 23 March 1949 and incorporated into the
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The expulsion at Wadi Fukin led to a change in the Green line where an exchange of fertile land in the
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in a form of coercive diplomacy. The operation allowed Israel to renegotiate the ceasefire line in the
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The Arab nations conversely also saw the General Armistice Agreements as conferring three rights:
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Letter dated 30 November 1954 Release of absentee or refugee accounts held in banks in Israel.
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The first legal action against the state of Israel was brought in 1951 by 5 men of Iqrit with
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to leave to Syria...The villagers heard how ruthless and cruel the Jews were to the people of
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1407:"'Pounding Their Feet': Israeli Military Culture as Reflected in Early IDF Combat History"
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which dealt with a case where 1,000 (UN estimates 1,500) Palestinian Arab inhabitants of
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village until it was completely destroyed. At the same time it was announced that 1,170
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1970:"Press Release PAL/537: 200 Displaced Arabs Return to Their Village Under UN Auspices"
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Security Council Resolution 100 of 27 October 1953 Suspension of Drainage/Water works
1275:, p. xviii-xx; key to map 3 giving 186 former Arab villages repopulated by Jews.
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Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement 1949-1993
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The method of planting false atrocity stories to engineer an exodus is borne out by
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2947:
2725:
2502:
2415:
747:
743:
615:
603:
490:
78:
29:
2557:
559:
2. The ceasefire line should be treated as an international border, pending full
3678:
2839:
2812:
2668:
2462:
943:
778:
766:
644:
483:
348:
2242:
The Politics of Partition; King Abdullah, The Zionists, and Palestine 1921-1951
2102:
Violent Truce: A Military Observer Looks at the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1951 1955
1019:
made a report in January 1955 to the United Nations where it was decided that:
556:
1. The ceasefire was binding on regular armies, irregular forces and civilians.
482:
and the growing tension along ceasefire lines that ultimately lead to the 1956
3465:
2386:
1422:
995:
895:
855:
676:
270:
675:
The problem of establishing and guarding the demarcation line separating the
602:; the resettlement of the areas cleared along the ceasefire lines, mainly by
3593:
2497:
2447:
1057:
1040:
991:
979:
580:
3. The Armistice Agreements did not cancel out the refugees right of return.
500:
Israel argued this was motivated by security considerations linked with the
265:
1768:"Refugees within Israel: The Case of the Villages of Kafr Bir`im and Iqrit"
725:
577:
2. The ceasefire lines were temporary and were not an international border.
493:, Israel displaced and expelled between 30,000 and 40,000 Palestinians and
2109:
1373:
762:
574:
1. The agreements were a truce and therefore did not end the state of war.
1074:
915:
799:
730:
652:
619:
607:
474:
from Israeli-controlled territory that occurred after the signing of the
2277:
655:. On 21 November 1949, the Arab member of the Knesset Mr. Amin Jarjura (
3672:
2663:
2618:
2593:
891:
879:
843:
811:
782:
494:
308:
1922:
1920:
1204:"S/1302/Rev.1: Hashemite Jordanian Kingdom Israel Armistice Agreement"
873:
In 1953 the (by now former) inhabitants of Kafr Bir'im pleaded to the
594:
away from the ceasefire lines to urban areas of concentration such as
2653:
2648:
2405:
2400:
887:
882:
of land belonging to the village had been expropriated by the state.
839:
479:
1783:
1721:
886:
Palestinian inhabitants of the area. On 5/6 June the inhabitants of
2688:
2658:
2603:
2492:
2482:
2424:
2381:
1450:"World Likud chief calls for cancellation of Nakba Day procession"
1339:
David Ben-Gurion, the State of Israel and the Arab world 1949-1956
1070:
960:
899:
803:
680:
656:
599:
595:
533:
391:
182:
177:
88:
1901:
Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948
847:
831:
823:
3346:
2747:
2319:
2281:
954:
On 17 August 1950 the remaining Palestinian Arab population of
785:
plans to force the exodus of the Palestinian Arabs of Galilee:
716:
According to statistics taken from the official records of the
1808:
Ref. given by Sabri Jiryis: "Kouetz 307 (27. Aug. 1953): 1419"
1643:. Report of Major General Vagn Bennike, Chief of Staff of the
1087:
Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan/Israel Mixed Armistice Commission
968:
clearly showed that the refugees had been forcibly expelled.
718:
Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan/Israel Mixed Armistice Commission
2056:. Report dated 6 January 1955 by the Chief of Staff of the
1099:
original point of crossing, on the Hebron-Beersheba road.
818:
forces during late October and early November 1948 after
1168:"UN Doc S/1264/Corr.1: Egypt Israel Armistice Agreement"
942:
In January/February 1949 approximately 700 people from
2126:
Karmi, Ghada; Cotran, Eugene, eds. (28 January 1999).
614:
its Israeli Arab citizens, seeing them as a potential
1877:
new light on the true value of the Israeli proposal.
3771:
3614:
3492:
3381:
3115:
2978:
2823:
2781:
2718:
2697:
2641:
2571:
2440:
2433:
2363:
1647:
in Palestine to the United Nations Security Council
2166:Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited
1847:a fortnight close to 8,500 refugees left the area.
1502:. United Nations. 20 February 1950. Archived from
1500:"S/1459: Report of the Mixed Armistice Commission"
1170:. United Nations. 23 February 1949. Archived from
1998:. United Nations. 6 December 1949. Archived from
1686:. United Nations. 6 November 1948. Archived from
1637:. United Nations. 27 October 1953. Archived from
516:, Israel began a process of nation-building; its
1684:"PAL/370: Report on Northern Palestine Fighting"
1188:. United Nations. 23 March 1949. Archived from
1224:. United Nations. 20 July 1949. Archived from
1206:. United Nations. 3 April 1949. Archived from
489:Between 1949 and 1950, according to historian
198:Politics of the Palestinian National Authority
3358:
2759:
2331:
2293:
2244:(Revised ed.). Oxford University Press.
2058:United Nations Truce Supervision Organization
2028:. United Nations. 18 May 1951. Archived from
1645:United Nations Truce Supervision Organization
1372:. United Nations. August 1948. Archived from
1079:United Nations Truce Supervision Organization
443:
8:
2168:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1186:"S/1296: Lebanon Israel Armistice Agreement"
1144:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
1238:
994:area to Israeli control and the village of
16:Continuation of the 1948 Palestinian exodus
3817:Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement
3365:
3351:
3343:
2766:
2752:
2744:
2437:
2338:
2324:
2316:
2300:
2286:
2278:
1222:"S/1353: Syria Israel Armistice Agreement"
450:
436:
20:
3527:UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242
3501:UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1119:Palestinian exodus from Kuwait (Gulf War)
1061:el-Auja under United Nations protection.
667:Arab countries anti-infiltration policies
2223:The Iron Wall; Israel and the Arab World
2026:"S/2157: Security Council Resolution 93"
1844:, p. 533: "The Military Government
1367:"IS/33: Statement made by Moshe Sharett"
894:were forced into trucks and dumped near
709:Continued displacement and dispossession
2864:Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon
1548:. Oxford University Press. p. 61.
1159:
862:(Muslims) within the 5–7 km zone.
563:recognition in a final peace agreement.
424:
361:
285:
101:
44:
28:
3809:Israel–Morocco normalization agreement
3799:Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement
2087:
2012:
1956:
1857:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1796:
1746:
1734:
1699:
1697:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1573:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1473:
1435:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1324:
1296:
1272:
1260:
1249:
761:were persuaded by neighbouring Jewish
1944:
1928:"Yearbook of the United Nations 1950"
1886:
1869:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1665:
1621:
1519:22 November 1949 p. 3 col 2 and col 4
1341:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 60.
1312:
1284:
1109:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
7:
3804:Israel–Sudan normalization agreement
3543:Israel–Syria disengagement agreement
3220:Southern Israel cross-border attacks
3132:Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel
3063:Iraqi missile attacks against Israel
610:; and operating a free fire policy.
3842:History of the Palestinian refugees
540:that he had previously held in the
286:Religion / religious sites
3794:Israel–UAE normalization agreement
3685:Beirut Summit and peace initiative
2538:Palestinian Popular Struggle Front
2073:. 19 November 1949. Archived from
1903:. University of California Press.
1874:Israel-Jordan armistice commission
14:
2185:The Ethnic cleansing of Palestine
2128:The Palestinian Exodus: 1948-1998
2050:. 11 January 1955. Archived from
1972:. 4 November 1949. Archived from
536:party ) attained the position of
3723:Agreement on Movement and Access
1706:"The Palestinian Exodus in 1948"
464:1949–1956 Palestinian expulsions
36:
3757:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
3751:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
3719:Israeli disengagement from Gaza
2924:Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114
2805:Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency
2563:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
3396:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence
3212:Palestinian militancy campaign
1065:es-Sani are returned to Israel
742:conquered." (31 October 1948,
520:were held on 25 January 1949.
228:Governorates of the Gaza Strip
1:
3484:American trusteeship proposal
2553:Popular Resistance Committees
686:‘Abd-al-Man’imi ‘Abd-al-Ra’uf
1772:Journal of Palestine Studies
1710:Journal of Palestine Studies
1411:Journal of Strategic Studies
1405:Vardi, Gil-li (April 2008).
746:) The UN's acting Mediator,
319:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
3081:Palestinian suicide attacks
1448:Stern, Yoav (19 May 2008).
920:General Armistice Agreement
466:were a continuation of the
3863:
3657:Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum
3645:Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement
3639:Israel–Jordan peace treaty
3571:Palestinian autonomy talks
2206:. Henry Holt and Company.
2149:. Oxford Clarendon Press.
1899:Benvenisti, Meron (2000).
1704:Glazer, Steven A. (1980).
1083:Mixed Armistice Commission
966:Mixed Armistice Commission
769:and the nearby village of
663:then termed infiltrators.
132:All-Palestine Protectorate
3567:Egypt–Israel peace treaty
3424:Faisal–Weizmann agreement
3342:
2743:
2458:al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
2315:
2187:. Oneworld Publications.
1656:Benny Morris (1993) p 176
1423:10.1080/01402390801940476
476:1949 ceasefire agreements
468:1948 expulsion and flight
240:Legislative Council (PLC)
3606:Israel–Lebanon agreement
3418:Anglo-French Declaration
3414:Declaration to the Seven
2987:Misgav Am hostage crisis
2204:1949; The first Israelis
1766:Ryan, Joseph L. (1973).
1012:evacuated from the DMZ.
538:Prime minister of Israel
526:Israel's first President
502:situation at the borders
154:National Authority (PNA)
3298:Israel–Palestine crisis
3149:Bringing Home the Goods
2488:Guardians of the Cedars
2104:. Devin-Adair Company.
2100:Hutchison, E H (1956).
1239:Karmi & Cotran 1999
1129:Arab citizens of Israel
1114:1967 Palestinian exodus
875:Supreme Court of Israel
867:Muhammad Nimr al-Hawari
518:first general elections
3715:Sharm El Sheikh Summit
3635:Gaza–Jericho Agreement
3517:Tripartite Declaration
3140:Ain es Saheb airstrike
3021:South Lebanon conflict
2164:Morris, Benny (2004).
2145:Morris, Benny (1993).
1544:Sayigh, Yezid (1999).
1337:Shalom, Zakai (2002).
1096:
792:
775:
679:from the Israeli-held
542:provisional government
512:Immediately after the
382:Costume and embroidery
324:Church of the Nativity
314:Cave of the Patriarchs
235:National Council (PNC)
220:Gaza Strip governance
3763:John Kerry Parameters
3436:Churchill White Paper
3402:Sykes–Picot Agreement
2958:Coastal Road massacre
2579:Arab Higher Committee
2468:Arab Liberation Front
2411:Palestinian Authority
2309:Arab–Israeli conflict
1379:on 11 September 2008.
1091:
787:
755:
514:1948 Arab–Israeli War
119:Arab Higher Committee
3745:Annapolis Conference
3739:UNSC Resolution 1701
3729:UNSC Resolution 1850
3711:UNSC Resolution 1583
3705:UNSC Resolution 1566
3701:UNSC Resolution 1559
3651:Wye River Memorandum
3507:Armistice agreements
3264:Gaza border protests
3186:Gaza–Israel conflict
2898:Lod Airport massacre
2731:United Arab Republic
2674:United Arab Emirates
2584:Arab Liberation Army
2240:Shlaim, Avi (2004).
2221:Shlaim, Avi (2000).
2183:Pappé, Ilan (2006).
1124:Palestinian refugees
932:Armistice Commission
426:List of Palestinians
334:Great Mosque of Gaza
125:Depopulated villages
3588:UNSC Resolution 497
3582:UNSC Resolution 478
3576:UNSC Resolution 452
3563:UNSC Resolution 446
3553:UNSC Resolution 425
3547:UNSC Resolution 350
3537:UNSC Resolution 339
3533:UNSC Resolution 338
3523:Khartoum Resolution
3511:Lausanne Conference
3460:Morrison–Grady Plan
3430:San Remo conference
3408:Balfour Declaration
3280:Gaza–Israel clashes
3272:Gaza–Israel clashes
3047:Mothers' Bus attack
2624:Revolutionary Cells
2202:Segev, Tom (1998).
1506:on 6 December 2013.
1134:1952 Beit Jala Raid
24:Part of a series on
3733:Quartet Principles
3667:Clinton Parameters
3557:Camp David Accords
2940:Savoy Hotel attack
2790:1948 Palestine war
2629:South Lebanon Army
2518:Muslim Brotherhood
2272:UN Doc A/A25/IS.86
1860:, p. 299, 312
1588:, pp. 412–416
1149:Transfer Committee
759:Ghuwayr Abu Shusha
3829:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3695:Geneva Initiative
3663:Camp David Summit
3623:Madrid Conference
3600:Reagan peace plan
3573:
3478:UN Partition Plan
3472:London Conference
3454:London Conference
3390:Damascus Protocol
3338:
3337:
3239:Pillar of Defense
2890:Sabena Flight 571
2856:Battle of Karameh
2775:Armed engagements
2739:
2738:
2637:
2636:
2609:Japanese Red Army
2364:Primary countries
2225:. Penguin Books.
2194:978-1-85168-467-0
2090:, p. 165–170
1934:on 23 March 2011.
1832:, p. 511–512
1635:"UN Doc S/PV.630"
1476:, p. 49, 412
1003:Northern District
936:Baqa al-Gharbiyye
858:(Christians) and
524:was installed as
472:Palestinian Arabs
460:
459:
162:political parties
142:Fedayeen militias
3854:
3847:Forced migration
3783:Trump peace plan
3775:
3569:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3344:
3329:
3326:Israel–Hamas war
3321:
3317:Shield and Arrow
3311:
3301:
3293:
3283:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3256:Wave of violence
3251:
3243:
3233:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3163:
3153:
3143:
3135:
3127:
3108:
3098:
3088:
3076:
3066:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3024:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2990:
2971:
2961:
2953:
2943:
2935:
2932:Ma'alot massacre
2927:
2919:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2867:
2859:
2851:
2848:War of Attrition
2843:
2835:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2797:Arab–Israeli War
2792:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2745:
2642:Other countries
2438:
2378:Egyptian Kingdom
2340:
2333:
2326:
2317:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2279:
2255:
2236:
2217:
2198:
2179:
2160:
2141:
2130:. Ithaca Press.
2114:
2113:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2032:on 22 May 2014.
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1930:. Archived from
1924:
1915:
1914:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1763:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1680:
1674:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1560:
1559:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1496:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1371:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1228:on 26 July 2011.
1218:
1212:
1211:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1192:on 26 July 2011.
1182:
1176:
1175:
1164:
814:were invaded by
794:The villages of
757:The villages of
696:Free fire policy
641:Abasan al-Kabira
530:David Ben-Gurion
452:
445:
438:
397:
329:Dome of the Rock
223:
65:
64:
40:
21:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3821:
3789:Abraham Accords
3773:
3767:
3610:
3592:1981–1982
3488:
3442:Peel Commission
3377:
3375:peace proposals
3371:
3334:
3324:
3314:
3304:
3296:
3286:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3236:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3192:
3184:
3176:
3166:
3156:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3124:Second Intifada
3122:
3111:
3104:Grapes of Wrath
3101:
3091:
3079:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2993:
2985:
2974:
2964:
2956:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2912:
2906:Munich massacre
2904:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2795:
2788:
2777:
2772:
2735:
2714:
2693:
2633:
2589:Black September
2567:
2508:Lebanese Forces
2429:
2425:Ba'athist Syria
2421:Syrian Republic
2366:and authorities
2365:
2359:
2358:
2344:
2311:
2306:
2262:
2252:
2239:
2233:
2220:
2214:
2201:
2195:
2182:
2176:
2163:
2157:
2144:
2138:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2077:on 22 May 2014.
2069:
2068:
2064:
2054:on 22 May 2014.
2048:"UN Doc S/3343"
2046:
2045:
2041:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
2002:on 22 May 2014.
1994:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1784:10.2307/2535631
1765:
1764:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1722:10.2307/2536126
1703:
1702:
1695:
1690:on 22 May 2014.
1682:
1681:
1677:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1641:on 1 June 2012.
1633:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1563:
1556:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1498:
1497:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1349:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1233:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1210:on 14 May 2011.
1202:
1201:
1197:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1174:on 25 May 2014.
1166:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1105:
1067:
1049:
1037:
1005:
988:
977:
952:
908:
854:(Circassians),
828:Bechor Sheetrit
820:Operation Hiram
739:
711:
698:
669:
632:
587:
510:
456:
395:
262:
244:
221:
167:
121:
60:
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3860:
3858:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3834:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3785:
3778:
3776:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3725:
3707:
3697:
3691:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3631:
3625:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3559:
3549:
3539:
3529:
3519:
3513:
3503:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3373:Diplomacy and
3372:
3370:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3347:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3322:
3312:
3302:
3294:
3284:
3276:
3268:
3260:
3252:
3244:
3234:
3229:Returning Echo
3224:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3182:
3174:
3164:
3154:
3144:
3136:
3128:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3099:
3094:Accountability
3089:
3077:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3043:
3039:First Intifada
3035:
3025:
3017:
3013:Bus 300 affair
3009:
3001:
2991:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2954:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2882:Yom Kippur War
2878:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2748:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2710:United Nations
2707:
2705:European Union
2701:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2679:United Kingdom
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2513:al-Mourabitoun
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2396:Ba'athist Iraq
2389:
2384:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2261:
2260:External links
2258:
2257:
2256:
2250:
2237:
2231:
2218:
2212:
2199:
2193:
2180:
2174:
2161:
2155:
2142:
2136:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2092:
2080:
2062:
2039:
2017:
2005:
1987:
1976:on 22 May 2014
1961:
1949:
1937:
1916:
1909:
1891:
1879:
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1801:
1789:
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1658:
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1626:
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1590:
1578:
1561:
1554:
1536:
1521:
1517:Jerusalem Post
1509:
1478:
1466:
1440:
1428:
1417:(2): 295–324.
1397:
1382:
1358:
1347:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1301:Greater Israel
1289:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1242:
1231:
1213:
1195:
1177:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1139:Qibya massacre
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1066:
1063:
1048:
1045:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1004:
1001:
987:
984:
976:
973:
951:
948:
907:
904:
898:just south of
846:(Christians),
738:
735:
710:
707:
697:
694:
668:
665:
661:Jerusalem Post
631:
628:
586:
583:
582:
581:
578:
575:
568:
567:
564:
557:
522:Chaim Weizmann
509:
506:
458:
457:
455:
454:
447:
440:
432:
429:
428:
422:
421:
420:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
389:
384:
379:
374:
366:
365:
359:
358:
357:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
288:
287:
283:
282:
281:
280:
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276:East Jerusalem
273:
268:
256:
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250:
243:
242:
237:
232:
231:
230:
217:
216:
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157:
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139:
129:
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115:
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105:
99:
98:
97:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
57:
49:
48:
42:
41:
33:
32:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3859:
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3632:
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3626:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3595:
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3568:
3564:
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3554:
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3508:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3473:
3470:1946–47
3469:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3437:
3433:
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3427:
3425:
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3415:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3368:
3363:
3361:
3356:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3307:Breaking Dawn
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3169:Autumn Clouds
3165:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2969:
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2911:
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2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2832:Samu incident
2829:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2764:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:Former states
2717:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:Transnational
2696:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:United States
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2599:Holy War Army
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:Army of Islam
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2434:Organizations
2432:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:Iraqi Kingdom
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2373:All-Palestine
2371:
2370:
2368:
2362:
2355:Organizations
2354:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2266:UN Doc S/3128
2264:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2251:0-19-829459-X
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2232:0-14-028870-8
2228:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2213:0-8050-5896-6
2209:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2175:0-521-00967-7
2171:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2156:0-19-829262-7
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2137:0-86372-244-X
2133:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1959:, p. 164
1958:
1953:
1950:
1947:, p. 220
1946:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1910:9780520928824
1906:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1820:, p. 510
1819:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1799:, p. 507
1798:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1749:, p. 509
1748:
1743:
1740:
1737:, p. 506
1736:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1716:(4): 96–118.
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1624:, p. 197
1623:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1555:0-19-829643-6
1551:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:1-902210-21-2
1344:
1340:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1178:
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1169:
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1160:
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1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
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1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1053:Auja al-Hafir
1046:
1044:
1042:
1034:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1002:
1000:
997:
993:
985:
983:
981:
974:
972:
969:
967:
962:
957:
949:
947:
945:
940:
937:
933:
928:
925:
921:
917:
913:
912:Shin-Tav-Shin
905:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
883:
881:
876:
871:
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
850:(Maronites),
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:Elias Chacour
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
791:
786:
784:
780:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
754:
751:
749:
745:
736:
734:
732:
727:
722:
719:
714:
708:
706:
702:
695:
693:
689:
687:
682:
678:
673:
666:
664:
662:
658:
654:
649:
646:
642:
637:
629:
627:
623:
621:
617:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
592:Israeli Arabs
584:
579:
576:
573:
572:
571:
565:
562:
558:
555:
554:
553:
550:
547:
546:Moshe Sharett
543:
539:
535:
532:(head of the
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
507:
505:
503:
498:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
453:
448:
446:
441:
439:
434:
433:
431:
430:
427:
423:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
394:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
368:
367:
364:
360:
355:
354:Rachel's Tomb
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
339:Joseph's Tomb
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
290:
289:
284:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
261:
258:
257:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
241:
238:
236:
233:
229:
226:
225:
224:
218:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
200:
199:
196:
194:
193:Islamic Jihad
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
155:
152:
150:
147:
143:
140:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
126:
123:
122:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
109:
108:
107:
104:
100:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
63:
58:
56:
53:
52:
51:
50:
47:
43:
39:
35:
34:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
3731: /
3721: /
3717: /
3713: /
3703: /
3687: /
3665: /
3637: /
3629:Oslo Accords
3574: /
3565: /
3555: /
3545: /
3535: /
3525: /
3509: /
3416: /
3316:
3306:
3288:
3238:
3228:
3194:
3168:
3159:Summer Rains
3158:
3148:
3103:
3093:
3083:(1993–2008;
3072:Bramble Bush
3071:
3029:
2995:
2966:
2948:
2914:
2872:
2726:Soviet Union
2416:Saudi Arabia
2241:
2222:
2203:
2184:
2165:
2146:
2127:
2120:Bibliography
2101:
2095:
2083:
2075:the original
2065:
2052:the original
2042:
2033:
2030:the original
2020:
2015:, p. 71
2008:
2000:the original
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1974:the original
1964:
1952:
1940:
1932:the original
1900:
1894:
1889:, p. 61
1882:
1865:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1804:
1792:
1778:(4): 55–81.
1775:
1771:
1742:
1730:
1713:
1709:
1688:the original
1678:
1669:
1661:
1652:
1639:the original
1629:
1617:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1576:, p. 83
1545:
1539:
1534:, p. 84
1512:
1504:the original
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1453:
1443:
1438:, p. 82
1431:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1395:, p. 57
1374:the original
1361:
1352:
1338:
1332:
1327:, p. 69
1320:
1308:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1256:
1245:
1234:
1226:the original
1216:
1208:the original
1198:
1190:the original
1180:
1172:the original
1162:
1097:
1092:
1068:
1050:
1038:
1029:
1014:
1010:
1006:
989:
978:
970:
959:Benvenisti.
953:
941:
929:
911:
909:
884:
872:
864:
793:
788:
776:
756:
752:
748:Ralph Bunche
744:Moshe Carmel
740:
723:
715:
712:
703:
699:
690:
674:
670:
650:
633:
630:Infiltration
624:
616:fifth column
612:
604:Mizrahi Jews
588:
569:
560:
551:
511:
499:
491:Benny Morris
488:
463:
461:
392:
294:Christianity
208:Governorates
170:
111:
46:Demographics
30:Palestinians
18:
3679:Taba Summit
3448:White Paper
3328:(2023–2024)
3258:(2015–2016)
3206:(2008–2009)
3198:(2007–2008)
3178:Lebanon War
3126:(2000–2005)
3041:(1987–1993)
3005:Lebanon War
2918:(1972–1979)
2866:(1968–1982)
2850:(1967–1970)
2840:Six-Day War
2813:Suez Crisis
2807:(1949–1956)
2799:(1948–1949)
2669:North Korea
2463:Arab League
2352:Authorities
2088:Morris 1993
2013:Shlaim 2000
1957:Morris 1993
1858:Shlaim 2004
1842:Morris 2004
1830:Morris 2004
1818:Morris 2004
1797:Morris 2004
1747:Morris 2004
1735:Morris 2004
1610:Morris 1993
1598:Morris 1993
1586:Morris 1993
1574:Shlaim 2000
1532:Shlaim 2000
1474:Morris 1993
1436:Shlaim 2000
1393:Shlaim 2000
1325:Shlaim 2000
1297:Morris 1993
1273:Morris 2004
1261:Morris 2004
1250:Morris 1993
1073:by driving
982:expulsion.
944:Kfar Yassif
808:Kafr Bir'im
779:Yigal Allon
771:Nasr ed Din
767:Deir Yassin
645:Beit Hanoun
484:Suez Crisis
402:Handicrafts
349:Nabi Samwil
55:Definitions
3836:Categories
3815:2022
3787:2020
3781:2019
3761:2016
3755:2013
3749:2010
3743:2007
3737:2006
3727:2006
3709:2005
3699:2004
3693:2003
3683:2002
3677:2001
3671:2000
3661:2000
3655:1999
3649:1998
3643:1995
3633:1994
3627:1993
3621:1991
3604:1983
3598:1982
3586:1981
3580:1980
3561:1979
3551:1978
3541:1974
3531:1973
3521:1967
3515:1950
3505:1949
3499:1948
3482:1948
3476:1947
3466:Bevin Plan
3464:1947
3458:1946
3452:1939
3446:1939
3440:1937
3434:1922
3428:1920
3422:1919
3412:1918
3406:1917
3400:1916
3394:1915
3388:1914
3382:Background
3289:Black Belt
3195:Hot Winter
3055:Tunis raid
3030:Wooden Leg
2387:Hamas Gaza
1945:Pappé 2006
1887:Segev 1998
1870:Segev 1998
1670:minorities
1666:Segev 1998
1622:Pappé 2006
1313:Segev 1998
1285:Pappé 2006
996:Wadi Fukin
986:Wadi Fukin
924:Green Line
796:al Mansura
677:Gaza Strip
508:Background
412:Literature
344:Lot's Tomb
271:Gaza Strip
137:Government
3615:1991–2016
3594:Fahd Plan
3493:1948–1983
3116:2000–2021
2979:1980–1999
2824:1960–1979
2782:1947–1959
2558:as-Sa'iqa
2498:Hezbollah
2448:Abu Nidal
2349:Countries
1155:Footnotes
1058:Beersheba
1041:Beersheba
1035:Beersheba
992:Bethlehem
980:Abu Ghosh
975:Abu Ghosh
266:West Bank
260:Palestine
62:Palestine
3689:Road map
3248:Gaza War
3204:Gaza War
2382:Republic
1103:See also
1075:Bedouins
916:Wadi Ara
906:Wadi Ara
880:hectares
852:Rihaniya
800:Tarbikha
763:Mukhtars
731:Tulkarem
653:Nazareth
636:refugees
608:moshavim
585:Security
407:Language
203:Enclaves
112:Previous
103:Politics
94:Diaspora
3774:present
3673:Isratin
3188:(2006–)
3134:(2001–)
2949:Entebbe
2915:Bayonet
2664:Morocco
2619:Palmach
2594:Haganah
2548:PFLP-GC
1980:28 June
1454:Haaretz
896:'Akbara
892:Qeitiya
860:Jurdiye
856:Mi'ilya
844:Fassuta
812:Galilee
783:Palmach
737:Galilee
561:de jure
495:Bedouin
396:(dance)
387:Cuisine
363:Culture
309:Al-Aqsa
304:Judaism
222:(Hamas)
171:Current
69:History
3320:(2023)
3310:(2022)
3300:(2021)
3292:(2019)
3282:(2019)
3274:(2018)
3266:(2018)
3250:(2014)
3242:(2012)
3232:(2012)
3222:(2011)
3214:(2010)
3180:(2006)
3172:(2006)
3162:(2006)
3152:(2006)
3142:(2003)
3107:(1996)
3097:(1993)
3075:(1992)
3065:(1991)
3057:(1988)
3049:(1988)
3033:(1985)
3023:(1985)
3015:(1984)
3007:(1982)
2999:(1981)
2989:(1980)
2970:(1978)
2967:Litani
2960:(1978)
2952:(1976)
2942:(1975)
2934:(1974)
2926:(1973)
2908:(1972)
2900:(1972)
2892:(1972)
2884:(1973)
2876:(1968)
2858:(1968)
2842:(1967)
2834:(1966)
2815:(1956)
2654:Kuwait
2649:France
2572:Former
2503:Kataeb
2441:Active
2406:Jordan
2401:Israel
2248:
2229:
2210:
2191:
2172:
2153:
2134:
2110:408684
2108:
1907:
1552:
1459:24 May
1345:
956:Majdal
950:Majdal
922:. The
888:Khisas
840:Jordan
726:Ar'ara
620:Shabak
528:, and
480:Israel
377:Cinema
213:Cities
84:Origin
79:People
3772:2019–
2996:Opera
2689:Yemen
2659:Libya
2604:Irgun
2493:Hamas
2483:Fatah
1377:(PDF)
1370:(PDF)
1071:Negeb
1047:Negev
1017:UNTSO
961:Egypt
900:Safad
804:Iqrit
681:Negev
657:Mapai
600:Haifa
596:Jaffa
534:Mapai
417:Music
393:Dabke
299:Islam
183:Hamas
178:Fatah
89:Nakba
3085:list
2873:Gift
2614:Lehi
2543:PFLP
2478:DFLP
2453:Amal
2423:and
2394:and
2380:and
2246:ISBN
2227:ISBN
2208:ISBN
2189:ISBN
2170:ISBN
2151:ISBN
2132:ISBN
2106:OCLC
1982:2017
1905:ISBN
1550:ISBN
1461:2024
1343:ISBN
890:and
848:Jish
832:Jish
824:Jews
806:and
643:and
598:and
462:The
248:Flag
188:PFLP
74:Name
2533:PLO
2528:PLF
2523:PIJ
1780:doi
1718:doi
1419:doi
816:IDF
810:in
781:'s
606:in
470:of
372:Art
253:Law
149:PLO
3838::
1919:^
1774:.
1770:.
1754:^
1712:.
1708:.
1696:^
1564:^
1524:^
1481:^
1452:.
1415:31
1413:.
1409:.
1385:^
1351:.
902:.
802:,
798:,
733:.
486:.
3366:e
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3352:v
3087:)
2767:e
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2753:v
2339:e
2332:t
2325:v
2301:e
2294:t
2287:v
2254:.
2235:.
2216:.
2197:.
2178:.
2159:.
2140:.
2112:.
1984:.
1913:.
1786:.
1782::
1776:2
1724:.
1720::
1714:9
1558:.
1463:.
1425:.
1421::
451:e
444:t
437:v
164:)
160:(
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