523:
Trade. Provisions of the agreement included a 37.5-hour work week, a base weekly pay raise of $ 2, and eight paid holidays, among other benefits. In addition, two people would be on delivery trucks if it is "operationally feasible" for the individual breweries. Following the agreement, it was submitted for a ratification vote by union members. However, on June 14 it was reported that union members had voted to reject the proposal, with one local reporting that 92% of voters were opposed. With this, union members elected to continue the strike for their original demands, which included an $ 8.50 weekly raise and the assurance of two men per truck. The Brewer Board of Trade did not immediately comment on the rejection, instead saying they would "study the significance of their rejection". Following the rejection, the brewers announced on June 15 that they would no longer be making any concessions to the strikers, who they alleged were solely responsible for the $ 40 million in lost sales they had experienced at that point due to the strike.
190:
334:), the main issue concerning the union members was that "there are too many injuries because the men are forced to move the machines too fast and to handle excessive weights without aid on delivery". O'Dwyer also claimed that 20 brewery workers had been killed on the job in New York City over the previous four years and that injuries and workplace hazards had increased. However, a representative of the brewers objected to these claims, arguing that the brewery workers had a good safety record. Additionally, he alleged that the $ 8.50 raise was unrealistic and that the union had not submitted a counterproposal to the Brewers Board's $ 2 per week raise counteroffer.
369:
484:
agreement. Several days later on April 14, the New Jersey brewers reneged on their decision and began to ship beer into the city. It's estimated that on that day, 10,000 barrels of beer were shipped into the city, over three times the average amount. That night, strikers held a rally at St. Nicholas Arena where they announced that the strike would continue as the union rejected the brewers' $ 3 weekly raise proposal. Additionally, it was announced that 400 members of the
492:, would also begin a work stoppage against the 13 breweries. On April 16, the Edelbrew Brewery in Brooklyn announced that they had come to an agreement with the 250 workers at that plant, reducing the number of brewers involved in the strike to 12. The agreement reached with the company included the two person per truck rule and a 35-hour week. The following day, Metropolis Brewery became the third brewery to sign a back-to-work agreement with their workers.
455:(described by the union as New York brewers' "largest competitor") to deliver beer into New York City. However, brewers from New Jersey withheld shipping their beer to New York City, claiming fears of possible violence or strike action if they did. Several days later, the Brewery Workers Union offered to provide escorts for the New Jersey delivery drivers and alleged that the brewers' decision to not ship beer into the city was part of a national
391:). Several strikers also picketed at the Edelbrew Brewery and the George Ehret Brewery. Representatives of both Liebmann and Edelbrew announced they would not be shipping out their products that day, and police were informed to be alert for any disturbances at the city's breweries. In total, production at all 14 breweries was shut down. That same day, approximately 3,000 brewery workers in nearby
172:, was soon shipped in as the strike continued for several weeks. During the strike, three of the breweries resumed production after agreeing to independent deals with their workers, while the Brewery Workers Union was joined by two other local unions. On June 21, the strike ended with the workers and companies agreeing to a new labor contract that addressed many of the workers' concerns.
560:
and the company's
Brooklyn brewery was shut down in 1955. By 1952, only four breweries remained in New York City. As late as 1960, however, approximately 10% of all beer produced in the United States was still being made in New York City. By 1976 though, both Schaefer and Liebmann (the last two breweries in Brooklyn) closed their remaining facilities.
308:
sides could not agree to the provisions of the contract. In particular, union officials were pushing for an $ 8.50 weekly raise to the base $ 71 weekly pay. Workers also wanted a five-hour reduction to their 40-hour work weeks, the addition of an extra man on delivery trucks operated by only one person, and a
443:. As part of the agreement, Ebling agreed to the 35 hour work week and the two workers per truck rule and further agreed to incorporate any further agreements made between the union and board. A news article published after the agreement stated that 6,750 brewery workers in the city remained on strike.
539:
The strike had an immediate impact on the brewing industry in New York City. In terms of direct financial damage, it is estimated that the strike caused $ 75 million loss in gross sales for the local companies. Additionally, the lack of local beer during the months of May and June (when, usually, New
517:
reported that brewery workers on strike accounted for nearly half of the increase in the number of people in the city applying for unemployment benefits. The strike at this point had been ongoing for 8 weeks, the required waiting period for striking workers to file for unemployment. However, by June
160:
and the
Brewers Board of Trade (which collectively represented 14 city-based brewing companies) expired without a replacement. The primary issue was over the number of workers on board delivery trucks, with the union wanting two workers per truck as opposed to the companies' standard one person per
559:
One New York City-based brewery that was especially hurt by the strike was
Trommer's. During the strike, the company's unique strain of yeast died, and afterwards, the company started using a new strain, which fans of the brand said changed the flavor. By 1951, the company had been sold to Piel's,
522:
aimed at settling small disagreements. Among the settlements, the brewers announced that the two people per truck rule would be adopted at all breweries. Despite this, talks continued on through the week. However, by June 11, a tentative agreement had been made between CIO and the
Brewers Board of
499:
at the company. By this time, the AFL's
International Union of Operating Engineers (IUOE) had joined the Brewery Workers and IAM in striking against the 11 breweries. The following day, Liebmann announced they would also be closing, affecting a similar number of clerical workers as at Schaefer. In
483:
On April 9, it was reported that over 200 bars were empty of beer, with restaurant leaders in the city claiming that up to 40% of establishments could be without beer by the middle of that week. On April 11 and 12, the union and brewers met again with
Federal mediators and again could not reach an
512:
On May 23, the New Jersey brewers came to an agreement on a new labor contract with the brewery workers in that state. As part of the agreement, the workers received a wage increase that would be retroactive from April 1, while working hours, holidays, and bargaining rights remained the same. The
409:
could be expected in New York City within 10 days. Union officials argued that this number was closer to a week, while company representatives claimed it would be two weeks before a shortage. That same day, the New Jersey
Brewers Association, during negotiations with the New Jersey union (Bottled
307:
The contract between the union and companies was set to expire at midnight on March 31 of that year, and in the month leading up to that, representatives from both sides met in several rounds of negotiations to discuss the contents of a new deal. However, these talks were bogged down, as the two
526:
In the days after the rejection, union and company officials again continued to meet in negotiations, and a new agreement was drafted that was submitted by vote to the union members. On June 21, with over 90% voting in favor, the union announced an end to the strike. The terms of the agreement
345:
to request approval from the union's international officials to call a strike after the contract expired. Following this, a vote to approve strike action was held in a closed meeting on March 31. As the expiration date loomed, company and union officials continued to meet and discuss contract
175:
The strike had an immediate economic impact on the New York City-based breweries, costing the companies approximately $ 75 million in gross sales. The strike and subsequent lack of local beer also allowed other
American brands to gain a foothold in the New York City market, and local brewers
429:
for the 7 local unions in New York voted to allow beer distribution in the city only if there were two people on each truck, that their work weeks consisted of 35 hours, and that they weren't transporting beer from any of the breweries affected by the strike. On April 4, union and company
2215:
434:
as part of negotiations overseen by the
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Services. While the negotiations did not lead to an agreement between the Board of Trade and the union, a separate agreement was made the following day with 200 unionized workers at the
225:
248:, worked for 14 major brewing companies in the city and were collectively part of a labor contract between the union and the Brewers Board of Trade, of which the brewing companies were members. These companies included the 10 following breweries:
527:
maintained the $ 2 weekly raise and 37.5-hour workweek, but broadened the scope of the two men per truck rule to include approximately 96% of all delivery trucks. Additionally, the workers were guaranteed a pension plan and, according to the
513:
next day, the New York City brewery workers rejected an offer that was similar to the New Jersey deal, which would have seen hourly wage increases of between $ 0.35 to $ 0.40, a $ 175 bonus, a 40-hour week, and other benefits. On June 2, the
410:
Beer
Drivers and Beer Bottlers Local 843) agreed to grant them the same terms as any agreement reached between the New York City union and brewers association. As a result, strike action in New Jersey was postponed.
467:
practices, which the brewers denied. Around this same time, strikers were involved in an altercation in Brooklyn during a picket when they attempted to prevent the unloading of beer shipped into the city from
350:
session which still failed to achieve a new deal. The strike action would be the second in 5 months for the New York City brewers, as the union led a 29-day strike in October and November 1948 after several
399:(AFL), were also threatening strike action after their contract had expired the same day, similarly without a replacement agreement between them and five major breweries in the state. On April 2, the
556:
overtook New York as the leading beer-producing state in the country. In an effort to compete against these new brands, many of the local companies significantly increased their advertising budget.
451:
Federal discussions resumed on April 6. On April 7, Brewery Workers officials announced that they would cease picketing at the Holland Tunnel and George Washington Bridge and allow trucks from the
1096:
909:
866:
355:
were suspended and fired for not meeting company-imposed delivery schedules. As no deal had been reached by the current deal's expiration, the strike commenced at 2:05 a.m. on April 1, 1949.
347:
749:
2137:
176:
increased their advertising to stay competitive. By 1952, there were only 4 local breweries left in the city, which at one time was one of the major brewing center of the United States.
495:
On April 26, Schaefer announced that, due to the strike, they would be temporarily closing all their buildings for the duration of the work stoppage. This move affected about 100
531:, "the maximum union security allowed under the law". With the agreement in place, workers returned to the breweries the following day, with beer shipments resuming on June 23.
2000:
387:
commenced on the first day of the strike, with approximately 50 strikers picketing outside Schaefer's plant and an equal number at the Liebmann brewery (the producers of
1880:
164:
The strike saw production at the New York City-based breweries immediately halted, and a beer shortage in the city soon began. Beer from outside the city, including
2195:
2103:
1616:
2205:
2200:
224:
and S. Liebmann & Sons) both annually produced over 2 million barrels of beer. In 1949, approximately 7,000 brewery workers in the city were members of the
189:
2059:
2180:
2033:
1114:
927:
884:
2220:
2190:
421:
talked to beer truck delivery drivers coming into the city from New Jersey and convinced them to turn around, honoring their strike. That same day,
767:
485:
2155:
452:
292:
1966:
1433:
603:
518:
4, it was reported that a deal was close to being reached between company and union representatives, with a meeting held that night at the
233:
373:
221:
368:
504:
with pay. In addition to the IUOE, another AFL union, the Firemen and Oilers Union Local 56, would also join the strike by its end.
540:
York City-based breweries would produce approximately 31,000,000 US gallons (120,000,000 L) of beer) allowed brewers from the
1990:
460:
2210:
2185:
317:
296:
1898:
161:
truck. Additional issues regarded higher wages and reduced working hours for the union members, among other minor issues.
2121:
1634:
396:
2077:
489:
341:
sometime after April 1 if a contract were not agreed to by then. Additionally, on March 27, union members voted by
346:
proposals, and immediately prior to the contract's expiration, the two parties had been engaged in a 12-hour long
750:"STRIKE THREATENS CITY BEER INDUSTRY; 7 Brewery Locals Plan Vote Sunday on Walkout Sometime After First of April"
209:
469:
418:
2023:
1097:"BREWERY WORKERS ORDERED TO STRIKE; 7,000 in City Area Affected as CIO Union Takes Action When Contract Ends"
595:
436:
255:
198:
910:"ANOTHER BREWER YIELDS TO UNION; Metropolis Signs Contract and Rumor Has Two More in Talks With Strikers"
867:"ONE BREWERY SIGNS STRIKE SETTLEMENT; 250 Workers at Edelbrew Plant in Brooklyn to Go Back to Work Today"
157:
2028:
1995:
519:
236:. According to a union representative, the workers represented included all levels of workers except
328:
241:
2142:
2108:
2064:
1885:
1621:
1101:
914:
871:
754:
331:
2147:
2113:
2069:
1962:
1890:
1626:
1429:
1106:
919:
876:
759:
599:
496:
477:
299:, and West End were a part of this board. Many of these companies were located in Brooklyn.
47:
1415:
472:. Along with Pennsylvania, some bars in the city were shipping in beer from areas such as
426:
352:
118:
324:
2216:
International Union of United Brewery, Flour, Cereal, Soft Drink and Distillery Workers
1938:
1925:
1866:
1853:
1834:
1821:
1802:
1789:
1770:
1757:
1738:
1725:
1706:
1693:
1674:
1661:
1602:
1589:
1570:
1557:
1535:
1522:
1503:
1490:
1471:
1458:
1398:
1385:
1363:
1350:
1328:
1315:
1291:
1278:
1256:
1243:
1224:
1211:
1192:
1179:
1157:
1144:
1082:
1069:
1047:
1034:
1008:
995:
976:
963:
849:
836:
812:
799:
728:
715:
685:
672:
644:
631:
585:
459:
ploy on the part of the brewing companies. O'Dwyer even went so far as to call out the
414:
401:
388:
288:
208:
historically was a major center of beer production in the United States. In 1898, the
2174:
745:
456:
338:
205:
149:
84:
43:
220:, and during their height, two of the largest Brooklyn-based brewing companies (the
1972:
1439:
609:
545:
464:
422:
313:
309:
141:
1956:
1419:
589:
473:
342:
245:
229:
153:
1848:
1656:
1584:
1552:
1517:
1485:
1425:
1345:
1310:
1238:
1206:
1064:
958:
710:
667:
392:
269:
165:
2151:
2117:
2073:
1920:
1894:
1816:
1784:
1752:
1720:
1688:
1630:
1453:
1380:
1273:
1174:
1139:
1110:
1029:
990:
923:
880:
831:
794:
763:
626:
553:
549:
440:
431:
384:
217:
194:
152:. The strike began on April 1 of that year after a labor contract between 7
79:
2138:"BREWERY TALKS RESUMED; Prospects for Settlement on Strike Held Brighter"
501:
406:
377:
237:
213:
541:
321:
169:
145:
101:
Other national brewers gain a foothold in the New York City market
1421:
Beer of Broadway Fame: The Piel Family and Their Brooklyn Brewery
337:
On March 25, union members voted on whether or not to perform a
228:(also simply known as the Brewery Workers Union), an affiliate
1991:"Past and Present: Trommer's Evergreen Brewery and Restaurant"
711:"Beer Drought Seen in 10 Days As Strike Shuts 14 Breweries"
226:
United Brewery, Flour, Cereal and Soft Drink Workers Union
2024:"Labor Strikes -- Five Historic Brooklyn Labor Disputes"
1961:. New York City: Algora Publishing. pp. 140–141.
1585:"Beer Settlement In N. J. May Solve New York Walkout"
1030:"Brewery Strikers Turn Back Drivers Of Jersey Trucks"
193:
Image from an 1897 book showing several breweries in
1381:"N. J. Beer Trucks Roll Toward Boro To Ease Drought"
107:
92:
73:
55:
38:
28:
23:
1239:"Beer Strikers Allow N. J. Brew To Flow Into City"
287:Additionally, four distributors for the companies
244:. These union members, organized into 7 different
991:"Dinner Tendered Paul O'Dwyer by Brewery Workers"
627:"Conciliators Try Again Today to End Beer Strike"
61:Addition of another worker on all delivery trucks
584:Hindy, Stephen (2012). "Brooklyn, New York". In
959:"7,000 Brewery Workers Strike; Plants Picketed"
544:to gain a foothold in the city. Brands such as
1817:"Beer Workers Reject Contract, Stay on Strike"
1274:"Cab Tieup Ends As Beer Strike Brings Drought"
668:"Brewery Drivers Vote Today on Second Walkout"
34:(2 months, 2 weeks and 6 days)
8:
1785:"END OF BEER STRIKE NEAR AS PACT IS REACHED"
1311:"U. S. Seeks to Settle 9-Day Brewery Strike"
1175:"90% OF TAXIS ROLL AS STRIKE COLLAPSE NEARS"
312:. Additional points of contention concerned
98:Union and companies agree to compromise deal
1958:Brewing Battles: A History of American Beer
20:
1881:"BEER STRIKE TACKLED IN NEW NEGOTIATIONS"
1553:"Unions Vote on Pact, Beer Ready to Flow"
1346:"Brewers Deny Union's Charge of Monopoly"
2060:"In Brooklyn, a Ghost of Breweries Past"
367:
188:
2058:Gill, John Freeman (October 30, 2020).
2022:Eldredge, Barbara (September 7, 2015).
832:"200 Strikers Return At Ebling Brewery"
569:
486:International Association of Machinists
2196:April 1949 events in the United States
2104:"CIO GROUPS PLEDGE BREWERY STRIKE AID"
2053:
2051:
1984:
1982:
1950:
1948:
1617:"BEER UNION REJECTS JERSEY WAGE SCALE"
1547:
1545:
1410:
1408:
1375:
1373:
1340:
1338:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1268:
1266:
1169:
1167:
1134:
1132:
500:both cases, the clerical workers were
453:P. Ballantine and Sons Brewing Company
413:On April 3, strikers stationed at the
2206:June 1949 events in the United States
2003:from the original on February 7, 2021
1989:Spellen, Suzanne (January 10, 2014).
1689:"Jobless Roles Set New High for Year"
1059:
1057:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
904:
902:
861:
859:
795:"Beer Pumps Primed For Flow Tomorrow"
789:
787:
785:
579:
577:
575:
573:
7:
2201:May 1949 events in the United States
1753:"Beer Strike Talks To Last All Week"
826:
824:
822:
740:
738:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
621:
619:
374:F. & M. Schaefer Brewing Company
234:Congress of Industrial Organizations
222:F. & M. Schaefer Brewing Company
1518:"Schaefer Closes In Brewery Strike"
1065:"Threat of Strike Spurs Beer Talks"
2181:1940s strikes in the United States
1721:"Expect Settlement Of Beer Strike"
1207:"BEER STRIKE PARLEY RESUMES TODAY"
14:
2036:from the original on June 7, 2021
1140:"Second Brewery Closes in Strike"
138:1949 New York City brewery strike
24:1949 New York City brewery strike
1657:"Strikers Reject Brewers' Offer"
1454:"Beer Strikers Reject $ 3 Raise"
461:United States Brewers Foundation
2221:Labor disputes in New York City
2191:1949 labor disputes and strikes
1849:"Brewers Give Up Peace Efforts"
1793:. June 12, 1949. pp. 1, 47
1486:"Boro Brewery Signs With Union"
1183:. April 8, 1949. pp. 1, 19
1038:. April 3, 1949. pp. 1, 37
999:. December 21, 1949. p. 30
552:became popular, and that year,
144:involving approximately 7,000
1:
967:. April 1, 1949. pp. 1–2
447:Out-of-state deliveries begin
1389:. April 14, 1949. p. 19
1148:. April 27, 1949. p. 12
591:The Oxford Companion to Beer
397:American Federation of Labor
1526:. April 26, 1949. p. 3
1494:. April 16, 1949. p. 1
1462:. April 15, 1949. p. 7
1354:. April 12, 1949. p. 2
1319:. April 11, 1949. p. 1
1073:. March 28, 1949. p. 2
676:. March 25, 1949. p. 3
2237:
1929:. June 23, 1949. p. 1
1857:. June 15, 1949. p. 3
1825:. June 14, 1949. p. 2
1593:. May 23, 1949. p. 11
1561:. June 13, 1949. p. 1
1282:. April 9, 1949. p. 1
1247:. April 7, 1949. p. 1
1215:. April 6, 1949. p. 2
840:. April 5, 1949. p. 1
803:. June 22, 1949. p. 3
719:. April 2, 1949. p. 1
635:. April 4, 1949. p. 7
490:national independent union
1761:. June 5, 1949. p. 5
1729:. June 4, 1949. p. 1
1697:. June 2, 1949. p. 3
1665:. May 24, 1949. p. 1
112:
470:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
419:George Washington Bridge
185:Brewing in New York City
1955:Mittelman, Amy (2008).
596:Oxford University Press
430:representatives met in
303:Labor contract disputes
201:is shown in the middle.
32:April 1 – June 21, 1949
437:Ebling Brewing Company
395:, organized under the
381:
202:
199:Ebling Brewing Company
125:Brewers Board of Trade
2211:Beer in New York City
2186:1949 in New York City
405:reported that a beer
371:
320:. According to union
274:Rubsam & Horrmann
192:
158:Brewery Workers Union
16:American labor strike
2029:Brownstoner Magazine
1996:Brownstoner Magazine
1424:. Albany, New York:
598:. pp. 183–185.
359:Course of the strike
242:white-collar workers
1921:"THIS DROUGHT ENDS"
463:and accuse them of
329:New York City Mayor
2143:The New York Times
2109:The New York Times
2065:The New York Times
1886:The New York Times
1622:The New York Times
1102:The New York Times
918:. April 17, 1949.
915:The New York Times
875:. April 16, 1949.
872:The New York Times
755:The New York Times
748:(March 25, 1949).
382:
203:
1968:978-0-87586-574-4
1889:. June 20, 1949.
1435:978-1-4384-6140-3
1105:. April 1, 1949.
605:978-0-19-991210-0
508:Agreement reached
364:Initial picketing
348:Federal mediation
327:(brother to then-
134:
133:
130:
129:
2228:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2154:. Archived from
2146:. June 3, 1949.
2133:
2131:
2129:
2120:. Archived from
2112:. May 10, 1949.
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2076:. Archived from
2055:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1897:. Archived from
1877:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1633:. Archived from
1625:. May 24, 1949.
1613:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1416:McCoy, Alfred W.
1412:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1307:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1270:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1113:. Archived from
1093:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1061:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1026:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1004:
987:
981:
980:
974:
972:
955:
940:
939:
937:
935:
926:. Archived from
906:
897:
896:
894:
892:
883:. Archived from
863:
854:
853:
847:
845:
828:
817:
816:
810:
808:
791:
780:
779:
777:
775:
766:. Archived from
742:
733:
732:
726:
724:
707:
690:
689:
683:
681:
664:
649:
648:
642:
640:
623:
614:
613:
581:
497:clerical workers
478:upstate New York
427:executive boards
353:delivery drivers
318:workplace safety
114:
113:
67:Shorter workweek
21:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2171:
2170:
2161:
2159:
2158:on June 7, 2021
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2124:on June 7, 2021
2102:
2099:
2097:Further reading
2094:
2093:
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2081:
2080:on May 11, 2021
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2021:
2020:
2016:
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1988:
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1969:
1954:
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1930:
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1901:on June 7, 2021
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1428:. p. 248.
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1117:on June 7, 2021
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586:Oliver, Garrett
583:
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571:
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520:Commodore Hotel
510:
449:
366:
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332:William O'Dwyer
305:
216:was home to 48
187:
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126:
121:
119:Brewery Workers
64:Increased wages
51:
50:, United States
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2014:
1978:
1967:
1944:
1939:Newspapers.com
1926:Brooklyn Eagle
1912:
1872:
1867:Newspapers.com
1854:Brooklyn Eagle
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1835:Newspapers.com
1822:Brooklyn Eagle
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1803:Newspapers.com
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850:Newspapers.com
837:Brooklyn Eagle
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813:Newspapers.com
800:Brooklyn Eagle
781:
746:Levey, Stanley
734:
729:Newspapers.com
716:Brooklyn Eagle
691:
686:Newspapers.com
673:Brooklyn Eagle
650:
645:Newspapers.com
632:Brooklyn Eagle
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568:
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533:
529:Brooklyn Eagle
515:Brooklyn Eagle
509:
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448:
445:
415:Holland Tunnel
402:Brooklyn Eagle
389:Rheingold Beer
372:Plant for the
365:
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289:Anheuser-Busch
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457:union busting
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423:shop stewards
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339:strike action
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150:New York City
148:workers from
147:
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44:New York City
41:
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31:
27:
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2156:the original
2141:
2126:. Retrieved
2122:the original
2107:
2082:. Retrieved
2078:the original
2063:
2038:. Retrieved
2027:
2017:
2005:. Retrieved
1994:
1973:Google Books
1971:– via
1957:
1937:– via
1931:. Retrieved
1924:
1915:
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1899:the original
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1440:Google Books
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1321:. Retrieved
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1191:– via
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1143:
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1115:the original
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928:the original
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768:the original
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671:
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637:. Retrieved
630:
610:Google Books
608:– via
590:
558:
538:
528:
525:
514:
511:
494:
482:
465:monopolistic
450:
412:
400:
383:
336:
325:Paul O'Dwyer
314:job security
310:pension plan
306:
286:
246:local unions
204:
174:
163:
154:local unions
142:labor strike
137:
135:
18:
474:Connecticut
343:acclamation
93:Resulted in
2175:Categories
1426:SUNY Press
594:. Oxford:
564:References
502:furloughed
393:New Jersey
293:Ballantine
266:Metropolis
180:Background
166:New Jersey
2152:0362-4331
2118:0362-4331
2074:0362-4331
1895:0362-4331
1631:0362-4331
1111:0362-4331
924:0362-4331
881:0362-4331
764:0362-4331
554:Wisconsin
550:Budweiser
535:Aftermath
488:(IAM), a
441:the Bronx
432:Manhattan
385:Picketing
218:breweries
195:the Bronx
80:Picketing
2034:Archived
2001:Archived
1418:(2016).
425:and the
407:shortage
378:Brooklyn
280:Schaefer
263:Liebmann
260:Edelbrew
238:salesmen
214:Brooklyn
168:and the
48:New York
39:Location
2162:June 7,
2128:June 7,
2084:June 7,
2040:June 7,
2007:June 7,
1933:June 7,
1905:June 7,
1861:June 7,
1829:June 7,
1797:June 7,
1765:June 7,
1733:June 7,
1701:June 7,
1669:June 7,
1641:June 7,
1597:June 7,
1565:June 7,
1530:June 7,
1498:June 7,
1466:June 7,
1393:June 7,
1358:June 7,
1323:June 7,
1286:June 7,
1251:June 7,
1219:June 7,
1187:June 7,
1152:June 7,
1121:June 7,
1077:June 7,
1042:June 7,
1003:June 7,
971:June 7,
934:June 7,
891:June 7,
844:June 7,
807:June 7,
774:June 7,
723:June 7,
680:June 7,
639:June 7,
588:(ed.).
542:Midwest
322:counsel
297:Schlitz
283:Trommer
277:Ruppert
232:of the
210:borough
170:Midwest
156:of the
146:brewery
108:Parties
74:Methods
2150:
2116:
2072:
1965:
1893:
1629:
1432:
1109:
922:
879:
762:
602:
380:, 1941
256:Ebling
197:. The
140:was a
546:Blatz
252:Burke
230:union
56:Goals
2164:2021
2148:ISSN
2130:2021
2114:ISSN
2086:2021
2070:ISSN
2042:2021
2009:2021
1963:ISBN
1935:2021
1907:2021
1891:ISSN
1863:2021
1831:2021
1799:2021
1767:2021
1735:2021
1703:2021
1671:2021
1643:2021
1627:ISSN
1599:2021
1567:2021
1532:2021
1500:2021
1468:2021
1430:ISBN
1395:2021
1360:2021
1325:2021
1288:2021
1253:2021
1221:2021
1189:2021
1154:2021
1123:2021
1107:ISSN
1079:2021
1044:2021
1005:2021
973:2021
936:2021
920:ISSN
893:2021
877:ISSN
846:2021
809:2021
776:2021
760:ISSN
725:2021
682:2021
641:2021
600:ISBN
548:and
476:and
417:and
316:and
240:and
136:The
29:Date
439:in
376:in
212:of
2177::
2140:.
2106:.
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2062:.
2050:^
2032:.
2026:.
1999:.
1993:.
1981:^
1947:^
1923:.
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1851:.
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1787:.
1755:.
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1691:.
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1067:.
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480:.
295:,
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2166:.
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2044:.
2011:.
1975:.
1941:.
1909:.
1869:.
1837:.
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1741:.
1709:.
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1538:.
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1366:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
