436:
106:
In
December 1953, the Sino–India conference on Tibetan trade and intercourse started. During the negotiations related to which passes to include, Indian diplomats were successful in the inclusion of only six names. India tried putting forward other names, but did not push China and backed away after
532:, pp. 142–143: "But the Agreement on Trade and Intercourse between Tibet Region of China and India, which was concluded in 1954, expired on 6 June 1962, and, at a time when tension was mounting along the frontier, there was no interest on either side to have the agreement extended."
420:, Plenipotentiary of the Government of the Republic of India and Chang Han Fu, Plenipotentiary of the Central People's Government, People's Republic of China. Raghavan was the Indian Ambassador while Chang Han-fu was the Chinese Deputy Foreign Minister.
83:
403:
Article V covered details related to certificates issued to traders that permitted traders to use other routes than those mentioned in
Article IV as well as border transit procedures.
43:, that China proposed and India favoured. The agreement reflected the adjustment of the previously existing trade relations between Tibet and India to the changed context of India's
98:
government of Tibet), the Sino-India negotiations concerning Tibet, 1951 to 1953, and the Sino–India conference on
Tibetan trade and intercourse, December 1953 to April 1954.
854:
338:
Article II stated that traders of both countries would trade at pre-determined places. "The
Government of China agrees to specify Yatung, Gyantse, and
90:, Anglo Chinese trade regulations of 1908 and 1914, the alteration of the Aitchison treaty in 1938, the failure of the Tibetan appeal to the UN, the
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Article VI outlined that "upon ratification by both
Governments and shall remain in force for eight (8) years" and the procedure for extension.
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Article III covered pilgrimages by religious believers of the two countries and outlined certain provisions for pilgrims of both countries.
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as markets for trade"; and in the future the
Government of India shall specify markets "on the basis of equality and reciprocity to do so".
870:
504:
772:
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661:"Tibet Justice Center - Legal Materials on Tibet - China - Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954) [p.185]"
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as markets for trade. The
Government of India agrees that trade may be carried on in India, including places like, Kalimpong,
466:
Commentators in the West and also within India viewed the agreement as a "diplomatic blunder" on the part of Prime
Minister
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154:
120:
55:
writes that in the agreement, "Tibet was referred to, for the first time in history, as 'the Tibet Region of China'".
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335:. These trade agencies "would enjoy freedom from arrest while exercising their functions", among other privileges.
59:
848:
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346:, and Calcutta, according to customary practice." Also, the "Government of China agrees to specify Gartok,
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China showed resistance. The
Chinese also objected to the mention of Demchok as one of the passes.
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Article I of the agreement paved the way for the establishment of
Chinese trade agencies in
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The agreement expired on 6 June 1962, as per the original term limit, in the midst of the
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547:"Sino-Indian Agreement on Tibetan Trade and Intercourse: Its Origin and Significance"
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Great Game East : India, China And The Struggle For Asia's Most VolatileFrontier
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Article IV pointed out some passes and routes which traders and pilgrims may use:
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or Panchsheel upon which the articles of the treaty were based on are listed as:
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Agreement on trade relations between India and the Tibet region of China
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mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty,
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621:"The Panchsheel Agreement (Book Excerpt: Tibet - The Lost Frontier)"
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Agreement on Trade and Intercourse Between Tibet Region and India
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784:
China's India War: Collision Course on the Roof of the World
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Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
35:
on 29 April 1954. The preamble of the agreement stated the
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NSC Briefing: Sino-Indian Treaty of 29 April 1954 on Tibet
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mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs,
447:
857:, CIA Library Reading Room, archived 11 February 2017.
764:
The Foreign Trade of China: Policy, Law, and Practice
804:
Choices: Inside the Making of India's Foreign Policy
78:(between Britain and China, concerning Tibet), the
74:The background of the 1954 Agreement includes the
509:. HarperCollins Publishers India. Introduction.
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62:. It was not renewed. By October of that year,
491:Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India (2010)
114:, the passes/routes mentioned by Delhi were:
8:
102:Negotiations regarding inclusion of passes
685:Notes Exchanged. Peking, April 29, 1954
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284:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
41:five principles of peaceful coexistence
7:
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31:, was signed by China and India in
745:, University of California Press,
725:, University of California Press,
14:
530:Lintner, China's India War (2018)
82:(between Britain and Tibet), the
66:broke out between the two sides.
849:Sino-Indian Relations, 1954-1962
434:
299:equality and mutual benefit, and
886:1954 in international relations
807:, Brookings Institution Press,
592:"The History of Barahoti Plain"
423:Further, notes were exchanged.
1:
824:War and Peace in Modern India
739:Hoffmann, Steven A. (2018) ,
551:Economic and Political Weekly
323:and Indian trade Agencies at
767:, Univ of California Press,
719:Hoffmann, Steven A. (1990),
701:Bhasin, Avtar Singh (2021),
619:Arpi, Claude (August 2015).
801:Menon, Shivshankar (2016),
60:Sino-Indian border tensions
912:
821:Raghavan, Srinath (2010),
742:India and the China Crisis
722:India and the China Crisis
92:Seven Point Agreement 1951
21:1954 Sino-Indian Agreement
409:The agreement was signed
354:-Khargo, Gyanima-Chakra,
781:Lintner, Bertil (2018),
705:, Penguin Random House,
503:Lintner, Bertil (2012).
88:Anglo-Russian Convention
761:Hsiao, Gene T. (2021),
470:, especially after the
362:, Puling-Sumdo, Nabra,
94:(between China and the
49:assertion of suzerainty
827:, Palgrave Macmillan,
703:Nehru, Tibet and China
293:mutual non-aggression,
270:
76:Convention of Calcutta
871:China–India relations
625:Indian Defence Review
302:peaceful co- existing
665:www.tibetjustice.org
273:Summary of agreement
25:Panchsheel Agreement
493:, pp. 240–243.
200:Gumrang (Khimokul);
80:Convention of Lhasa
590:(28 August 2020).
573:– via JSTOR.
545:Gupta, K. (1978).
446:. You can help by
240:Kungri Bingri Pass
23:, also called the
834:978-1-137-00737-7
814:978-0-8157-2911-2
794:978-0-19-909163-8
752:978-0-520-06537-6
732:978-0-520-06537-6
516:978-93-5029-536-6
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602:. Retrieved
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588:Arpi, Claude
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455:October 2021
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448:adding to it
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350:(Taklakot),
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131:Spanggur Tso
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51:over Tibet.
47:and China's
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28:
24:
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630:24 November
604:24 November
599:Claude Arpi
414: [
112:Claude Arpi
891:Mao Zedong
865:Categories
670:9 November
478:References
396:pass, and
348:Pulanchung
246:Darma Pass
209:Muling La;
194:Keobarang;
70:Background
39:, or the
37:panchsheel
563:0012-9976
427:Criticism
398:Lipu Lekh
386:Niti pass
382:Mana pass
378:Shipki La
368:Tashigong
321:Kalimpong
313:New Delhi
230:Marhi La;
225:Tunjun La
219:Niti Pass
213:Mana Pass
197:Shimdang;
189:Shipki La
155:Tashigong
121:Tashigong
472:1962 war
364:Shangtse
344:Siliguri
317:Calcutta
307:Articles
278:Preamble
264:Lipulekh
183:Bodpo La
159:Churkang
145:Churkang
141:Chiakang
571:4366549
360:Dongbra
352:Gyanima
329:Gyantse
831:
811:
791:
771:
749:
729:
709:
569:
561:
513:
400:pass.
394:Dharma
392:pass,
380:pass,
366:, and
356:Ramura
333:Gartok
331:, and
325:Yatung
319:, and
177:Rawang
173:Ruksom
163:Ruksom
149:Ruksom
125:Gartok
86:, the
33:Peking
595:(PDF)
567:JSTOR
418:]
340:Phari
169:Rudok
135:Rudok
829:ISBN
809:ISBN
789:ISBN
769:ISBN
747:ISBN
727:ISBN
707:ISBN
672:2020
632:2020
606:2020
559:ISSN
511:ISBN
282:The
19:The
450:.
260:and
133:To
64:war
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640:^
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555:13
553:.
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537:^
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416:de
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