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during a time of peace negotiations, and demanded that the Soviet authorities take immediate steps to remedy the situation. Solovyev replied by describing
American attempts to send armed soldiers across the checkpoint and keeping American tanks at sector boundary as an "open provocation" and a direct violation of GDR regulations. He insisted that properly identified American military could cross the sector border without impediments, and were only stopped when their nationality was not immediately clear to guards. Solovyev contended that requesting identifying paperwork from those crossing the border was not unreasonable control; Watson disagreed. In regard to the American military presence on the border, Solovyev warned:
50:
297:, and broadcast nationwide in the US. He reiterated that the United States was not looking for a fight and that he recognized the "Soviet Union's historical concerns about their security in central and eastern Europe." He said he was willing to renew talks, but he also announced that he would ask Congress for an additional $ 3.25 billion for military spending, mostly on conventional weapons. He wanted six new divisions for the Army and two for the Marines, and he announced plans to triple the draft and to call up the reserves. Kennedy proclaimed: "We seek peace, but we shall not surrender."
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354:; this activity was widely known, but only a small circle of Soviet and East German planners believed that East Germans were aware of the purpose. This material included enough barbed wire to enclose the 156 km (97 mi) circumference of West Berlin. The regime managed to avoid suspicion by spreading out the purchases of barbed wire among several East German companies, which in turn spread their orders out among a range of firms in West Germany and the United Kingdom.
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impassable to most vehicles, and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km (97 mi) around the three western sectors and the 43 km (27 mi) which actually divided West and East Berlin. Approximately 32,000 troops were employed for the building of the Wall, after which the Border Police became responsible for manning and improving it. To discourage
Western interference and perhaps control potential riots, the Soviet Army was present.
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602:, and stopped just 50 to 100 metres from the checkpoint on the Soviet side of the sector boundary. The US tanks moved towards the checkpoint, stopping an equal distance from it on the American side of the boundary. From 27 October 1961 at 17:00 until 28 October 1961 at about 11:00, the respective troops faced each other. As per standing orders, both groups of tanks were loaded with live munitions. The alert levels of the US Garrison in West Berlin, then
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595:. As one of the first to spot the tanks when they arrived, Lieutenant Vern Pike was ordered to verify whether they were indeed Soviet tanks. He and tank driver Sam McCart drove over to East Berlin, where Pike took advantage of a temporary absence of any soldiers near the tanks to climb into one of them. He came out with definitive evidence that the tanks were Soviet, including a Red Army newspaper.
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was essentially a platoon weapon," and there was apparently "great fear that some sergeant would start a nuclear war." President
Kennedy had voiced concern, to include when he inspected the Crockett during his June 1963 visit to Fliegerhorst Kaserne, Hanau, about US infantrymen having frontline nuclear weapons, reassurances that the D/C squads did not include Mental Cat 4 GIs notwithstanding. Also,
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Wall would have ended the crisis to the greater advantage of the US and its allies without eliciting a Soviet military response. Frederick Kempe argues that Rusk's views support a more unfavorable assessment of
Kennedy's decisions during the crisis and his willingness to accept the Wall as the best solution.
520:. They decided to demonstrate American resolve. The American command in the West Berlin garrison considered a plan to pull down the wire and barricades with bulldozers. This, however, was overruled by the troop commander, Brigadier General Frederick O. Hartel. General Clay went to Berlin for 10 months.
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At midnight, East
Germany's border police, the East German army and units of the Soviet Army began to close the border; by morning on Sunday 13 August 1961, the border to West Berlin had been shut. East German troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them
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of SED communications on the same day informed the West that there were plans to begin blocking all foot traffic between East and West Berlin. The interagency intelligence Watch
Committee assessment said that this intercept "might be the first step in a plan to close the border", which turned out to
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conveyed to
General Lucius Clay, the US commanding officer in Berlin, that "We had long since decided that Berlin is not a vital interest which would warrant determined recourse to force to protect and sustain." Clay was convinced that having US tanks use bulldozer mounts to knock down parts of the
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at the Soviet Army High
Command, who in turn was on the phone to Khrushchev. The US checkpoint contained a Military Police officer on the telephone to the HQ of the US Military Mission in Berlin, which in turn was in communication with the White House. Kennedy offered to go easy over Berlin in the
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tactical nuclear recoilless gun during the Berlin crisis of 1961, according to
Brigadier General Alvin Cowan, Assistant Division Commander of the United States 3rd Armored Division, at the Tactical Nuclear Weapons Symposium of 1969. According to Cowan, the device was retired, in part, because "it
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US Commandant
General Watson was outraged by the East Berlin police's attempt to control the passage of American military forces. He communicated to the Department of State on 25 October 1961 that Soviet Commandant Colonel Solovyev and his men were not doing their part to avoid disturbing actions
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units were mobilised, and 216 aircraft from the tactical fighter units flew to Europe in operation "Stair Step", the largest jet deployment in the history of the Air Guard. Most of the mobilised Air Guardsmen remained in the US, while some others had been trained for delivery of tactical nuclear
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In the growing confrontation over the status of Berlin, Kennedy undercut his own bargaining position during his Vienna summit negotiations with Khrushchev in June 1961. Kennedy essentially conveyed US acquiescence to the permanent division of Berlin. This made his later, more assertive public
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reissued the Soviet ultimatum to sign a separate peace treaty with East Germany and thus end the existing four-power agreements guaranteeing American, British, and French rights to access West Berlin and the occupation of East Berlin by Soviet forces. However, this time he did so by issuing a
243:. The East German government also sought a way to stop its "brain drain" as its population fled west through Berlin, made possible by the city's four-power status and the allowance of free travel. No agreement was reached and in August 1961, with Khrushchev's backing, East German leader
665:(USAREUR), was said to have been concerned about General Clay's conduct and Clay returned to the United States in May 1962. Gen. Clarke's assessment may have been incomplete, however: Clay's firmness had a great effect on the German population, led by West Berlin Mayor
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chairman and thus East Germany's chief decision-maker, convinced the Soviet Union that force was necessary to stop this movement, although Berlin's four-power status required the allowance of free travel between zones and forbade the presence of German troops in Berlin.
290:. The United States now defined three vital interests in its policy for Berlin, and linked all of them only to the western part of the city: the presence of Western troops in West Berlin; the security and viability of the western sectors; and Western access to them.
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Perhaps this contributed to Hemsing's decision to make the attempt again: on 27 October 1961, Hemsing again approached the zonal boundary in a diplomatic vehicle. General Clay sent ten jeeps with infantry troops to escort Hemsing through East Berlin and ten
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I am authorized to state that it is necessary to avoid actions of this kind. Such actions can provoke corresponding actions from our side. We have tanks too. We hate the idea of carrying out such actions, and are sure that you will re-examine your
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On 4–7 August 1961, the foreign ministers of the US, UK, France and West Germany secretly met in Paris to discuss how to respond to the Soviet actions in West Berlin. They expressed a lack of willingness to engage in warfare. Within weeks, the
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source, a functionary in the SED, provided the 513th Military Intelligence Group (Berlin) with the correct date of the start of construction. At a weekly meeting of the Berlin Watch Committee on 9 August 1961, the Chief of the US
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of 1948‒49, to West Berlin on August 19. They managed to calm the population and demonstrate symbolically the United States' solidarity with the city. On August 20, 1,500 additional American soldiers arrived in West Berlin.
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312:, Kennedy's disarmament adviser, who happened to be in the Soviet Union, was invited to join Khrushchev. It is reported that Khrushchev explained to McCloy that Kennedy's military build-up threatened war.
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future in return for the Soviets removing their tanks first. The Soviets agreed. Kennedy stated concerning the Wall: "It's not a very nice solution, but a wall is a hell of a lot better than a war."
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On 30 August 1961, in response to moves by the Soviet Union to cut off access to Berlin, President Kennedy ordered 148,000 Guardsmen and Reservists to active duty. In October and November, more
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in October following a dispute over free movement of Allied personnel; the confrontation ended peacefully after Khrushchev and Kennedy agreed to withdraw the tanks and reduce tensions.
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that Allied personnel could move freely in any sector of Berlin. But on 22 October 1961, just two months after the construction of the Wall, the US Chief of Mission in West Berlin,
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serving as the primary channel of communication, Khrushchev and Kennedy agreed to reduce tensions by withdrawing the tanks. The Soviet checkpoint had direct communications to
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statements less credible to the Soviets. Kennedy decided on a flexible policy proposed by his younger advisors, with only a few concessions to the hardliners around
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deadline of 31 December 1961. The three powers responded that any unilateral treaty could not affect their responsibilities and rights in West Berlin.
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ordered the closing of the border and the construction of a wall around West Berlin. A brief stand-off between American and Soviet tanks occurred at
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On 15 June 1961, two months before the construction of the Berlin Wall started, Walter Ulbricht stated in an international press conference: "
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The British Garrison Berlin 1945 - 1994: nowhere to go ... a pictorial historiography of the British Military occupation / presence in Berlin
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A Soviet tank moved about 5 metres backwards first; then an American tank followed suit. One by one the tanks withdrew. But General
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Sergunin, Alexander. "The role of the Executive Office of the President in the US decision-making on the Berlin crisis of 1961."
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894:"Department of State-Office of the Historian-Foreign Relations of The United States-Berlin Crisis-1961–1962-Document 192"
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The Berlin Crisis of 1961: Soviet-American Relations and the Struggle for Power in the Kremlin, June–November, 1961
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On Saturday 12 August 1961, the leaders of East Germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in
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As the confrontation over Berlin escalated, Kennedy delivered on July 25 a television speech in Washington on
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Rasmussen, Kasper Grotle. "In search of a negotiated settlement: McGeorge Bundy and the 1961 Berlin crisis."
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Kennedy did not give in to angry demands for immediate action raised by West Berliners and their mayor,
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weapons and had to be retrained in Europe for conventional operations. The Air National Guard's ageing
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which demanded the withdrawal of all armed forces from Berlin, including the Western armed forces in
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against East Germany and other socialist countries and to move faster on plans for conventional and
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In early 1961, the East German government sought a way to stop its population leaving for the West.
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provided Khrushchev with descriptions of the Paris talks. These showed that US Secretary of State
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Carmichael, Neil. "A Brief History of the Berlin Crisis of 1961" (US National Archives. 2011)
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to the Commander Group of Soviet Forces Germany predicted the construction of a wall. An
377:, unlike the West Germans, supported talks with the Soviet Union, though the KGB and the
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803:"RADIO AND TELEVISION REPORT TO THE AMERICAN PEOPLE ON THE BERLIN CRISIS, JULY 25, 1961"
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508:, was stopped in his car (which had occupation forces license plates) while crossing at
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The East German government began stockpiling building materials for the erection of the
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Lunak, Petr. "Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis: Soviet brinkmanship seen from inside."
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worked closely with retired Army General Lucius D. Clay, who had been in charge of the
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1368:(June 1962) Vol. 6, pp. 375–384, summarizes the series of crises 1946 to 1961; online.
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The West had advance intelligence about the construction of the Wall. On 6 August, a
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US tanks (foreground) face Soviet tanks at Checkpoint Charlie, on 27–28 October 1961
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warned that the US was being pressured by other members of the alliance to consider
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centred around his experience as an Air National Guard pilot on this deployment.
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918:"Telegram From the Mission at Berlin to the Department of State" (1961-10-13) .
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Zubok, Vladislav. "Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis (1958‒1962)" (CWIHP, 1993)
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The Silent Guns of Two Octobers: Kennedy and Khrushchev Play the Double Game
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Conference: "From Vienna to Checkpoint Charlie: The Berlin Crisis of 1961"
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Driving the Soviets Up the Wall: Soviet-East German Relations, 1953–1961
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tanks, some fitted with bulldozer blades, close to Checkpoint Charlie.
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193:) was the last major European political and military incident of the
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A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement 1945‒1963
500:, United States, United Kingdom, and France) had agreed at the 1945
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Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
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Foreign Relations, 1961-1963, Volume XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961-1962
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East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall in 1961
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Closed Borders: The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement
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370:
6042:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
308:, Khrushchev was reported to be angered by Kennedy's speech.
1408:
Khrushchev's Secret Speech on the Berlin Crisis, August 1961
633:
wanted to rush 171 Crocketts to USAREUR in December 1971 .
3344:
871:
The U. S. Military Response to the 1960 -1962 Berlin Crisis
389:
of their allies in Western Europe, such as the West German
1138:
The Berlin Wall Crisis: Perspectives on Cold War Alliances
583:
Soviet T-54 tanks at Checkpoint Charlie, October 27, 1961.
268:
on 4 June 1961, tensions rose. Meeting with US President
223:
The Berlin Crisis began in June 1961 when Soviet Premier
1241:
Macmillan, Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis, 1958–1960
691:
Escape attempts and victims of the inner German border
572:
US Tanks facing Soviet Tanks in Berlin 27 October 1961
983:
Proceedings of the Tactical Nuclear Weapons Symposium
6095:
6017:
5721:
5693:
5642:
5574:
5567:
5501:
5366:
5291:
5221:
5214:
5123:
5070:
5002:
4715:
4359:
3982:
3734:
3444:
3167:
3031:
2926:
2866:
2825:
2735:
2662:
2586:
2569:
Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961
2474:
2370:
2286:
2168:
2137:
2105:
2054:
2019:
1846:
1839:
1814:
1766:
1656:
1598:
1550:
1475:
1039:
The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960–1963
548:
488:American tanks face an East German water cannon at
1430:is available for free viewing and download at the
1317:
1219:
1172:
1026:Barker, Elisabeth. “The Berlin Crisis 1958–1962.”
197:concerning the status of the German capital city,
3108:John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School
359:Niemand hat die Absicht, eine Mauer zu errichten!
6027:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
2981:U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
613:It was at this point that US Secretary of State
4464:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
3871:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
2939:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
1128:Kennedy's Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam
34:
807:John F Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
512:to go to a theatre in East Berlin. President
3360:
3243:Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington
2613:Report to the American People on Civil Rights
2225:
1453:
1195:The UNHCR and World Politics: A Perilous Path
8:
6103:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
3654:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
1309:(WW Norton & Company, 2003). pp 480–506.
4964:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
1222:Germany Divided: From Wall to Reunification
1136:Gearson, John PS, and Kori N. Schake, eds.
696:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
6067:United States involvement in regime change
5571:
5218:
3622:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
3367:
3353:
3345:
2367:
2232:
2218:
2210:
1843:
1460:
1446:
1438:
1403:First strike options and the Berlin Crisis
62:tanks at Checkpoint Charlie, October 1961.
48:
31:
3053:John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston)
2671:U.S. House of Representatives elections:
2539:Status of Women (Presidential Commission)
988:(Report). AEC and DoD. 1969. p. 173.
6197:Battles and conflicts without fatalities
2687:U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts:
661:, then the Commander-in-Chief (CINC) of
4193:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
2966:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
734:
6037:Russian espionage in the United States
4309:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
3048:Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
2632:Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts
1249:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire
545:
365:(wall) had been used in this context.
205:. The crisis culminated in the city's
6202:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
6032:Soviet espionage in the United States
4188:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
3967:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
3632:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
3058:John F. Kennedy International Airport
1648:Tränenpalast, Friedrichstraße station
1513:Eastern Bloc emigration and defection
1364:Windsor, Philip. "The Berlin Crises"
998:
969:
957:
882:RECALLING THE WALL - FREDERICK HARTEL
819:
777:
7:
6262:Cold War history of the Soviet Union
6232:United States–West Germany relations
6217:Soviet Union–United States relations
6108:Soviet Union–United States relations
4459:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
3113:John F. Kennedy University (defunct)
2417:Migration and Refugee Assistance Act
858:
846:
789:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
6227:East Germany–West Germany relations
6222:East Germany–Soviet Union relations
6072:Soviet involvement in regime change
2385:Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
27:Cold War incident in divided Berlin
6113:Soviet Union–United States summits
3587:1947 Polish parliamentary election
3472:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
1351:(Princeton UP, 1999) pp. 283–402.
834:"Spy vs. Spy: The KGB vs. the CIA"
719:Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower
496:The four powers governing Berlin (
464:United States Air Forces in Europe
433:. Instead, he sent vice president
25:
6267:Diplomatic crises of the Cold War
4874:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
4809:United States invasion of Grenada
4079:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
4020:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
2708:Democratic National Conventions:
2544:University of Alabama integration
2063:The Spy Who Came in from the Cold
1881:The Spy Who Came In from the Cold
4949:United States invasion of Panama
4799:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
4439:1971 Turkish military memorandum
4402:Communist insurgency in Thailand
4372:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
4304:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
4131:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
4059:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
3577:Restatement of Policy on Germany
3328:
3327:
2087:Am kürzeren Ende der Sonnenallee
1541:
1427:Big Picture: Operation Readiness
1266:Journal of Transatlantic Studies
1082:. Berlin: Vergangenheitsverlag (
598:Ten of these tanks continued to
566:
554:
154:
142:
123:
111:
6237:1961 in international relations
6212:Germany–United States relations
5669:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
5050:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
4979:Fall of the inner German border
4879:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
4529:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
4519:Spanish transition to democracy
4479:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
4106:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
3612:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
3493:Occupation of the Baltic states
3103:John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge
2720:U.S. presidential election 1960
2509:Federal housing segregation ban
2390:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
2264:U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
1307:Khrushchev: The Man and his Era
1144:Harrison, Hope Millard (2003),
938:Air & Space Forces Magazine
621:The United States deployed the
6207:Germany–Soviet Union relations
4449:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
4084:Mozambican War of Independence
3523:Indonesian National Revolution
2256:President of the United States
1623:Berlin Friedrichstraße station
1324:, Greenwood Publishing Group,
1148:, Princeton University Press,
1061:. Cambridge University Press.
462:required spare parts that the
1:
6047:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
5062:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
5015:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
4737:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
4702:Seven Days to the River Rhine
4434:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
3721:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
3649:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
2817:John F. Kennedy document hoax
2811:Happy Birthday, Mr. President
2805:Coretta Scott King phone call
2743:Birthplace and childhood home
2626:A rising tide lifts all boats
2529:Presidential Medal of Freedom
1130:(Oxford UP, 2000) pp 45–120.
724:Presidency of John F. Kennedy
5040:Fall of communism in Albania
5010:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
4959:Polish Round Table Agreement
4299:1968 Polish political crisis
4116:Eritrean War of Independence
3882:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
3777:East German uprising of 1953
3709:Chinese Communist Revolution
3016:Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences
2484:Communications Satellite Act
2176:List of Berlin Wall segments
1361:(U of Michigan Press, 2020).
1339:Khrushchev: A political life
1316:Thackeray, Frank W. (2004),
1273:The Berlin crisis, 1958–1962
832:Zubok, Vladislav M. (1994).
227:, meeting with US President
4914:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
4642:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
4387:Corrective Movement (Syria)
4351:New People's Army rebellion
4346:Sino-Soviet border conflict
4074:Angolan War of Independence
3937:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
3817:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
3462:Jamaican political conflict
2918:Gravesite and Eternal Flame
2776:Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana
2699:1960 presidential primaries
2607:We choose to go to the Moon
2489:Community Mental Health Act
1758:Christel and Eckhard Wehage
1560:Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer
1320:Events that changed Germany
1140:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2002).
1050:; short essay; no copyright
1012:The Cold War: A New History
587:Immediately afterwards, 33
518:Berlin Airlift of 1948–1949
6298:
6182:Cold War history of Berlin
5110:Sino-Indian border dispute
4939:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
4869:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
4627:1976 Argentine coup d'état
4539:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
4489:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
4173:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
4141:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
3830:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
3597:Asian Relations Conference
2704:1960 presidential campaign
2637:State of the Union Address
2601:American University speech
2504:Federal affirmative action
2334:Presidential Proclamations
2154:The Day the Wall Came Down
686:Berlin Crisis of 1958–1959
591:Soviet tanks drove to the
319:
6282:Battles involving Germany
6146:
5994:William Appleman Williams
5939:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
4454:Bangladesh Liberation War
4444:1971 Sudanese coup d'état
4331:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
4319:1968 Peruvian coup d'état
3757:Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
3382:
3306:
3098:John F. Kennedy Arboretum
2559:Oil Pollution Act of 1961
2461:Moscow–Washington hotline
2247:
1575:Checkpoint Charlie Museum
1539:
1292:(Johns Hopkins UP, 1973)
1247:Pearson, Raymond (1998),
1171:Kempe, Frederick (2011),
922:. US Department of State.
565:
553:
338:, First Secretary of the
316:Plans for the Berlin Wall
203:post–World War II Germany
166:
135:
104:
66:
47:
39:
6247:1961 in military history
4769:1980 Turkish coup d'état
4604:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
4574:1978 Somali coup attempt
4534:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
4499:1973 Chilean coup d'état
4324:Revolutionary Government
4218:South African Border War
4010:1960 Turkish coup d'état
3927:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
3782:1953 Iranian coup d'état
3762:1952 Egyptian revolution
3255:Patricia Kennedy Lawford
2956:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2944:Profile in Courage Award
2554:All-Channel Receiver Act
2524:Pilot Food Stamp Program
2194:(Cross-border commuters)
1590:Chapel of Reconciliation
1166:. Yale University Press.
1030:39#1 (1963), pp. 59–73.
703:Flight from East Germany
403:Military Liaison Mission
74:4 June – 9 November 1961
4974:Fall of the Berlin Wall
4919:People Power Revolution
4904:Central American crisis
4844:1986 Black Sea incident
4494:1973 Afghan coup d'état
4392:Western Sahara conflict
4203:1966 Syrian coup d'état
4126:1963 Syrian coup d'état
4069:Portuguese Colonial War
4032:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
3797:1954 Syrian coup d'état
3674:Annexation of Hyderabad
3617:1947–1949 Palestine war
3195:Patrick Bouvier Kennedy
3118:John F. Kennedy Stadium
2951:Twenty-fourth Amendment
2549:Voter Education Project
1857:Escape from East Berlin
1528:Fall of the Berlin Wall
1413:17 January 2021 at the
1218:McAdams, James (1993),
1179:, Penguin Group (USA),
1076:Durie, William (2012).
651:General Anatoly Gribkov
5268:Neoclassical economics
4779:Gulf of Sidra incident
4336:1969 Libyan revolution
4027:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
3812:1954 Geneva Conference
3572:Turkish straits crisis
3567:Corfu Channel incident
3312:← Dwight D. Eisenhower
3249:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
3043:Harvard Kennedy School
2961:Apollo 11 Moon landing
2854:A Nation of Immigrants
2344:Presidential limousine
1831:"Tear down this wall!"
1683:Christian-Peter Friese
1193:Loescher, Gil (2001),
584:
536:
493:
480:Berlin travel disputes
474:Stranger to the Ground
331:
190:
136:Commanders and leaders
6118:Russia–NATO relations
5999:Jonathan Reed Winkler
5283:Democratic capitalism
5278:Supply-side economics
5246:American conservatism
5045:Breakup of Yugoslavia
4934:Bougainville conflict
4849:South Yemen civil war
4784:Martial law in Poland
4647:Nicaraguan Revolution
4622:Dirty War (Argentina)
4429:1971 JVP insurrection
4243:Years of Lead (Italy)
4121:North Yemen civil war
4039:Berlin Crisis of 1961
4015:Albanian–Soviet split
3947:1959 Tibetan uprising
3912:Syrian Crisis of 1957
3767:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
3627:1948 Arab–Israeli War
3231:Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.
3219:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.
2911:attending dignitaries
2499:Executive Order 11110
2380:Alliance for Progress
2317:Judicial appointments
1523:Berlin Crisis of 1961
1300:The defense of Berlin
1028:International Affairs
608:Strategic Air Command
606:, and finally the US
582:
531:
487:
414:Closing of the border
340:Socialist Unity Party
329:
260:1961 Berlin ultimatum
183:Berlin Crisis of 1961
167:Casualties and losses
35:Berlin Crisis of 1961
6272:1960s in West Berlin
6242:1961 in East Germany
5539:Non-Aligned Movement
5161:Peaceful coexistence
5115:North Borneo dispute
5030:German reunification
5025:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
4723:Salvadoran Civil War
4672:Grand Mosque seizure
4667:Yemenite War of 1979
4559:Mozambican Civil War
4514:Carnation Revolution
4469:Yemenite War of 1972
4407:1970 Polish protests
4238:1967 Hong Kong riots
4213:Argentine Revolution
4163:Guatemalan Civil War
4091:Cuban Missile Crisis
4005:Bay of Pigs Invasion
3877:1956 Poznań protests
3855:Geneva Summit (1955)
3457:Hukbalahap Rebellion
3436:Non-Aligned Movement
3011:U.S. five cent stamp
2971:Kennedy Space Center
2619:Ich bin ein Berliner
2443:Cuban Missile Crisis
2433:Bay of Pigs Invasion
2339:Presidential pardons
2028:The Road to the Wall
1824:Ich bin ein Berliner
1815:The Wall in speeches
1693:Marienetta Jirkowsky
1678:Winfried Freudenberg
1580:Topography of Terror
1508:German reunification
1391:28 June 2020 at the
1357:Voorhees, Theodore.
1347:Trachtenberg, Marc.
1298:Smith, Jean Edward.
1162:Hornsby, R. (2023).
1126:Freedman, Lawrence.
1109:Dowty, Alan (1989),
1037:Beschloss, Michael.
1010:Gaddis, John Lewis,
934:"Showdown in Berlin"
628:Secretary of Defense
6192:Inner German border
5984:Alex von Tunzelmann
5974:Vladimir Tismăneanu
5899:Thomas J. McCormick
5894:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
5794:Robert Hugh Ferrell
5657:Crusade for Freedom
5454:Illiberal democracy
5338:Ho Chi Minh Thought
5141:Eisenhower Doctrine
4994:Peaceful Revolution
4989:Romanian Revolution
4969:Revolutions of 1989
4954:1988 Polish strikes
4864:Operation INFEKTION
4859:1987 Lieyu massacre
4764:Eritrean Civil Wars
4747:Peruvian Revolution
4697:1979 Herat uprising
4687:Sino-Vietnamese War
4652:Uganda–Tanzania War
4632:Egyptian–Libyan War
4599:Third Indochina War
4594:Sino-Albanian split
4584:Ethiopian Civil War
4484:Eritrean Civil Wars
4424:Ping-pong diplomacy
4397:Cambodian Civil War
4223:Korean DMZ Conflict
4208:Cultural Revolution
4178:Dominican Civil War
4156:Tlatelolco massacre
3942:1959 Mosul uprising
3932:1958 Lebanon crisis
3659:Al-Wathbah uprising
3582:First Indochina War
3552:Iran crisis of 1946
3319:Lyndon B. Johnson →
3207:Tatiana Schlossberg
3189:John F. Kennedy Jr.
3006:U.S. postage stamps
3001:Kennedy half dollar
2991:Cultural depictions
2844:Profiles in Courage
2564:Revenue Act of 1962
2412:Trade Expansion Act
2272:U.S. Representative
2121:Holidays in the Sun
1483:Inner German border
1386:The Wall, 1958–1963
1288:Slusser, Robert M.
1268:14.1 (2016): 47–64.
610:(SAC) were raised.
300:Vacationing in the
6138:Russian Revolution
5934:Mary Elise Sarotte
5919:William B. Pickett
5844:Patrick J. Hearden
5824:Gabriel Gorodetsky
5819:Timothy Garton Ash
5804:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
5399:Ethnic nationalism
5151:Hallstein Doctrine
5035:Yemeni unification
4824:1985 Geneva Summit
4789:Casamance conflict
4692:New Jewel Movement
4677:Iranian Revolution
4662:Chadian–Libyan War
4609:Cambodian conflict
4589:Lebanese Civil War
4579:Western Sahara War
4554:June 1976 protests
4549:Cambodian genocide
4314:17 July Revolution
4268:Nigerian Civil War
4183:Rhodesian Bush War
4168:Colombian conflict
4111:Ramadan Revolution
3850:Bandung Conference
3726:Operation Valuable
3607:Partition of India
3285:John F. Fitzgerald
3267:Jean Kennedy Smith
3177:Jacqueline Bouvier
3123:Kennedy Expressway
3093:Runnymede memorial
2894:in popular culture
2795:Castle Hot Springs
2349:Presidential yacht
2079:Judgment in Berlin
2044:Rabbit à la Berlin
1937:Judgment in Berlin
1840:In popular culture
1660:breaching the Wall
1613:Checkpoint Charlie
1551:Memorials, museums
1398:Forty Years Crisis
1341:(Springer, 2016).
1337:Tompson, William.
1305:Taubman, William.
1243:(Routledge, 2007).
1214:3.2 (2003): 53–82.
1164:The Soviet Sixties
1001:, pp. 478–479
972:, pp. 474–476
960:, pp. 470–471
758:GlobalSecurity.org
585:
524:Military stand-off
510:Checkpoint Charlie
502:Potsdam Conference
494:
490:Checkpoint Charlie
451:Air National Guard
441:, the hero of the
398:human intelligence
383:economic sanctions
332:
322:Barbed Wire Sunday
249:Checkpoint Charlie
84:Checkpoint Charlie
58:tanks face Soviet
18:1961 Berlin Crisis
6169:
6168:
6156:List of conflicts
6004:Rudolph Winnacker
5949:Giles Scott-Smith
5924:Ronald E. Powaski
5879:Melvyn P. Leffler
5809:John Lewis Gaddis
5784:Robert D. English
5749:Warren H. Carroll
5739:Michael Beschloss
5708:Nuclear arms race
5689:
5688:
5595:Neues Deutschland
5497:
5496:
5479:White nationalism
5449:Liberal democracy
5186:Ulbricht Doctrine
5176:Brezhnev Doctrine
4984:Velvet Revolution
4728:Soviet–Afghan War
4544:Angolan Civil War
4341:Goulash Communism
4198:ASEAN Declaration
4151:Mexican Dirty War
4049:Annexation of Goa
4000:1960 U-2 incident
3974:Sino-Soviet split
3952:Laotian Civil War
3792:Bricker Amendment
3772:Mau Mau rebellion
3716:Malayan Emergency
3704:Chinese Civil War
3664:Tito–Stalin split
3518:Division of Korea
3342:
3341:
3297:Billie and Debbie
3261:Robert F. Kennedy
3088:Portland memorial
3068:Brooklyn memorial
2858:
2848:
2838:
2834:Why England Slept
2596:Inaugural address
2582:
2581:
2574:Wetlands Loan Act
2397:Flexible response
2207:
2206:
2164:
2163:
2148:(1991 video game)
2071:Funeral in Berlin
1985:Bornholmer Straße
1897:Funeral in Berlin
1776:Günter Schabowski
1767:Others associated
1748:Hildegard Trabant
1698:Cengaver Katrancı
1608:Bornholmer Straße
1570:East Side Gallery
1375:, primary sources
1285:15 (2017): 64–95.
1186:978-0-399-15729-5
1093:978-3-86408-068-5
1068:978-0-521-85824-3
1059:Kennedy in Berlin
714:Nikita Khrushchev
709:History of Berlin
577:
576:
506:E. Allan Lightner
435:Lyndon B. Johnson
274:Nikita Khrushchev
272:, Soviet Premier
225:Nikita Khrushchev
179:
178:
100:
99:
16:(Redirected from
6289:
6257:Combat incidents
6252:1961 in politics
5914:David S. Painter
5839:John Earl Haynes
5769:Nicholas J. Cull
5754:Adrian Cioroianu
5734:Thomas A. Bailey
5681:Voice of America
5572:
5484:White separatism
5464:Social democracy
5459:Guided democracy
5439:Authoritarianism
5389:Ultranationalism
5379:Anti-imperialism
5306:Marxism–Leninism
5219:
5206:Kinmen Agreement
5171:Johnson Doctrine
5156:Kennedy Doctrine
5072:Frozen conflicts
5055:1991 August Coup
4944:Afghan Civil War
4839:Reykjavík Summit
4834:Somali Rebellion
4774:Ugandan Bush War
4752:Gdańsk Agreement
4273:Protests of 1968
4253:War of Attrition
3962:Cuban Revolution
3898:We will bury you
3865:Cyprus Emergency
3845:Kashmir Princess
3835:Jebel Akhdar War
3684:Western betrayal
3369:
3362:
3355:
3346:
3331:
3330:
3237:Rosemary Kennedy
3213:Jack Schlossberg
3201:Rose Schlossberg
3183:Caroline Kennedy
3078:Hyannis memorial
2856:
2846:
2836:
2800:Hammersmith Farm
2748:Kennedy Compound
2514:Fifty-mile hikes
2402:Kennedy Doctrine
2368:
2329:Executive Orders
2279:
2267:
2259:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2211:
2156:(1997 sculpture)
2114:West of the Wall
2095:Edge of Eternity
1977:Good Bye, Lenin!
1969:Buffalo Soldiers
1844:
1801:David Hasselhoff
1743:Heinz Sokolowski
1708:Czesław Kukuczka
1628:Glienicke Bridge
1618:Checkpoint Bravo
1600:Border crossings
1545:
1544:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1439:
1432:Internet Archive
1334:
1323:
1271:Schick, Jack M.
1261:
1236:
1226:, Princeton UP,
1225:
1212:Cold War History
1207:
1189:
1178:
1167:
1158:
1123:
1105:
1072:
1015:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
989:
987:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
948:
946:
944:
930:
924:
923:
915:
909:
908:
906:
904:
890:
884:
879:
873:
868:
862:
861:, pp. 29–30
856:
850:
849:, pp. 51–57
844:
838:
837:
829:
823:
817:
811:
810:
799:
793:
792:, pp. 26–27
787:
781:
775:
769:
768:
766:
764:
750:
669:and West German
647:Georgi Bolshakov
593:Brandenburg Gate
570:
569:
558:
557:
546:
387:nuclear armament
216:erection of the
159:
158:
149:Nikita Krushchev
147:
146:
128:
127:
116:
115:
68:
67:
52:
32:
21:
6297:
6296:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6286:
6172:
6171:
6170:
6165:
6142:
6133:Second Cold War
6091:
6019:
6013:
5989:Odd Arne Westad
5979:Patrick Vaughan
5964:Athan Theoharis
5944:Ellen Schrecker
5929:Yakov M. Rabkin
5904:Timothy Naftali
5849:Tvrtko Jakovina
5834:Jussi Hanhimäki
5717:
5695:
5685:
5663:Paix et Liberté
5638:
5582:Active measures
5563:
5493:
5474:White supremacy
5434:Totalitarianism
5362:
5287:
5210:
5196:Reagan Doctrine
5191:Carter Doctrine
5131:Truman Doctrine
5119:
5066:
4998:
4893:Soviet reaction
4804:Ndogboyosoi War
4711:
4682:Saur Revolution
4509:1973 oil crisis
4474:Munich massacre
4382:Alcora Exercise
4377:Black September
4355:
4101:Sino-Indian War
3995:Simba rebellion
3978:
3822:Capture of the
3730:
3669:Berlin Blockade
3602:May 1947 crises
3592:Truman Doctrine
3557:Greek Civil War
3546:Blacklist Forty
3513:Gouzenko Affair
3500:Cursed soldiers
3452:Morgenthau Plan
3440:
3378:
3373:
3343:
3338:
3302:
3225:Rose Fitzgerald
3209:(granddaughter)
3203:(granddaughter)
3163:
3152:John F. Kennedy
3143:John F. Kennedy
3135:John F. Kennedy
3083:London memorial
3073:Dallas memorial
3034:
3027:
2922:
2906:Riderless horse
2862:
2821:
2731:
2658:
2588:
2578:
2470:
2366:
2290:
2282:
2270:
2262:
2251:
2243:
2241:John F. Kennedy
2238:
2208:
2203:
2160:
2146:The Berlin Wall
2133:
2101:
2050:
2015:
1993:Bridge of Spies
1945:Das Versprechen
1929:Wings of Desire
1848:
1835:
1810:
1796:Walter Ulbricht
1791:Konrad Schumann
1781:Riccardo Ehrman
1768:
1762:
1659:
1658:People who died
1652:
1638:Oberbaum Bridge
1633:Invalidenstraße
1594:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1471:
1466:
1424:The short film
1415:Wayback Machine
1393:Wayback Machine
1382:
1332:
1315:
1259:
1246:
1239:Newman, Kitty.
1234:
1217:
1205:
1192:
1187:
1170:
1161:
1156:
1143:
1121:
1108:
1094:
1075:
1069:
1053:
1023:
1021:Further reading
1018:
1014:(2005), p. 115.
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
985:
981:
980:
976:
968:
964:
956:
952:
942:
940:
932:
931:
927:
917:
916:
912:
902:
900:
892:
891:
887:
880:
876:
869:
865:
857:
853:
845:
841:
831:
830:
826:
818:
814:
801:
800:
796:
788:
784:
776:
772:
762:
760:
754:"Berlin Crisis"
752:
751:
736:
732:
682:
674:Konrad Adenauer
659:Bruce C. Clarke
639:
631:Robert McNamara
600:Friedrichstraße
567:
555:
549:External images
526:
514:John F. Kennedy
482:
472:wrote his book
416:
336:Walter Ulbricht
324:
318:
310:John Jay McCloy
283:
281:Rising tensions
270:John F. Kennedy
262:
257:
245:Walter Ulbricht
229:John F. Kennedy
161:John F. Kennedy
153:
141:
122:
110:
86:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6295:
6293:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
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6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
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6214:
6209:
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6029:
6023:
6021:
6015:
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6012:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5959:Timothy Snyder
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5889:Vojtech Mastny
5886:
5884:Geir Lundestad
5881:
5876:
5874:Walter Laqueur
5871:
5869:Walter LaFeber
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5799:André Fontaine
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5729:Gar Alperovitz
5725:
5723:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5699:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5666:
5659:
5654:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5629:
5624:
5617:
5610:
5605:
5598:
5591:
5584:
5578:
5576:
5569:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5469:Third-Worldism
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5297:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5258:Libertarianism
5255:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5238:
5236:Chicago school
5233:
5227:
5225:
5216:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5181:Nixon Doctrine
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5127:
5125:
5124:Foreign policy
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5076:
5074:
5068:
5067:
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5064:
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5058:
5057:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4909:Operation RYAN
4906:
4901:
4896:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4814:Able Archer 83
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4730:
4725:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4564:Oromo conflict
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4504:Yom Kippur War
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4136:Aden Emergency
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4054:Papua conflict
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3959:
3957:Kitchen Debate
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3917:Sputnik crisis
3914:
3909:
3901:
3894:
3889:
3887:Polish October
3884:
3879:
3874:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3787:Pact of Madrid
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3742:Bamboo Curtain
3738:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3541:
3533:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3482:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3391:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3349:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3323:
3322:
3315:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3173:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3154: (CVN-79)
3147:
3138:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3023:Operation Sail
3020:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2884:media coverage
2881:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2840:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2767:Navy service:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2727:
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2712:
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2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2519:Food for Peace
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2454:Soviet Union:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2372:Foreign policy
2365:
2364:
2362:Situation Room
2359:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2309:
2304:
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2222:
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2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2009:Deutschland 89
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1873:Stop Train 349
1869:
1861:
1852:
1850:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1786:Erich Honecker
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1713:Horst Kutscher
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1688:Chris Gueffroy
1685:
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1675:
1670:
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1562:
1556:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1518:Republikflucht
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1477:
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1467:
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1405:
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1395:
1381:
1380:External links
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701:Republikflucht
693:
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663:US Army Europe
638:
635:
575:
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563:
562:
551:
550:
525:
522:
481:
478:
443:Berlin Airlift
439:Lucius D. Clay
437:together with
415:
412:
320:Main article:
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279:
261:
258:
256:
253:
235:, reissued an
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6126:
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6123:War on terror
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6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6018:Espionage and
6016:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5969:Andrew Thorpe
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5864:Gabriel Kolko
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5829:Fred Halliday
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5814:Lloyd Gardner
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5774:Norman Davies
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5759:John Costello
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5720:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5694:Technological
5692:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5575:Pro-communist
5573:
5570:
5566:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5502:Organizations
5500:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5316:Eurocommunism
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5290:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5213:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5146:Domino theory
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5100:South Ossetia
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4884:8888 Uprising
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4829:Iran–Iraq War
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4794:Falklands War
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4657:NDF Rebellion
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4637:German Autumn
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4524:Metapolitefsi
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4288:
4286:
4285:Prague Spring
4283:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4263:Al-Wadiah War
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4228:12-3 incident
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3807:Domino theory
3805:
3803:
3802:Petrov Affair
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:Madiun Affair
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:Marshall Plan
3637:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3388:United States
3385:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3335:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3287:(grandfather)
3286:
3283:
3281:(grandfather)
3280:
3279:P. J. Kennedy
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3145: (CV-67)
3144:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3128:Mount Kennedy
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3063:Boston statue
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2976:Kennedy Round
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
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2925:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2901:State funeral
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2874:Assassination
2872:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2835:
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2808:
2806:
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2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:Personal life
2734:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
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2648:
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2599:
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2585:
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2567:
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2555:
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2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2494:Equal Pay Act
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2466:Vienna summit
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:Berlin Crisis
2453:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:Cuban Project
2436:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:
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2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
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2369:
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2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2322:Supreme Court
2320:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:Ghost station
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:Documentaries
2018:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:Atomic Blonde
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
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1930:
1926:
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1493:Wall of Shame
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1476:Main articles
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1366:History Today
1363:
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1229:
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1200:
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6128:Brinkmanship
6020:intelligence
5909:Marius Oprea
5859:Harvey Klehr
5789:Herbert Feis
5779:Willem Drees
5744:Archie Brown
5661:
5649:
5631:
5621:Trybuna Ludu
5619:
5612:
5608:Radio Moscow
5600:
5593:
5586:
5414:Anti-Zionism
5330:
5253:Keynesianism
5241:Conservatism
5105:Transnistria
5085:China-Taiwan
4742:Gera Demands
4615:
4416:
4291:
4096:El Porteñazo
4038:
3990:Congo Crisis
3905:
3840:Algerian War
3823:
3699:Western Bloc
3694:Eastern Bloc
3689:Iron Curtain
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3478:
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2934:Bibliography
2853:
2843:
2833:
2788:
2781:Arthur Evans
2769:
2753:Hickory Hill
2587:Presidential
2534:Space policy
2476:New Frontier
2455:
2354:
2307:Inauguration
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2186:Steinstücken
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2085:
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2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
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1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1822:
1753:Rudolf Urban
1738:Ida Siekmann
1728:Egon Schultz
1533:Schießbefehl
1522:
1488:Iron Curtain
1426:
1365:
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1348:
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1038:
1027:
1011:
1006:
994:
977:
965:
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941:. Retrieved
937:
928:
913:
901:. Retrieved
897:
888:
877:
866:
854:
842:
827:
815:
806:
797:
785:
773:
763:23 September
761:. Retrieved
757:
667:Willy Brandt
656:
640:
620:
612:
597:
586:
537:
532:
527:
498:Soviet Union
495:
473:
470:Richard Bach
468:
448:
431:Willy Brandt
428:
424:
417:
410:be correct.
395:
367:
362:
358:
356:
349:
333:
299:
292:
288:Dean Acheson
284:
263:
222:
206:
191:Berlin-Krise
182:
180:
118:Soviet Union
105:Belligerents
94:
29:
6187:Berlin Wall
5954:Shen Zhihua
5764:Michael Cox
5696:competition
5643:Pro-Western
5633:Soviet Life
5559:Safari Club
5529:Warsaw Pact
5384:Nationalism
5374:Imperialism
5273:Reaganomics
5136:Containment
4929:Perestroika
4418:Realpolitik
4248:Six-Day War
4233:Greek junta
4044:Berlin Wall
3892:Suez Crisis
3860:Vietnam War
3747:McCarthyism
3562:Baruch Plan
3507:Unthinkable
3467:Dekemvriana
3406:Warsaw Pact
3273:Ted Kennedy
3159:Yad Kennedy
2427:Vietnam War
2407:Peace Corps
2278:(1947–1953)
2266:(1953–1960)
2258:(1961–1963)
2192:Grenzgänger
2138:Other media
1953:Sonnenallee
1905:The Soldier
1806:Jutta Fleck
1733:Olga Segler
1643:Sonnenallee
1503:West Berlin
1498:East Berlin
1469:Berlin Wall
1175:Berlin 1961
1113:, Yale UP,
859:Daum (2008)
847:Daum (2008)
790:Daum (2008)
352:Berlin Wall
241:West Berlin
218:Berlin Wall
214:East German
6176:Categories
5722:Historians
5713:Space Race
5614:Rudé právo
5568:Propaganda
5424:Neo-Nazism
5394:Chauvinism
5348:Trotskyism
5263:Monetarism
5231:Liberalism
5223:Capitalism
5215:Ideologies
5166:Ostpolitik
4889:Solidarity
4854:Toyota War
4757:Solidarity
4614:Operation
4569:Ogaden War
4258:Dhofar War
4146:Shifta War
3904:Operation
3752:Korean War
3544:Operation
3536:Operation
3528:Operation
3505:Operation
3485:Operation
3477:Operation
3299:(hamsters)
3215:(grandson)
3185:(daughter)
3033:Memorials,
2758:La Querida
2302:Transition
2288:Presidency
2036:The Tunnel
1961:The Tunnel
999:Kempe 2011
970:Kempe 2011
958:Kempe 2011
820:Kempe 2011
778:Kempe 2011
671:Chancellor
637:Resolution
391:Bundeswehr
342:(SED) and
304:resort of
6009:Ken Young
5854:Tony Judt
5703:Arms race
5676:Red Scare
5544:NN States
5489:Apartheid
5444:Autocracy
5353:Stalinism
5321:Guevarism
5311:Castroism
5301:Communism
5293:Socialism
4819:Star Wars
4412:Koza riot
3538:Beleaguer
3530:Masterdom
3275:(brother)
3263:(brother)
3233:(brother)
3150:USS
3141:USS
3035:namesakes
2889:reactions
2664:Elections
2199:The Shame
1913:Octopussy
1849:TV series
1847:Films and
1703:Erna Kelm
1585:Mauerpark
1283:Americana
1102:978161722
943:10 August
898:state.gov
615:Dean Rusk
407:intercept
375:Dean Rusk
344:Staatsrat
302:Black Sea
237:ultimatum
212:with the
210:partition
201:, and of
95:Stalemate
6277:Ultimata
6161:Timeline
6151:Category
6096:See also
5588:Izvestia
5429:Islamism
5326:Hoxhaism
5201:Rollback
5080:Abkhazia
5020:Gulf War
4924:Glasnost
4294:incident
4064:Sand War
3922:Ifni War
3431:Rio Pact
3376:Cold War
3333:Category
3291:Pushinka
3269:(sister)
3257:(sister)
3251:(sister)
3245:(sister)
3239:(sister)
3227:(mother)
3221:(father)
2879:timeline
2589:speeches
2355:Resolute
2293:timeline
2130:" (1985)
2123:" (1977)
2116:" (1962)
1889:Freiheit
1865:The Wall
1411:Archived
1389:Archived
1057:(2008).
903:27 March
680:See also
466:lacked.
420:Döllnsee
207:de facto
195:Cold War
79:Location
42:Cold War
40:Part of
5651:Amerika
5534:Comecon
5419:Fascism
5409:Zionism
5358:Titoism
4899:Contras
4367:Détente
3644:Comecon
2763:Wexford
2725:debates
2312:Cabinet
1921:Gotcha!
1353:excerpt
1302:(1963).
1294:excerpt
1275:(1971)
1041:(1991)
534:course.
264:At the
255:History
231:at the
5602:Pravda
5404:Racism
5343:Maoism
5095:Kosovo
4616:Condor
4292:Pueblo
4278:May 68
3906:Gladio
3824:Tuapse
3487:Jungle
3479:Priboi
3179:(wife)
3169:Family
2927:Legacy
2857:(1958)
2847:(1956)
2837:(1940)
2770:PT-109
2448:ExComm
2431:Cuba:
2128:Nikita
2098:(2014)
2090:(1999)
2082:(1984)
2074:(1964)
2066:(1963)
2055:Novels
2047:(2009)
2039:(1962)
2031:(1962)
2012:(2020)
2004:(2017)
1996:(2015)
1988:(2014)
1980:(2003)
1972:(2001)
1964:(2001)
1956:(1999)
1948:(1995)
1940:(1988)
1932:(1987)
1924:(1985)
1916:(1983)
1908:(1982)
1900:(1966)
1892:(1966)
1884:(1965)
1876:(1963)
1868:(1962)
1860:(1962)
1373:online
1343:online
1328:
1311:online
1277:online
1255:
1230:
1201:
1183:
1152:
1132:online
1117:
1100:
1090:
1065:
1043:online
1032:online
199:Berlin
187:German
91:Result
6087:Stasi
5554:SAARC
5549:ASEAN
5514:SEATO
5367:Other
5332:Juche
5090:Korea
5003:1990s
4716:1980s
4360:1970s
3983:1960s
3735:1950s
3445:1940s
3426:NEATO
3421:SEATO
3411:ANZUS
3293:(dog)
3197:(son)
3191:(son)
2996:films
2986:VISTA
2867:Death
2826:Books
2789:PT-59
2422:USAID
2276:MA–11
2169:Other
2106:Songs
986:(PDF)
730:Notes
641:With
460:F-86s
456:F-84s
363:Mauer
306:Sochi
54:U.S.
5627:TASS
5519:METO
5509:NATO
4735:and
4733:1980
4290:USS
3416:METO
3401:NATO
2715:1960
2710:1956
2694:1958
2689:1952
2683:1950
2678:1948
2673:1946
2652:1963
2647:1962
2642:1961
2357:desk
2274:for
2253:35th
1326:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1228:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1181:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1115:ISBN
1098:OCLC
1088:ISBN
1063:ISBN
945:2023
905:2018
765:2016
645:spy
604:NATO
589:T-54
458:and
181:The
175:none
172:none
71:Date
60:T-55
6082:KGB
6077:MVD
6062:MI6
6057:MI5
6052:CIA
5524:EEC
3133:MV
1086:).
643:GRU
541:M48
379:GRU
371:KGB
295:CBS
56:M48
6178::
1096:.
1084:de
936:.
896:.
805:.
756:.
737:^
676:.
393:.
220:.
189::
4895:)
4891:(
3900:"
3896:"
3873:"
3869:"
3368:e
3361:t
3354:v
2813:"
2809:"
2628:"
2624:"
2621:"
2617:"
2609:"
2605:"
2295:)
2291:(
2233:e
2226:t
2219:v
2126:"
2119:"
2112:"
1827:"
1821:"
1461:e
1454:t
1447:v
1434:.
1104:.
1071:.
1034:.
947:.
907:.
836:.
809:.
767:.
492:.
185:(
20:)
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