2847:, was it so poorly planned. Despite the movement being labeled a "coup attempt", the movement's troops did not execute the plan with military efficiency or planning. As Roosa notes, the movement's military force, which only consisted of 2,130 total military personnel and 2,000 civilians, was spread too thin to constitute a single operational force, especially compared to the number of military troops stationed in the city(footnote). Also, the lack of tanks proves that the forces did not have the intention of taking government control. The forces of Aidit and his men were separated from the rest of the movement's forces under Untung and the other men by a total distance of two miles, under two separate strategic headquarters. Furthermore, the two forces did not have efficient means of communication between them; the movement itself shut down the city's telephone system when it took over the telecommunications building, and neither group had walkie-talkies or other radio devices to relay plans back and forth. Instead, several of the leaders used shuttles and couriers as a means of communication. Roosa contributes these inconsistencies in planning to Sjam, noting his lack of experience in military strategy. In any case, he says, the movement's leaders as a group were too disparate to find enough common ground to carry out the operation.
2158:, 5 October. It was also stated that President Sukarno was under the movement's protection. Sukarno traveled to Halim 'after learning that there were troops near the Palace on the north side of Lapangan Merdeka' and also claimed (later) 'that this was so he could be near an aircraft should he need to leave Jakarta'. Further radio announcements from RRI later that day listed 45 members of the G30S Movement and stated that all army ranks above Lieutenant Colonel would be abolished. While at Halim, the president met with AVM Dani and the other service commanders remaining to plan for a replacement to the post of Commander of the Army which was by now vacant.
2179:
give up without a fight, first the
Brawijaya battalion, who came over to Kostrad HQ, then the Diponegoro troops, which withdrew to Halim. His troops gave Untung's forces inside the radio station an ultimatum and they also withdrew. By 7 pm Suharto was in control of all the installations previously held by the 30 September Movement's forces. Now joined by Nasution, at 9 pm he announced over the radio that he was now in command of the Army and that he would destroy the counter-revolutionary forces and save Sukarno. He then issued another ultimatum, this time to the troops at Halim. Later that evening, Sukarno left Halim and arrived in
2635:
forces. He points out that training in the US of
Indonesian Army personnel continued even as overt military assistance dried up, and contends that the US contributed substantial covert aid, noting that the US military presence in Jakarta was at an all-time high in 1965, and that the US government delivered a shipment of 200 military aircraft to the Indonesian Army the summer before the coup. Scott also implicates the CIA in the destabilization of the Indonesian economy in 1965, and notes that investment by US corporations in Indonesia increased in the months prior to the movement, which he argues indicates US foreknowledge of the plot.
2548:. In the essay they proposed that the 30 September Movement was not a party-political but entirely an internal army affair, as the PKI had insisted. They claimed that the action was a result of dissatisfaction on the part of junior officers, who found it extremely difficult to obtain promotions and resented the generals' corrupt and decadent lifestyles. They allege that the PKI was deliberately involved by, for example, bringing Aidit to Halim: a diversion from the embarrassing fact the Army was behind the movement.
2466:
Indonesian politics to the left so that the PKI could come to power rapidly, though probably not immediately"; Cribb believes that the PKI acted because it feared that, given
Sukarno's failing health, the system of Guided Democracy would soon collapse, allowing the right-wing faction in Indonesian society to take over the country. John Roosa writes that the 30 September Movement was an attempt to purge the Indonesian government of anti-communist influences, that failed because it was "a tangled, incoherent mess".
377:
1816:
2024:
278:
1809:
68:
266:
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4823:
1942:
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81:
2100:
2010:, thereby exacerbating famine conditions, the right-wing military adopted a regional command structure through which it could smuggle staple commodities to win the loyalty of the starving rural population. In an attempt to curtail the right-wing military's increasing power, the PKI and the left-wing military formed a number of peasant and other mass organizations.
4802:
1999:, the PKI extensively penetrated all levels of government. With the support of Sukarno and the air force, the party gained increasing influence at the expense of the army, thus ensuring the army's enmity. By late 1965, the army was divided between a left-wing faction allied with the PKI and a right-wing faction that was being courted by the United States.
2643:
Western bloc, particularly the US. Over time, the military and the PKI became increasingly at-odds. In August 1965, the military feared that because of the Fifth
Regiment (Angkatan Kelima), they would not able to monopolise the military - and as a result, the PKI would be unstoppable. This led to impatience within the military for the fall of Sukarno.
96:
76:
2285:, who was captured by the Army on 25 November and summarily executed shortly after. Recently released records from the United States Department of State indicate that the U.S. embassy in Jakarta tracked the killings of these leftists, and that U.S. officials "actively supported" the efforts of the Indonesian Army to quell the labor movement.
86:
101:
106:
91:
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A Tirto.id article also suggests that
Suharto, with the military, was behind the attack. It mentions the military's cooperation with Washington after the latter's failure in taking over Sumatra, an area which at that time contained strong support for Marxism and therefore constituted a threat for the
2559:
Central to the
Anderson theory is an examination of a little-known figure in the Indonesian army, Colonel Abdul Latief. Latief had spent a career in the Army and, according to Anderson, had been both a staunch Sukarno loyalist and a friend with Suharto. Following the coup attempt, however, Latief was
2178:
Because of poor planning, the coup leaders had failed to provide provisions for the troops on
Lapangan Merdeka, who were becoming hot and thirsty. They were under the impression that they were guarding the president in the palace. Over the course of the afternoon, Suharto persuaded both battalions to
2002:
In need of
Indonesian allies in its Cold War against the Soviet Union, the United States cultivated a number of ties with officers of the military through exchanges and arms deals. This fostered a split in the military's ranks, with the United States and others backing a right-wing faction against a
2854:
The first statement reported the movement's capture of the generals and their intent to act against the sympathizers of the
Council of Generals. After five hours, the PKI released its second statement revealing the names of the deputy commanders under Lieutenant Colonel Untung. The third broadcast,
2264:
Suharto and his associates immediately blamed the PKI as masterminds of the 30 September
Movement. With the support of the Army, and fueled by horrific tales of the alleged torture and mutilation of the generals at Lubang Buaya, anti-PKI demonstrations and then violence soon broke out. Violent mass
2795:
In October 2021, further light was shed on the United Kingdom's role when declassified documents revealed that the government had covertly deployed black propaganda in order to urge prominent Indonesians to "cut out communist cancer". As the atrocities began in October 1965, British spooks called
2747:
filed their reports on the Indonesian turmoil. According to Roland Challis, the BBC correspondent who was in Singapore at the time, journalists were open to manipulation by IRD because of Sukarno's stubborn refusal to allow them into the country: "In a curious way, by keeping correspondents out of
2631:
kidnapped. Scott also discusses the relationship between Suharto and three of the Army battalions involved in the coup, which were under his command and staffed by US-trained soldiers. He notes that these battalions switched sides during the rebellion, working to both instigate and quell the coup.
2858:
Roosa argues that the broadcasts provided an inconsistent face to the public; and thus, they obtained little public support. The broadcasts were self-contradictory, as they oscillated between protecting Sukarno and disposing of him due to his unwillingness to support the movement. In the end, the
2197:
It was only on 4 October when the bodies of all seven casualties were recovered from the well in which they were thrown at Lubang Buaya. They were buried in a state burial on 5 October, Armed Forces Day, preceded by an address by Nasution. All seven Army officers and the police brigadier were, by
2791:
Upon declassification, the documents were used to contend that the British had supported the slaughter and that this was done in three ways: encouragement of the killing; giving the Indonesian military a free hand by furnishing assurances that there would be no British intervention while PKI was
2634:
He also alleges that the fact that the generals were killed near an air force base where PKI members had been trained allowed him to shift the blame away from the Army. He links the support given by the CIA to anti-Sukarno rebels in the 1950s to their later support for Suharto and anti-communist
2465:
A number of Western scholars, while rejecting Suharto's propaganda, argue that the 30 September Movement was indeed a PKI coup d'état attempt. Robert Cribb states that "the Movement aimed to throw the army high command off balance, discredit the generals as apparent enemies of Sukarno, and shift
2551:
Recently Anderson expanded on his theory that the coup attempt was almost totally an internal matter of a divided military with the PKI playing only a peripheral role; that the right-wing generals assassinated on 1 October 1965 were, in fact, the Council of Generals coup planning to assassinate
2759:
that it "went all over the world and back again," and was "put almost instantly back into Indonesia via the BBC." Gilchrist himself informed the Foreign Office on 5 October 1965: "I have never concealed from you my belief that a little shooting in Indonesia would be an essential preliminary to
2630:
alleges that the entire movement was designed to allow for Suharto's response. Dale Scott draws attention to the fact the side of Lapangan Merdeka on which KOSTRAD was situated was not occupied, and that only those generals who might have prevented Suharto seizing power (except Nasution) were
2862:
As to the movement itself, Roosa concludes that it was led by Sjam, in collaboration with Aidit, but 'not' the PKI as a whole, together with Pono, Untung and Latief. Suharto was able to defeat the movement because he knew of it beforehand and because the Army had already prepared for such a
2233:. However, once news of the movement's failure in Jakarta became known, most of its followers in Central Java gave themselves up. On 5 October, both Katamso and Sugiyono, the commander and executive officer of the 72nd Military Area at the time of their murders, were also posthumously named
2174:
HQ and tried to contact other senior officers. He managed to contact and to ensure the support of the commanders of the Navy and the National Police, but was unable to contact the Air Force Commander. He then took command of the Army and issued orders confining all troops to their barracks.
2556:. Anderson argues that G30S was indeed a movement of officers loyal to Sukarno who carried out their plan believing it would preserve, not overthrow, Sukarno's rule. The boldest claim in the Anderson theory, however, is that the generals were in fact privy to the G30S assassination plot.
2411:
would reinforce this impression by referring to the movement using the abbreviation "G30S/PKI". School textbooks followed the official government line that the PKI, worried about Sukarno's health and concerned about their position should he die, acted to seize power and establish a
2150:, to the effect that the 30 September Movement, an internal army organization, had taken control of strategic locations in Jakarta, with the help of other military units. They proclaimed that this was to forestall a coup attempt by a 'Generals' Council' aided by the
2775:
that the IRD was active during this time. He officially denied any role by MI6, and denied "personal knowledge" of the British arming the right-wing faction of the Army, though he did comment that if there were such a plan, he "would certainly have supported it."
2083:, was captured after being mistaken for Nasution in the dark. Nasution's five-year-old daughter, Ade Irma Suryani Nasution, was shot by the assault group and died on 6 October. In addition a police officer guarding Nasution's neighbour, Police Chief Brigadier
2878:"The assassination of generals on the morning of 1 October was not really a coup attempt against the government, but the event has been almost universally described as an 'abortive coup attempt,' so I have continued to use the term." Crouch 1978, p. 101.
2819:
Roosa then challenges the credibility of the evidence on which the Suharto regime based its official narrative. The evidence provided by the army consisted of the testimony of two officers who were under the influence of torture and therefore unreliable.
2690:
were increasingly alarmed by the possibility of the confrontation with Malaysia spreading, and agreed to "liquidate President Sukarno, depending on the situation and available opportunities." However, the documentary evidence does not support this claim.
2779:
Although MI6 is strongly implicated in this scheme by the use of the Information Research Department (seen as an MI6 office), any role by MI6 itself is officially denied by the UK government, and papers relating to it had yet to be declassified by the
2638:
Another damaging revelation came to light when it emerged that one of the main plotters, Col Latief, was a close associate of Suharto, as were other key figures in the movement, and that Latief actually visited Suharto on the night before the murders.
2087:, was shot and killed by the kidnapping group. A final victim was Albert Naiborhu, General Pandjaitan's nephew, who was killed during the raid on the General's home. The generals and the bodies of their dead colleagues were taken to a place known as
2612:
with Malaysia, the intelligence chief of his unit Ali Murtopo had been making connections and providing information to the hostile governments of Malaysia, Singapore, United Kingdom, and the United States through an espionage operation run by
2605:
That during the time period in which the assassination plot was organized, Suharto (as commander of Kostrad) had made a habit of acting in a duplicitous manner: while Suharto was privy to command decisions made in the context of then ongoing
2587:
That almost all the key military participants named as part of G30S were, either at the time of the assassinations or just previously, close subordinates of Suharto: Lieutenant-Colonel Untung, Colonel Latief, and Brigadier-General
2563:
Anderson points out that Suharto himself has twice admitted to meeting Latief in a hospital on 30 September 1965 (i.e. G30S) and that his two narratives of the meeting are contradictory. In an interview with American journalist
2576:, Suharto stated that Latief had gone to the hospital in an attempt on his life, but had lost his nerve. Anderson believes that in the first account, Suharto was simply being disingenuous; in the second, that he had lied.
2560:
jailed and named a conspirator in G30S. At his military trial in the 1970s, Latief made the accusation that Suharto himself had been a co-conspirator in the G30S plot, and had betrayed the group for his own purposes.
2850:
Throughout the coup attempt, the PKI utilized the broadcast system a total of four times, greatly limiting their presentation of the movement to the public. Each broadcast was also inconsistent and clashing.
2796:
for "the PKI and all communist organisations be eliminated". The nation, they warned, would be in danger "as long as the communist leaders are at large and their rank and file are allowed to go unpunished".
2212:
Following the 7 am radio broadcast on RRI, troops from the Diponegoro Division in Central Java took control of five of the seven battalions and other units in the name of the 30 September movement. The
2832:, printed in the army press in late 1965, were transparent fakes. Likewise, the highly publicized story about the movement's female participants; torturing and castrating the seven captured officers in
4259:
Gerakan 30 September Pemberontakan Partai Komunis Indonesia: Latar Belakang, Aksi dan Penumpasannya (The 30 September Movement/Communist Party of Indonesia: Bankgrounds, Actions and its Annihilation)
1477:
2598:
That the two generals who had direct command of all troops in Jakarta (save for the Presidential Guard, who carried out the assassinations) were Suharto and Jakarta Military Territory Commander
2416:. The trials of key conspirators were used as evidence to support this view, as was the publication of a cartoon supporting the 30 September Movement in the 2 October issue of the PKI newspaper
2855:"Decision No. 1", listed the 45 members of the Indonesian Revolution Council. The fourth broadcast then declared Untung as the highest-ranking official and any higher member was to be demoted.
2808:. As a general who joined the movement just days before its execution, Supardjo offers a unique perspective on the movement as both an outsider and insider. In his testimony intended for the
1987:'s position came to depend on balancing the opposing and increasingly hostile forces of the army and the PKI. His "anti-imperialist" ideology made Indonesia increasingly dependent on the
2899:
2659:
intelligence service of United Kingdom, then Indonesia's colonial neighbor on the island of Borneo, has also come to light, in a series of exposés by Paul Lashmar and James Oliver in
1077:
2595:
That in the case of Untung and Latief, their association with Suharto was so close that they attended each other's family events and celebrated their sons' rites of passage together.
2170:, commander of the Army's Strategic Reserve (KOSTRAD), was woken up by his neighbor and told of the disappearances of the generals and the shootings at their homes. He went to
4900:
2269:, locals burned the PKI headquarters to the ground. The army swept through the countryside and were aided by locals in killing suspected communists. In East Java, members of
3640:
2751:
These manipulations included the BBC reporting that communists were planning to slaughter the citizens of Jakarta. The accusation was based solely on a forgery planted by
2051:, just south of Jakarta to kidnap seven generals, all members of the Army General Staff. Three of the intended victims, (Minister/Commander of the Army Lieutenant General
2007:
1491:
1057:
2602:. Neither of these figures were assassinated, and (if Anderson's theory that Suharto lied about an attempt on his life by Latief is confirmed) no attempt was even made.
2292:, the ambassador to China, refused to be recalled and spent the rest of his life outside of Indonesia. Some of these exiles, writers by trade, continued writing. This
4365:
1938:, the movement was usually referred to as "G30S/PKI" by those wanting to associate it with the PKI, and this term is also sometimes used by the current government.
1037:
2863:
contingency. He says Sjam was the link between the PKI members and the Army officers, but lack of coordination was a major reason for the failure of the movement.
2265:
action started in Aceh, then shifted to Central and East Java. Suharto then sent the RPKAD paratroops under Col. Sarwo Edhie to Central Java. When they arrived in
1395:
3355:
2748:
the country Sukarno made them the victims of official channels, because almost the only information you could get was from the British ambassador in Jakarta."
4019:
Anatomy of the Jakarta Coup: 1 October 1965: The Collusion with China which destroyed the Army Command, President Sukarno and the Communist Party of Indonesia
3539:
2804:
Historian John Roosa highlights several inconsistencies in the official version of the events. Roosa primarily bases his theories on the candid reflection of
1126:
2430:, during a staged trial in 1967. But it was never convincingly proved to Western academic specialists, and has been challenged by some Indonesian accounts.
1921:
there was an attempt to take control over an army division and several cities. By the time this rebellion was put down, two more senior officers were dead.
2091:
near Halim where those still alive were tortured before being shot dead. The bodies of all the victims were then thrown down a disused well near the base.
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2947:
2048:
1785:
4890:
1847:
4419:
2251:
1929:
200:
1963:(CIA) initially believed that Sukarno orchestrated all of it, several outside sources found inconsistencies and holes in the army claims, notably
1501:
2824:
One has to be suspicious when the case is partly based on black propaganda and torture-induced testimonies. The confessions of two PKI leaders,
2501:
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4875:
4741:
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4726:
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4282:
4213:
4194:
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4026:
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2896:
2672:
The revelations included an anonymous Foreign Office source stating that the decision to unseat President Sukarno was made by Prime Minister
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1932:
was underway, which resulted in the imprisonment and deaths of many actual or suspected Communist Party members and sympathizers. Under the
1655:
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3255:
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and, later, private stations; it was also required viewing at schools and political institutions. A 2000 survey by the Indonesian magazine
2186:
Most of the rebel troops fled, and after a minor battle in the early hours of 2 October, the Army regained control of Halim, Aidit flew to
2155:
1312:
2568:, Suharto stated that Latief had been there merely "to check" on him, as his son was receiving care for a burn. In a later interview with
2075:) were taken alive. Meanwhile, their main target, Coordinating Minister of Defense and Security and Armed Forces Chief of Staff, General
4358:
1272:
2079:
managed to escape the kidnap attempt by jumping over a wall into the Iraqi embassy garden. However his personal aide, First Lieutenant
2422:. According to later pronouncements by the army, the PKI manipulated gullible left-wing officers such as Untung through a mysterious "
1553:
1388:
1334:
4329:
4309:
4265:
4179:
4162:
4131:
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3988:
3887:
3598:
2527:
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1292:
2225:, issued a statement in support of the movement. Rebel troops in Yogyakarta, led by Major Muljono, kidnapped and later killed Col.
2127:) main building and studios. They did not occupy the east side of the square – the location of the armed forces strategic reserve (
224:
4056:
3296:
2296:
was full of hatred for the new government and written simply, for general consumption, but necessarily published internationally.
1909:. Later that morning, the organization declared that it was in control of media and communication outlets and had taken President
4631:
3631:
2607:
1896:
1327:
1317:
1307:
1302:
1282:
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Hence, Roosa indicates that the army does not provide conclusive evidence of the PKI being the mastermind behind the movement.
2699:
2812:
leadership, he assesses the strengths and weaknesses of the 30 September Movement, particularly those of its presumed leader,
2426:" that reported only to the party secretary, Aidit. This case relied on a confession by the alleged head of the bureau, named
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2505:
2367:
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1344:
1136:
384:
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1565:
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1381:
1349:
1339:
1322:
1287:
1211:
1181:
1116:
946:
649:
472:
356:
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4109:
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3997:
2711:
2404:
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3839:. Roosa also lists interviews he conducted which are archived at the Institute of Indonesian Social History in Jakarta.
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3000:"The 1965 coup and reformasi 1998: two critical moments in Indonesia-Malaysia relations during and after the Cold War"
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2151:
2031:
At around 3:15 am on 1 October, seven detachments of troops in trucks and buses dispatched by Lieutenant Colonel
1960:
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59:
2490:
2281:. Figures given for the number of people killed across Indonesia vary from 78,000 to one million. Among the dead was
3530:
3510:
3363:
3338:
1924:
In the days and weeks that followed, the army, socio-political, and religious groups blamed the coup attempt on the
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policy. It has been claimed that a CIA memorandum of 1962 indicated that Prime Minister Macmillan and President
2592:
in Jakarta, and Colonel Suherman, Major Usman, and their associates at the Diponegoro Division's HQ in Semarang.
4805:
4064:(Paper delivered at the 17th Biennial Conference on the Asian Studies Association of Australia), archived from
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Later that morning, around 2,000 troops from two Java-based divisions (the 454th Infantry Battalion from the
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30 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka: Jilid 3 (1965–1973) (30 Years of Indonesian Independence: Volume 3 (1965–1973))
2755:, a propaganda expert with the IRD. He later bragged in a letter to the British ambassador in Jakarta, Sir
2288:
Several hundred or thousand Indonesian leftists travelling abroad were unable to return to their homeland.
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4392:
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2439:
2139:, the Air Force commander both went to the Halim AFB, which pointed at their involvement in the movement.
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31:
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2036:
1934:
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1726:
1201:
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2680:. According to the exposés, the United Kingdom had already become alarmed with the announcement of the
2027:
The Army General Staff at the time of the coup attempt. The generals who were killed are shown in grey.
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found 97% of the 1,101 students surveyed had seen the film; 87% of them had seen it more than once.
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2322:). The government's official narrative is that the day is commemorated to celebrate the triumph of
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898:
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788:
708:
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329:
3983:, Politics and International Relations of Southeast Asia, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,
17:
3831:
The appendices of Roosa (2006) contain translations of two primary sources: a 1966 document by
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in a bad light. These efforts were to duplicate the successes of British Psyop campaign in the
2131:) headquarters, commanded at the time by Major General Suharto. At some time during the night,
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Similarly, he asks why, if the movement was planned by military officers, as alleged in the
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Pretext for Mass Murder: The September 30th Movement and Suharto's Coup d'État in Indonesia
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Pretext for Mass Murder: The September 30th Movement and Suharto's Coup D'État in Indonesia
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Pretext for Mass Murder: The September 30th Movement and Suharto's Coup D'État in Indonesia
3721:
Pretext for Mass Murder: The 30th September Movement and Suharto's Coup D'État in Indonesia
3702:
Pretext for Mass Murder: The September 30th Movement and Suharto's Coup D'État in Indonesia
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Pretext for Mass Murder: The September 30th Movement and Suharto's Coup D'Etat in Indonesia
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Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.-Indonesian Relations, 1960-1968
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4602:
4167:
4032:
3293:
3026:
2999:
2781:
2695:
2652:
2553:
2434:
2222:
2080:
1808:
1795:
918:
888:
768:
591:
521:
142:
2447:; 1984). Between 1984 and 1998 the film was broadcast on the state television station
4864:
4648:
4636:
4549:
3927:
3878:
2844:
2677:
2545:
2433:
The New Order government promoted this version with a Rp800 million film directed by
2418:
1972:
1947:
1751:
571:
345:
commanders killed during the coup, along with other military and civilian casualties.
134:
1941:
4586:
4566:
4543:
4143:
4065:
2833:
2764:
2256:
2099:
2088:
1988:
1711:
561:
491:
454:
255:
249:
112:
4222:
Scott, Peter (1985), "The United States and the Overthrow of Sukarno, 1965-1967",
4272:
4036:
3431:
2142:
Following the news at 7 am, RRI broadcast a message from Lieutenant Colonel
4581:
4460:
2836:
turned out to be a fabrication, presumably by psychological warfare specialists.
2682:
2571:
2479:
2345:
2132:
2035:(commander of Tjakrabirawa, the presidential guard), comprising troops from the
678:
601:
403:
318:
1416:
80:
4537:
4525:
4424:
3931:
3882:, Interim Reports Series, Ithaca, New York: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project,
3784:
2052:
1968:
1575:
1543:
621:
118:
2959:
2932:
4571:
4450:
3608:
2730:
2729:
Of note, these efforts were coordinated from the British High Commission in
2218:
2136:
1913:
under its protection. By the end of the day, the coup attempt had failed in
1706:
631:
581:
531:
434:
305:
265:
216:
176:
4099:
Lashmar, Paul and Oliver, James. "MI6 Spread Lies To Put Killer in Power",
3785:"Selected Documents Relating to the 30 September Movement and Its Epilogue"
3411:"Behind the coup that backfired: the demise of Indonesia's Communist Party"
3035:
3016:
3897:
3832:
3590:
Britain's Secret Propaganda War: Foreign Office and the Cold War, 1948–77
3588:
2805:
2589:
2266:
1996:
1528:
1467:
413:
3795:(1), Ithaca, NY: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project: 131–205, April 1966,
4622:
4385:
4245:
4155:
Pelajaran Sejarah untuk SMU Kelas 3 (History for 3rd Grade High School)
4058:
Knowing Indonesia from Afar: Indonesian Exiles and Australian Academics
3965:
3818:
2719:
2617:
in Thailand. Moerdani later became a spy chief in Suharto's government.
2408:
2370: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2289:
2260:
Contemporary anti-PKI literature blaming the party for the coup attempt
2226:
2171:
2167:
2128:
1984:
1956:
1914:
1910:
1558:
1431:
501:
314:
310:
206:
184:
95:
75:
38:
4038:
State Terrorism and Political Identity in Indonesia: Fatally Belonging
3956:
3809:
3676:"Revealed: how UK spies incited mass murder of Indonesia's communists"
2948:"Benedict Anderson, Scholar Who Saw Nations as 'Imagined,' Dies at 79"
2123:
in central Jakarta, and three sides of the square, including the RRI (
1959:'s version of the events were long obstructed in Indonesia. While the
1895:, or First of October Movement) was a self-proclaimed organization of
85:
4612:
4607:
2332:; official terminology). It is still commemorated until present day.
2198:
order of President Sukarno, officially declared the very same day as
2191:
2135:, the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) leader and Air Vice Marshal
1899:
members. In the early hours of 1 October 1965, they assassinated six
1624:
1619:
611:
4237:
3947:
3800:
2859:
broadcasts were ineffective and provided no assistance to the coup.
100:
105:
4434:
2829:
2825:
2407:
involvement at an early stage. Later, the government of President
2282:
2255:
2180:
2120:
2098:
2022:
1992:
481:
90:
3674:
Lashmar, Paul; Gilby, Nicholas; Oliver, James (17 October 2021).
3048:
Nugroho Notosusanto & Ismail Saleh (1968) Appendix B, p. 248.
4087:
The End of Sukarno – A Coup that Misfired: A Purge that Ran Wild
2278:
1918:
180:
4347:
3879:
A Preliminary Analysis of the 1 October 1965, Coup in Indonesia
3511:"G30S/Militer: Bagaimana Soeharto Mendalangi Pembantaian 1965?"
1945:
The editorial cartoon from the front page of the PKI newspaper
2734:
2656:
2544:
and Ruth McVey wrote an article which came to be known as the
2473:
2339:
2328:
2326:
over all ideologies, especially "Communism/Marxism-Leninism" (
2063:) were killed at their homes, while three more (Major General
3857:
In Another Person's Country: Poems By Exiled Indonesian Poets
3362:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation. Archived from
4343:
4148:
The Coup Attempt of the "30 September Movement" in Indonesia
3137:
Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1994) Appendix p. 13.
2399:
A PKI coup attempt: The first "official" (New Order) version
2277:
went on a killing frenzy, and the slaughter later spread to
1887:, Thirtieth of September Movement, also unofficially called
4332:
documents on U.S. Foreign Relations, 1964–1968: Indonesia
3942:(15), Ithaca, NY: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project: 1–20,
2204:
posthumously per Presidential Decision No. 111/KOTI/1965.
4302:
The Road to Power: Indonesian Military Politics 1945–1967
4189:. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press.
2583:
that Suharto was indeed in on the plot. Among these are:
4335:
Coup and Counter Reaction, October 1965 – March 1966:
244:
30 September Movement (self-proclaimed faction of the
27:
1965 Indonesian military faction that attempted a coup
4838:
2146:, commander of the 1st Honor Guard Battalion (Army),
3110:
Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1994) p. 103.
4750:
4704:
4658:
4621:
4595:
4559:
4510:
4474:
4443:
4402:
4204:Schaefer, Bernd; Wardaya, Baskara T., eds. (2013),
3859:] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Lontar Foundation,
2665:newspaper in December 1998, as well as their book,
2047:(East Java) Divisions, left the movement's base at
4296:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
2919:Anderson, Benedict R.; McVey, Ruth (1 June 1978).
37:"Gestapu" redirects here. Not to be confused with
3256:"U.S. Embassy Tracked Indonesia Mass Murder 1965"
3058:
3056:
3054:
2119:) occupied Lapangan Merdeka, the park around the
3561:Lashmar, Paul; Oliver, James (1 December 1998).
3528:Lashmar, Paul; Oliver, James (1 December 1998).
2706:in concert with the British military, to spread
2403:The Army leadership began making accusations of
4318:, Journal of Contemporary Asia I No. 1 pp 50–57
4002:Web of Deceit: Britain's Real Role in the World
3165:
3163:
3161:
2822:
2183:, where there was another presidential palace.
48:
4316:Suharto and the Untung Coup – the Missing Link
4153:Rafadi, Dedi & Latuconsina, Hudaya (1997)
3853:Di Negeri Orang: Puisi Penyair Indonesia Eksil
2461:A PKI coup attempt: Western scholars' theories
4359:
4257:Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1994)
4251:Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1975)
3761:. The University of Wisconsin Press. p.
3742:. The University of Wisconsin Press. p.
3723:. The University of Wisconsin Press. p.
3704:. The University of Wisconsin Press. p.
1841:
1389:
201:Outbreak of anti-communist purge in Indonesia
30:"G30S/PKI" redirects here. For the film, see
8:
2733:where the British Broadcasting Corporation (
2569:
3468:
3466:
2508:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2003:left-wing faction leaning towards the PKI.
4695:40 Years of Silence: An Indonesian Tragedy
4366:
4352:
4344:
3177:
3175:
3070:
3068:
2792:being crushed; and propaganda operations.
2579:Further backing his claim, Anderson cites
2115:and the 530th Infantry Battalion from the
1848:
1834:
1407:
1396:
1382:
350:
45:
3955:
3808:
3025:
3015:
2528:Learn how and when to remove this message
2386:Learn how and when to remove this message
323:
4274:Media, Culture and Politics in Indonesia
3396:
2336:Theories about the 30 September Movement
1940:
4845:
3932:"Another Look at the Indonesian "Coup""
3593:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Pub.
3384:
2871:
1410:
364:
353:
3661:
3632:"How we lied to put a killer in power"
3181:Mutiara Sumber Widya (publisher)(1999)
2998:Maksum, Ali; Bustami, Reevany (2014).
2897:THE LESSONS OF THE SEPTEMBER 30 AFFAIR
4271:Sen, Krishna; Hill, David T. (2006).
4122:Lashmar, Paul; Oliver, James (1999),
3643:from the original on 30 December 2021
3587:Lashmar, Paul; Oliver, James (1998).
3312:
3254:Brad Simpson, ed. (17 October 2017).
2771:at the time of the war, confirmed to
7:
4901:1960s coups d'état and coup attempts
4801:
3279:
2552:Sukarno and install themselves as a
2506:adding citations to reliable sources
2368:adding citations to reliable sources
2006:When Sukarno rejected food aid from
1786:Soekarno–Hatta International Airport
4420:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66
4208:, Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama,
4021:. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
3542:from the original on 20 August 2013
3409:Cribb, Robert (30 September 2015).
2676:then executed under Prime Minister
2252:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66
2049:Halim Perdanakusumah Air Force Base
3981:The Army and Politics in Indonesia
2308:in 1967, 1 October was decreed as
2306:Suharto's appointment as President
2162:The end of the movement in Jakarta
1955:Investigations and questioning of
223:" simultaneously banned in a 1966
25:
4330:United States Department of State
4108:Lashmar, Paul and Oliver, James.
2946:Chan, Sewell (14 December 2015).
2019:Kidnapping and murder of generals
4848:
4821:
4810:
4800:
4632:Early life and career of Suharto
4150:, P.T. Pembimbing Masa-Djakarta.
3835:and the 1967 court testimony of
2478:
2344:
2229:and his chief of staff Lt. Col.
2154:, intent on removing Sukarno on
1995:. By 1965, at the height of the
1897:Indonesian National Armed Forces
1814:
1807:
1415:
1365:
375:
276:
264:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
66:
18:1965 Indonesian coup d'état
4891:Information Research Department
4277:. Jakarta: Equinox Publishing.
4124:Britain's Secret Propaganda War
3912:[Killer Becomes King].
3629:Oliver, James (16 April 2000).
3509:Jusuf, Windu (15 August 2018).
3324:Rafadi & Latuconsina, 1997.
3208:Sundhaussen (1982) pp. 215–216.
2700:Information Research Department
2667:Britain's Secret Propaganda War
2355:needs additional citations for
1983:From the late 1950s, President
1862:Thirtieth of September Movement
4674:The Year of Living Dangerously
2769:Secretary of State for Defence
1497:Indonesian National Revolution
1078:French and British interregnum
254:"Various Leftist Militias" in
1:
4206:1965: Indonesia and the World
4172:A History of Modern Indonesia
3876:& McVey, Ruth T. (1971),
3438:University of Wisconsin Press
3430:Roosa, John (3 August 2006).
2988:Ricklefs (1991), pp. 272–280.
2921:"What Happened in Indonesia?"
2194:before the soldiers arrived.
4876:Attempted coups in Indonesia
4520:Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX
4492:Indonesian riots of May 1998
4430:Acting presidency of Suharto
3128:Ricklefs (1982) pp. 269–270.
3062:Anderson & McVey (1971).
2712:Communist Party of Indonesia
1926:Communist Party of Indonesia
1885:Gerakan September Tiga Puluh
1502:Proclamation of Independence
966:Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow
4871:Transition to the New Order
4482:1997 Asian financial crisis
4410:Transition to the New Order
4304:, Oxford University Press.
3922:(3). New Left Review: 7–15.
3851:Alham, Asahan, ed. (2002),
2294:Indonesian exile literature
2152:Central Intelligence Agency
2039:(Presidential Guards), the
1961:Central Intelligence Agency
473:Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms
60:Transition to the New Order
4917:
4110:"How we destroyed Sukarno"
3563:"How we destroyed Sukarno"
3531:"How we destroyed Sukarno"
3356:"Pengkhianatan G-30-S PKI"
3235:Sundhaussen (1982) p. 217.
3226:Sundhaussen (1982) p. 218.
3146:Sundhaussen (1982) p. 207.
2694:To weaken the regime, the
2249:
2014:Insurgency on 30 September
1147:United States of Indonesia
984:Chinese Kongsi federations
36:
29:
4796:
4381:
4292:Simpson, Bradley (2008).
3343:The Sydney Morning Herald
3291:Encyclopedia of Jakarta.
3260:National Security Archive
2800:Series of inconsistencies
1791:Gelora Bung Karno Stadium
1298:Javanese historical texts
340:
335:
293:
237:
149:
65:
53:
4444:Key aspects & events
4300:Sundhaussen, Ulf (1982)
3092:Ricklefs (1991), p. 281.
2979:Ricklefs (1991), p. 282.
2925:New York Review of Books
2902:26 November 2020 at the
2704:psychological operations
2319:Hari Kesaktian Pancasila
2273:, the youth wing of the
2235:Heroes of the Revolution
2201:Heroes of the Revolution
2125:Radio Republik Indonesia
2071:, and Brigadier General
2059:, and Brigadier General
1917:. Meanwhile, in central
1903:generals in an abortive
1424:This article is part of
1058:Dutch East India Company
699:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
71:Pancasila Sakti Monument
4643:Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana
4041:, New York: Routledge,
4017:Fic, Victor M. (2005).
3979:Crouch, Harold (1978),
3299:14 January 2015 at the
3169:Ricklefs (1982) p. 270.
3101:Ricklefs (1982) p. 269.
2622:Suharto with US support
2581:circumstantial evidence
2460:
1824:: Picture, Sound, Video
1688:Tahun Vivere Pericoloso
271:Government of Indonesia
209:begins to rise to power
4667:Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI
4456:Asas tunggal Pancasila
4393:President of Indonesia
4314:Wertheim, W.F. (1970)
3017:10.1186/2193-1801-3-45
2838:
2570:
2440:Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI
2317:
2310:Pancasila Sanctity Day
2304:Immediately following
2261:
2208:Events in Central Java
2108:
2028:
1952:
1869:
1450:President of Indonesia
1109:Emergence of Indonesia
294:Commanders and leaders
159:; 58 years ago
32:Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI
4816:Suharto on Wikisource
4705:Legislative elections
4415:30 September Movement
4089:, Archipelago Press,
3874:Anderson, Benedict R.
3217:Hughes (2002) p. 160.
2445:Treachery of G30S/PKI
2259:
2148:Tjakrabirawa Regiment
2107:on 30 September 1965.
2103:Key locations around
2102:
2037:Tjakrabirawa Regiment
2026:
1944:
1878:syllabic abbreviation
1164:Republic of Indonesia
1030:European colonization
929:Riau-Lingga Sultanate
336:Casualties and losses
115:. From left to right:
49:30 September Movement
4828:Indonesia portal
4532:Umar Wirahadikusumah
4185:Roosa, John (2006).
4157:, Erlangga Jakarta.
4055:Hill, David (2008),
3490:Scott (1985) p. 257.
3481:Scott (1985) p. 254.
3472:Scott (1985) p. 255.
3460:Scott (1985) p. 243.
3339:"No End to Ambition"
2600:Umar Wirahadikusumah
2502:improve this section
2470:Internal army affair
2364:improve this article
2271:Ansor Youth Movement
2246:Anti-communist purge
2077:Abdul Haris Nasution
2043:(Central Java), and
1975:that challenged it.
1893:Gerakan Satu Oktober
1870:Gerakan 30 September
1663:Sunda Straits Crisis
1603:Non-aligned movement
1372:Indonesia portal
993:Heshun Confederation
909:Yogyakarta Sultanate
839:Kalinyamat Sultanate
809:Sultanate of Jailolo
779:Sultanate of Ternate
492:Tarumanagara Kingdom
196:Coup attempt failed
129:, Brigadier General
121:, Brigadier General
4688:The Look of Silence
4140:Nugroho Notosusanto
4118:. (6 December 2000)
4004:, London: Vintage,
3757:John Roosa (2006).
3738:John Roosa (2006).
3719:John Roosa (2006).
3700:John Roosa (2006).
3664:, pp. 387–401.
3385:Sen & Hill 2006
3360:filmindonesia.or.id
3337:(28 January 2008),
3244:Roosa (2006) p. 69.
3199:Roosa (2006) p. 55.
3155:Roosa (2006) p. 59.
3119:Roosa (2006) p. 35.
3083:Roosa (2006) p. 40.
3074:Roosa (2006) p. 36.
2887:Roosa (2006) p. 29.
2788:, 6 December 2000)
2763:In April 2000, Sir
2760:effective change."
2716:Chinese Indonesians
2113:Diponegoro Division
2095:Takeover in Jakarta
1991:and, particularly,
1681:Indonesia Menggugat
1539:Three Souths Affair
1137:National Revolution
1127:Japanese occupation
1013:Santiaogou Republic
879:Palembang Sultanate
799:Sultanate of Tidore
669:Peureulak Sultanate
602:Dharmasraya Kingdom
299:Lieutenant Colonel
252:Presidential Guard
157:1 October 1965
141:, First Lieutenant
131:Sutoyo Siswomiharjo
4881:Cold War conflicts
4806:Suharto on Commons
4681:The Act of Killing
4487:Trisakti shootings
4126:, Sutton Pub Ltd,
3910:"Petrus Dadi Ratu"
3906:Anderson, Benedict
3366:on 25 October 2012
2952:The New York Times
2744:The New York Times
2702:(IRD) coordinated
2262:
2117:Brawijaya Division
2109:
2029:
1953:
1608:Bandung Conference
1216:1998–present
1117:National Awakening
947:Christian kingdoms
913:1755–present
903:1745–present
899:Surakarta Sunanate
869:Kingdom of Kaimana
823:1526–present
789:Sultanate of Bacan
709:Pagaruyung Kingdom
650:Islamic sultanates
542:Shailendra Dynasty
330:Sarwo Edhie Wibowo
304:Brigadier General
4896:Murder in Jakarta
4886:1965 in Indonesia
4836:
4835:
4466:Petition of Fifty
4337:Documents 142–205
4284:978-979-3780-42-9
4215:978-9-792-29872-7
4196:978-0-299-22034-1
4105:. (16 April 2000)
4048:978-0-415-37152-0
4027:978-979-461-554-6
4011:978-0-099-44839-6
3908:(May–June 2000).
3866:978-979-8083-42-6
3844:Secondary sources
3447:978-0-299-22030-3
3399:, pp. 50–51.
3315:, pp. 93–94.
3190:Sundhausen, 1981.
2724:Malayan Emergency
2542:Benedict Anderson
2538:
2537:
2530:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2166:At 5.30 am,
2121:National Monument
2085:Karel Sadsuitubun
1965:Benedict Anderson
1858:
1857:
1586:De-Sukarnoization
1441:
1440:
1406:
1405:
1220:
1219:
1172:Liberal democracy
1155:
1154:
1100:
1099:
1088:Dutch East Indies
1021:
1020:
974:
973:
956:Larantuka Kingdom
937:
936:
849:Mataram Sultanate
749:Cirebon Sultanate
729:Malacca Sultanate
689:Ternate Sultanate
640:
639:
622:Singhasari Empire
616:1000s–1300s
582:Kahuripan Kingdom
463:
462:
349:
348:
233:
232:
111:Victims found in
16:(Redirected from
4908:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4844:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4814:
4804:
4803:
4577:Prabowo Subianto
4502:Post-Suharto era
4368:
4361:
4354:
4345:
4297:
4288:
4248:
4218:
4200:
4136:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4071:on 27 March 2012
4070:
4063:
4051:
4014:
3993:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3959:
3923:
3901:
3869:
3837:Kamaruzaman Sjam
3828:
3827:
3825:
3812:
3767:
3766:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3634:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3533:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3506:
3500:
3499:Wertheim (1970).
3497:
3491:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3461:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3416:The Conversation
3406:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3335:McDonald, Hamish
3331:
3325:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3170:
3167:
3156:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3063:
3060:
3049:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3029:
3019:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2916:
2910:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2814:Kamaruzaman Sjam
2757:Andrew Gilchrist
2739:Associated Press
2708:black propaganda
2674:Harold Macmillan
2651:The role of the
2628:Peter Dale Scott
2575:
2533:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2513:
2482:
2474:
2391:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2371:
2348:
2340:
2156:Armed Forces Day
2067:, Major General
2061:D. I. Pandjaitan
2055:, Major General
1951:, 2 October 1965
1872:, also known as
1850:
1843:
1836:
1818:
1811:
1763:Media and legacy
1615:1962 Asian Games
1549:Guided Democracy
1457:Pre-Independence
1437:
1436:
1434:
1427:
1419:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1182:Guided Democracy
1168:
1167:
1113:
1112:
1034:
1033:
1003:Lanfang Republic
989:
988:
952:
951:
873:1600s–1926
863:1528s–1877
829:Banjar Sultanate
819:Banten Sultanate
803:1500s–1967
719:Brunei Sultanate
655:
654:
632:Majapahit Empire
532:Srivijaya Empire
512:Kalingga Kingdom
478:
477:
445:Toba catastrophe
428:94,000–12,000 BP
399:
398:
379:
369:
351:
325:
281:
280:
279:
269:
268:
221:Marxism-Leninism
167:
165:
160:
151:
150:
137:, Major General
133:, Major General
125:, Major General
123:D. I. Pandjaitan
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
70:
56:Cold War in Asia
46:
21:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4849:
4847:
4839:
4837:
4832:
4822:
4820:
4792:
4746:
4700:
4654:
4617:
4591:
4555:
4512:Vice presidents
4506:
4497:Fall of Suharto
4470:
4439:
4398:
4377:
4372:
4326:
4321:
4291:
4285:
4270:
4238:10.2307/2758262
4225:Pacific Affairs
4221:
4216:
4203:
4197:
4184:
4134:
4121:
4115:The Independent
4102:The Independent
4074:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4049:
4033:Heryanto, Ariel
4031:
4012:
3996:
3991:
3978:
3970:
3968:
3948:10.2307/3350791
3926:
3915:New Left Review
3904:
3890:
3872:
3867:
3850:
3846:
3823:
3821:
3801:10.2307/3350789
3783:
3780:
3778:Primary sources
3775:
3770:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3699:
3698:
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3684:
3682:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3660:
3656:
3646:
3644:
3637:The Independent
3628:
3627:
3623:
3613:
3611:
3601:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3571:
3569:
3567:The Independent
3560:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3536:The Independent
3527:
3526:
3522:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3395:
3391:
3383:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3301:Wayback Machine
3290:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3234:
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3225:
3221:
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3212:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3173:
3168:
3159:
3154:
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3145:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3118:
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3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3066:
3061:
3052:
3047:
3043:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2962:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2904:Wayback Machine
2895:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2802:
2786:The Independent
2773:The Independent
2753:Norman Reddaway
2688:John F. Kennedy
2662:The Independent
2649:
2624:
2566:Arnold Brackman
2534:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2499:
2483:
2472:
2463:
2414:communist state
2401:
2392:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2361:
2349:
2338:
2302:
2275:Nahdlatul Ulama
2254:
2248:
2243:
2210:
2164:
2144:Untung Syamsuri
2097:
2033:Untung Syamsuri
2021:
2016:
1981:
1901:Indonesian Army
1854:
1812:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1781:Seclusion house
1764:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1514:
1513:Domestic policy
1510:
1509:
1508:
1458:
1454:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1402:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1232:
1222:
1221:
1206:1967–1998
1196:1966–1967
1186:1959–1966
1176:1950–1959
1165:
1157:
1156:
1151:1949–1950
1141:1945–1949
1131:1942–1945
1121:1908–1942
1110:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1095:1945–1949
1094:
1093:1800–1942
1082:1806–1816
1072:1685–1824
1062:1602–1799
1052:1521–1677
1042:1512–1850
1031:
1023:
1022:
1017:1777–1853
1007:1777–1884
997:1776–1854
986:
976:
975:
949:
939:
938:
933:1824–1911
923:1814–1946
893:1725–1946
883:1659–1823
859:Johor Sultanate
853:1586–1755
843:1527–1599
833:1526–1863
813:1496–1903
793:1515–1946
783:1486–1914
773:1496–1903
763:1475–1554
759:Demak Sultanate
753:1445–1677
743:1405–1851
733:1400–1511
723:1368–1888
713:1347–1833
703:1267–1521
693:1257–1914
683:1225–1613
659:Spread of Islam
652:
642:
641:
636:1293–1527
626:1222–1292
606:1183–1347
596:1045–1221
586:1019–1045
552:Mataram Kingdom
475:
465:
464:
396:
367:
360:
343:Indonesian Army
328:
317:
313:
303:
301:Untung Syamsuri
289:
283:Indonesian Army
277:
275:
263:
246:Indonesian Army
187:
163:
161:
158:
109:
73:
72:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4914:
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4857:
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4708:
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4702:
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4684:
4677:
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4652:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4603:Berkeley Mafia
4599:
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4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4563:
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4382:
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4373:
4371:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4325:
4324:External links
4322:
4320:
4319:
4312:
4298:
4289:
4283:
4268:
4255:
4249:
4232:(2): 239–264,
4219:
4214:
4201:
4195:
4182:
4168:Ricklefs, M.C.
4165:
4151:
4137:
4132:
4119:
4106:
4097:
4080:
4052:
4047:
4029:
4015:
4010:
3994:
3989:
3976:
3930:(April 1973),
3928:Crouch, Harold
3924:
3902:
3888:
3870:
3865:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3829:
3779:
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3711:
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3520:
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3492:
3483:
3474:
3462:
3453:
3446:
3422:
3401:
3389:
3387:, p. 148.
3377:
3347:
3326:
3317:
3305:
3284:
3272:
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3237:
3228:
3219:
3210:
3201:
3192:
3183:
3171:
3157:
3148:
3139:
3130:
3121:
3112:
3103:
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3085:
3076:
3064:
3050:
3041:
2990:
2981:
2972:
2938:
2911:
2889:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2801:
2798:
2782:Cabinet Office
2696:Foreign Office
2653:Foreign Office
2648:
2647:British psyops
2645:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:Benny Moerdani
2603:
2596:
2593:
2554:military junta
2536:
2535:
2486:
2484:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2435:Arifin C. Noer
2424:special bureau
2400:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2376:September 2012
2352:
2350:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2301:
2298:
2250:Main article:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2209:
2206:
2163:
2160:
2105:Merdeka Square
2096:
2093:
2081:Pierre Tendean
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
1980:
1977:
1971:who wrote the
1928:(PKI). Soon a
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1748:Grandchildren
1746:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1700:
1697:
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1684:
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1672:
1668:
1667:
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1665:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1644:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1599:
1597:Foreign policy
1596:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1426:a series about
1422:
1420:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1005:
999:
998:
995:
987:
982:
981:
978:
977:
972:
971:
968:
962:
961:
958:
950:
945:
944:
941:
940:
935:
934:
931:
925:
924:
921:
919:Deli Sultanate
915:
914:
911:
905:
904:
901:
895:
894:
891:
889:Siak Sultanate
885:
884:
881:
875:
874:
871:
865:
864:
861:
855:
854:
851:
845:
844:
841:
835:
834:
831:
825:
824:
821:
815:
814:
811:
805:
804:
801:
795:
794:
791:
785:
784:
781:
775:
774:
771:
769:Aceh Sultanate
765:
764:
761:
755:
754:
751:
745:
744:
741:
739:Sulu Sultanate
735:
734:
731:
725:
724:
721:
715:
714:
711:
705:
704:
701:
695:
694:
691:
685:
684:
681:
675:
674:
673:840–1292
671:
665:
664:
663:800–1600
661:
653:
648:
647:
644:
643:
638:
637:
634:
628:
627:
624:
618:
617:
614:
612:Pannai Kingdom
608:
607:
604:
598:
597:
594:
592:Kediri Kingdom
588:
587:
584:
578:
577:
576:932–1579
574:
568:
567:
566:914–1908
564:
558:
557:
556:716–1016
554:
548:
547:
544:
538:
537:
534:
528:
527:
524:
522:Melayu Kingdom
518:
517:
514:
508:
507:
504:
498:
497:
494:
488:
487:
484:
476:
471:
470:
467:
466:
461:
460:
457:
451:
450:
447:
441:
440:
438:
430:
429:
426:
420:
419:
416:
410:
409:
407:
397:
392:
391:
388:
387:
381:
380:
372:
371:
362:
361:
354:
347:
346:
338:
337:
333:
332:
308:
296:
295:
291:
290:
288:
287:
286:
285:
260:
258:
248:) Units From
240:
239:
235:
234:
231:
230:
229:
228:
210:
204:
193:
189:
188:
175:
173:
169:
168:
155:
147:
146:
143:Pierre Tendean
63:
62:
51:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4913:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4856:
4846:
4842:
4829:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4807:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4649:Tommy Suharto
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:Organisations
4594:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4551:
4550:B. J. Habibie
4548:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:Rise to power
4401:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4364:
4362:
4357:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4313:
4311:
4310:0-19-582521-7
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4266:979-083-002-5
4263:
4260:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4181:
4180:0-333-24380-3
4177:
4174:, MacMillan.
4173:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4163:979-411-252-6
4160:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4133:0-7509-1668-0
4129:
4125:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4096:
4095:981-4068-65-9
4092:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4067:
4060:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3990:0-8014-1155-6
3986:
3982:
3977:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3949:
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3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3889:9780877630081
3885:
3881:
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3875:
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3868:
3862:
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3854:
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3734:
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3722:
3715:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3693:
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3677:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3655:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3625:
3622:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3600:0-7509-1668-0
3596:
3592:
3591:
3583:
3580:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3554:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3524:
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3487:
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3478:
3475:
3469:
3467:
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3457:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3426:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3397:Heryanto 2006
3393:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3378:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2893:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2845:Cornell Paper
2841:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2678:Harold Wilson
2675:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2546:Cornell Paper
2543:
2532:
2529:
2521:
2518:February 2024
2511:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2487:This section
2485:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2419:Harian Rakjat
2415:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2387:
2379:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2353:This section
2351:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:Commemoration
2299:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2253:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2223:Utomo Ramelan
2220:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:M. T. Haryono
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1973:Cornell Paper
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1949:
1948:Harian Rakjat
1943:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1876:, and by the
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1810:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1554:5 July Decree
1552:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1435:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
994:
991:
990:
985:
980:
979:
969:
967:
964:
963:
959:
957:
954:
953:
948:
943:
942:
932:
930:
927:
926:
922:
920:
917:
916:
912:
910:
907:
906:
902:
900:
897:
896:
892:
890:
887:
886:
882:
880:
877:
876:
872:
870:
867:
866:
862:
860:
857:
856:
852:
850:
847:
846:
842:
840:
837:
836:
832:
830:
827:
826:
822:
820:
817:
816:
812:
810:
807:
806:
802:
800:
797:
796:
792:
790:
787:
786:
782:
780:
777:
776:
772:
770:
767:
766:
762:
760:
757:
756:
752:
750:
747:
746:
742:
740:
737:
736:
732:
730:
727:
726:
722:
720:
717:
716:
712:
710:
707:
706:
702:
700:
697:
696:
692:
690:
687:
686:
682:
680:
677:
676:
672:
670:
667:
666:
662:
660:
657:
656:
651:
646:
645:
635:
633:
630:
629:
625:
623:
620:
619:
615:
613:
610:
609:
605:
603:
600:
599:
595:
593:
590:
589:
585:
583:
580:
579:
575:
573:
572:Sunda Kingdom
570:
569:
565:
563:
560:
559:
555:
553:
550:
549:
545:
543:
540:
539:
535:
533:
530:
529:
525:
523:
520:
519:
515:
513:
510:
509:
505:
503:
500:
499:
495:
493:
490:
489:
485:
483:
482:Kutai Kingdom
480:
479:
474:
469:
468:
458:
456:
453:
452:
448:
446:
443:
442:
439:
437:
436:
432:
431:
427:
425:
422:
421:
417:
415:
412:
411:
408:
406:
405:
401:
400:
395:
390:
389:
386:
383:
382:
378:
374:
373:
370:
363:
358:
352:
344:
339:
334:
331:
326:
320:
316:
312:
309:
307:
302:
298:
297:
292:
284:
274:
273:
272:
267:
262:
261:
259:
257:
253:
251:
247:
242:
241:
236:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
197:
194:
191:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
171:
170:
156:
153:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:M. T. Haryono
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
114:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
69:
64:
61:
57:
52:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4637:Tien Suharto
4625:& family
4587:Sudono Salim
4567:Amir Machmud
4544:Try Sutrisno
4414:
4315:
4301:
4293:
4273:
4258:
4252:
4229:
4223:
4205:
4186:
4171:
4154:
4147:
4144:Ismail Saleh
4123:
4113:
4100:
4086:
4083:Hughes, John
4073:, retrieved
4066:the original
4057:
4037:
4018:
4001:
3998:Curtis, Mark
3980:
3971:18 September
3969:, retrieved
3939:
3935:
3919:
3913:
3877:
3856:
3852:
3824:20 September
3822:, retrieved
3792:
3788:
3758:
3752:
3739:
3733:
3720:
3714:
3701:
3695:
3683:. Retrieved
3680:The Guardian
3679:
3669:
3657:
3645:. Retrieved
3636:
3624:
3612:. Retrieved
3589:
3582:
3570:. Retrieved
3566:
3556:
3544:. Retrieved
3535:
3523:
3514:
3504:
3495:
3486:
3477:
3456:
3432:
3425:
3414:
3404:
3392:
3380:
3368:. Retrieved
3364:the original
3359:
3350:
3342:
3329:
3320:
3308:
3292:
3287:
3282:, p. 2.
3275:
3263:. Retrieved
3249:
3240:
3231:
3222:
3213:
3204:
3195:
3186:
3151:
3142:
3133:
3124:
3115:
3106:
3097:
3088:
3079:
3044:
3007:
3004:SpringerPlus
3003:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2963:. Retrieved
2951:
2941:
2924:
2914:
2907:
2892:
2883:
2874:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2834:Lubang Buaya
2823:
2818:
2803:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2778:
2772:
2765:Denis Healey
2762:
2750:
2742:
2728:
2710:casting the
2693:
2681:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2650:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2608:
2578:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2539:
2524:
2515:
2500:Please help
2488:
2464:
2452:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2417:
2402:
2382:
2373:
2362:Please help
2357:verification
2354:
2327:
2309:
2303:
2287:
2263:
2234:
2211:
2199:
2196:
2190:and Dani to
2185:
2177:
2165:
2141:
2110:
2089:Lubang Buaya
2030:
2005:
2001:
1989:Soviet Union
1982:
1954:
1946:
1933:
1923:
1904:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1861:
1859:
1821:
1813:
1797:
1774:
1687:
1680:
1656:
1647:
1570:
1482:
1447:
1446:
1354:
1313:Christianity
562:Bali Kingdom
455:Buni culture
433:
418:1,000,000 BP
402:
256:Lubang Buaya
250:Tjakrabirawa
243:
238:Belligerents
195:
113:Lubang Buaya
110:
54:Part of the
43:
4582:Ali Sadikin
4560:Key figures
4546:(1993–1998)
4540:(1988–1993)
4534:(1983–1988)
4528:(1978–1983)
4522:(1973–1978)
4461:Angkatan 66
4395:(1968–1998)
3685:30 December
3662:Curtis 2003
3647:30 December
3614:30 December
3572:30 December
3546:30 December
3370:25 December
2965:30 December
2908:CIA Library
2683:Konfrontasi
2609:Konfrontasi
2572:Der Spiegel
2133:D. N. Aidit
1906:coup d'état
1657:Konfrontasi
1278:Archaeology
1273:Agriculture
679:Aru Kingdom
404:Paleolithic
366:History of
319:AH Nasution
127:R. Suprapto
4865:Categories
4645:(daughter)
4538:Sudharmono
4526:Adam Malik
4425:Supersemar
3957:1813/53554
3810:1813/53385
3773:References
3313:Alham 2002
3010:(45): 45.
2741:(AP), and
2626:Professor
2314:Indonesian
2188:Yogyakarta
2053:Ahmad Yani
2041:Diponegoro
1979:Background
1969:Ruth McVey
1930:mass purge
1866:Indonesian
1798:Bung Karno
1732:Rachmawati
1637:West Irian
1576:Supersemar
1544:Marhaenism
1335:Mass media
1212:Reform era
1192:Transition
1038:Portuguese
424:Flores Man
394:Prehistory
164:1965-10-01
119:Ahmad Yani
4855:Indonesia
4572:Bob Hasan
4451:Dwifungsi
4375:New Order
3936:Indonesia
3789:Indonesia
3280:Hill 2008
2960:0362-4331
2933:0028-7504
2867:Footnotes
2731:Singapore
2540:In 1971,
2489:does not
2437:entitled
2324:Pancasila
2241:Aftermath
2217:mayor of
2137:Omar Dani
2069:S. Parman
2065:Soeprapto
2045:Brawijaya
1935:New Order
1796:KRI
1737:Sukmawati
1718:Children
1707:Fatmawati
1484:Pancasila
1293:Education
1202:New Order
970:1670–1950
960:1515–1904
546:600s–900s
536:600s–1025
526:600s–1347
516:500s–600s
506:400s-500s
496:400s–500s
449:75,000 BP
435:Neolithic
368:Indonesia
306:Soepardjo
217:Communism
177:Indonesia
139:S. Parman
4751:Cabinets
4085:(2002),
4075:16 March
4035:(2006),
4000:(2003),
3833:Supardjo
3641:Archived
3609:40876736
3540:Archived
3515:tirto.id
3297:Archived
3265:2 August
3036:24555166
2900:Archived
2806:Supardjo
2590:Supardjo
2267:Semarang
2231:Sugiyono
1997:Cold War
1775:Soekarno
1727:Megawati
1703:Spouses
1674:Speeches
1630:building
1529:Permesta
1468:Partindo
1340:Military
1318:Hinduism
1308:Buddhism
1303:Religion
1283:Currency
1266:By topic
486:350–1605
414:Java Man
385:Timeline
357:a series
355:Part of
172:Location
117:General
4788:Seventh
4623:Suharto
4475:Decline
4386:Suharto
4246:2758262
4170:(1982)
4146:(1968)
3966:3350791
3819:3350789
3294:Djawoto
3027:3921343
2720:Sukarno
2714:(PKI),
2510:removed
2495:sources
2409:Suharto
2290:Djawoto
2227:Katamso
2172:Kostrad
2168:Suharto
2129:KOSTRAD
1985:Sukarno
1957:Suharto
1915:Jakarta
1911:Sukarno
1881:Gestapu
1822:Gallery
1722:Rukmini
1642:Trikora
1559:Nasakom
1433:Sukarno
1328:Judaism
1288:Economy
1253:Bandung
1238:Jakarta
1230:Regions
1068:British
1048:Spanish
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459:400 BCE
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311:Sukarno
227:session
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185:Jakarta
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4651:(son)
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4069:(PDF)
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