31:
640:, the most severe of which affected the town of El Cobre, killing hundreds of residents and workers. Tailing dams failing because of seismic activities were a known risk to surrounding communities, as seen in previous events. Many of these incidents were a result of liquefaction with flow failure, slope instability and quake-related deformations or overtopping. Similar instances of sand tailing dams failing were also observed during earthquakes in 1981, 1985, 1997, and 2010.
38:
426:
are sparse due to the poor instrumentation at the time. Few moderately-sized events were recorded. Local seismic stations managed to record approximately five aftershocks each day. Intraslab earthquakes are common in the region as the subducting plate flexes and deform. The largest intermediate-depth
698:
which oversees natural disasters and rescue efforts in Chile. Prior to the disaster, there had not been any formal organization to coordinate any rescue and recovery efforts, mainly because local officials and residents have endured many of the frequent earthquakes in the area.
415: 7.4 mainshock nucleated about 72 kilometers (45 miles) beneath the community of La Ligua. The focal mechanism of this earthquake suggests normal faulting within the slab of the Nazca Plate rather than on the subduction zone interface of the megathrust. The
463:
At the time it had struck, many
Chileans had just finished preparing their lunch means or returned from church services. This may have reduced the anticipated death toll because many churches had collapsed from ground motions, and there were very few instances of
459:
buildings. Over 21,000 houses collapsed and 70,000 had to be repaired. Houses made of hollow concrete units were especially severely affected, cracks appeared due to the lack of bonding between bricks and the concrete fillings, shear failure, and damage to beams.
399:
of the March 28 quake, although both events were on separate fault planes. The foreshock had a thrust mechanism, different from the mechanism of the mainshock. It occurred much shallower and based on the focal mechanism analyzed, was interpreted as an
316: ) 7.4–7.6 earthquake killed 400–500 people and inflicted US$ 1 billion (adjusted for inflation) in damage. Many deaths were from El Cobre, a mining location that was wiped out after a series of dam failures caused by the earthquake spilled
685:
was called in for aid to mobilize the arrival of tents and makeshift kitchens to those who had lost their homes. Government officials and military chiefs were also involved in the distribution of food, water, and medical aid.
486:, the shock knocked out electricity and stirred panic in many neighborhoods. Four persons died from the temblor, including a woman who fell to her death after jumping off the second floor of a hospital and another during a
702:
The dam failures marked a series of changes to the civil engineering and mining community, and the design of tailing dams. Upstream tailing dams were opted for other means such as downstream tailings dams, rock-fills, and
476:, over 100,000 people were left homeless. The Department of Illapel reported more than 90% of homes had been damaged, and a hospital was completely destroyed, adding that "only facades of the houses remain standing".
652:
released 350,000 and 1,900,000 cubic meters (12,000,000 and 67,000,000 cubic feet) cubic meters of debris respectively, and traveled 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) downstream which destroyed the town of El Cobre, in
30:
154:
1044:
877:
681:. The Ministers of Public Works and Defence were taken to the affected town of Llay-Llay to survey the damage extent and plan the rescue and recovery efforts. The
1255:
565:
1685:
1548:
983:
1660:
975:
661:. Many of the casualties were miners and peasants who were mining for copper. The official death toll is at 247, but is thought to be as high as 350–400.
404:
on the plate boundary. Whether the 22 March quake was a true foreshock or the seven day time separation was sheer coincidence may never be determined.
746:
1059:
1665:
1179:"Design, construction, operation and the effect of fines content and permeability on the seismic performance of tailings sand dams in Chile"
1227:
1675:
371:
on the interface of the plate boundary megathrust. Thrusting during large earthquakes cause significant uplift of the seafloor, causing
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62:
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1148:"ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITY AND THE MILITARY IN DISASTER OPERATIONS IN CHILE IN A 1965 EARTHQUAKE: A HISTORICAL CASE STUDY"
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657:, burying it under three feet of muck. About 60 to 70 farmhouses and cottages were swept away by the cascading
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123:
976:"Intraplate and interplate earthquakes in Chilean subduction zone: A theoretical and observational comparison"
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onto the area, burying hundreds of residents. The shock was felt throughout the country and along the
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896:
851:
600:
348:
297:
1084:
Espinace, Raúl; Valenzuela, Pamela; Villavicencio, Gabriel; Palma, Juan; Fourie, Andy (April 2014).
1060:"El Día reported on the strong earthquake on March 29, 1965 leaving extensive damage and fatalities"
926:
674:
416:
337:
336:, where many of the world's active volcanoes and seismic activities are concentrated at. Off the
81:
694:
This tragedy, along with the 1960 earthquakes, was one of the reasons for the formation of the
494:
collapsed, while ten were injured. An estimated 2,000 homes were badly damaged in the capital.
670:
506:
1223:
68:
1099:
1000:
951:
859:
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469:
384:
309:
927:"Thrust and extensional faulting under the Chilean coast: 1965, 1971 Aconcagua earthquakes"
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518:
996:
947:
855:
956:
813:
649:
321:
1644:
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510:
479:
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107:
375:. In some occasions, earthquakes occur within the downgoing tectonic plate instead.
682:
637:
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368:
333:
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863:
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618:
Tailings from the failures travelled downstream and buried the town of El Cobre.
341:
37:
1004:
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169:
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reported 25 deaths and 40% of its buildings damaged from the earthquake. At
396:
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388:
383:
On 22 March 1965, a magnitude 6.2–6.4 earthquake rocked the coastal town of
111:
974:
Leytona, Felipe; Ruizb, Javier; Camposa, Jaime; Kausel, Edgar (June 2009).
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at a depth of 48.8 kilometers (30.3 miles), slightly north of the
301:
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1530:
1237:
332:
Earthquakes are frequent in Chile, which lies in the so-called
838:"Historical and Recent Large Megathrust Earthquakes in Chile"
1086:"Failures of sand tailings dams in a highly seismic country"
359:. Active subduction produce large earthquakes including the
419:
within the slab occurred on a near-vertical normal fault.
1214:
Chile Hit By
Devastating Earthquake 1965 HD Stock Footage
443:
The maximum intensity of the earthquake was assigned IX (
1219:
501:, where four people had died, two each in La Laguna and
1118:"Chronology of major tailings dam failures (from 1960)"
1208:
Tragic
Chilean Earthquake Aftermath At El Cobre (1965)
696:
National Office of
Emergency of the Interior Ministry
1628:
indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths
1024:"CONFINED MASONRY BUILDINGS: THE CHILEAN EXPERIENCE"
925:
Malgrange, M.; Deschamps, A.; Madariaga, R. (1981).
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636:from the earthquake resulted in the failure of 17
304:, about 140 km (87 mi) from the capital
809:"Earthquake Toll Heavy in Chile; Village Buried"
836:Ruiz, Madariaga, Sergio, Raúl (February 2018).
772:"Factbox: Chile has history of big earthquakes"
1633:indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year
1542:
1249:
1186:Obras y proyectos revista de ingeniería civil
451:. The earthquake inflicted serious damage to
308:on Sunday, March 28 at 12:33 local time. The
8:
1043:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1022:M. Astroza, F. Andrade, M.O. Moroni (2017).
984:Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors
876:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
529:
490:to race for the exit at a racetrack after a
19:
817:. Vol. 38, no. 202. 29 March 1965
1549:
1535:
1527:
1256:
1242:
1234:
528:
427:intraslab earthquake in the region was a M
18:
969:
967:
955:
255:
124:
367:. These earthquakes are associated with
363:which had a magnitude of 9.5–9.6 on the
747:"Significant Earthquake CHILE: CENTRAL"
738:
497:Additional casualties were reported at
16:Earthquake and mining disaster in Chile
1036:
869:
1206:Archived footage from British Pathé:
1177:Valenzuela, Luis (15 December 2015).
1141:
1139:
669:In the immediate hours of the quake,
517:and Ventanas. Three deaths were from
7:
1686:20th-century floods in South America
920:
918:
916:
914:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
1031:16th World Conference on Earthquake
521:when a wall fell on those victims.
1661:March 1965 events in South America
1220:International Seismological Centre
1212:Archived footage with commentary:
957:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1981.tb05958.x
892:"M 6.2 - offshore Coquimbo, Chile"
530:1965 Central Chile mining disaster
14:
935:Geophysical Journal International
449:Modified Mercalli intensity scale
36:
29:
395:. It has been interpreted as a
214:
1:
1666:Dam failures in South America
1091:Canadian Geotechnical Journal
727:List of tailings dam failures
717:List of earthquakes in Chile
707:, despite the higher costs.
864:10.1016/j.tecto.2018.01.015
722:List of earthquakes in 1965
209:US$ 125 million (1965 rate)
1722:
1676:Natural disasters in Chile
1005:10.1016/j.pepi.2008.03.017
648:Two dams belonging to the
286:1965 Valparaíso earthquake
20:1965 Valparaíso earthquake
1681:Mining disasters in Chile
1623:
1570:
610:Earthquake + Liquefaction
357:convergent plate boundary
24:
361:1960 Valdivia earthquake
91:March 28, 1965
1696:1965 disasters in Chile
1058:admin (29 March 2014).
1009:Elsevier Science Direct
538:28 March 1965
433:8.0 beneath Antofagasta
1156:University of Delaware
365:moment magnitude scale
1706:1965 mining disasters
1701:Tailings dam failures
1395:1949 Tierra del Fuego
1104:10.1139/cgj-2013-0142
679:Eduardo Frei Montalva
525:Chile mining disaster
402:interplate earthquake
353:Peru–Chile Megathrust
1651:Earthquakes in Chile
1265:Earthquakes in Chile
1122:WISE Uranium Project
897:US Geological Survey
644:El Cobre dam failure
601:Tailings dam failure
349:South American Plate
324:coast of Argentina.
1561:Earthquakes in 1965
997:2009PEPI..175...37L
948:1981GeoJ...66..313M
856:2018Tectp.733...37R
577: /
531:
290:La Ligua earthquake
288:(also known as the
190:Normal (Intraplate)
166: /
57:1965-03-28 16:33:16
21:
1228:authoritative data
675:President of Chile
505:, and one each in
417:earthquake rupture
1638:
1637:
1524:
1523:
1486:2012 Constitución
1146:Kennedy, Will C.
671:cabinet ministers
630:
629:
581:32.639°S 71.162°W
455:and unreinforced
298:Valparaíso Region
282:
281:
170:32.522°S 71.233°W
1713:
1656:1965 earthquakes
1551:
1544:
1537:
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1466:2007 Aysén Fjord
1440:1995 Antofagasta
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411: 7.5 or M
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310:moment magnitude
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175:-32.522; -71.233
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1671:Mining in Chile
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1640:
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1601:(6.7, April 29)
1592:(7.4, March 28)
1566:
1555:
1525:
1520:
1511:2017 Valparaíso
1449:
1435:1985 Rapel Lake
1420:1965 Valparaíso
1410:1960 Concepción
1405:1953 Concepción
1370:1906 Valparaíso
1358:
1339:1835 Concepción
1334:1822 Valparaíso
1324:1751 Concepción
1314:1730 Valparaíso
1309:1657 Concepción
1284:1570 Concepción
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1230:for this event.
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1577:(8.2, Jan 24)
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1471:2007 Tocopilla
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1457:
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1448:
1447:
1445:1997 Punitaqui
1442:
1437:
1432:
1430:1985 Algarrobo
1427:
1425:1971 Aconcagua
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1201:External links
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843:Tectonophysics
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1124:. 20 Nov 2020
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1605:San Salvador
1593:
1589:
1586:(8.7, Feb 4)
1578:
1501:2015 Illapel
1496:2014 Iquique
1454:21st century
1419:
1385:1939 Chillán
1363:20th century
1354:1877 Iquique
1329:1819 Copiapó
1279:1420 Caldera
1224:bibliography
1189:
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1172:
1160:. Retrieved
1154:
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750:
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693:
683:Chilean Army
668:
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638:tailing dams
634:liquefaction
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519:Viña del Mar
496:
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347:beneath the
334:Ring of Fire
331:
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285:
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278:400–500 dead
224:
206:Total damage
1599:Puget Sound
1584:Rat Islands
1506:2016 Chiloé
1400:1950 Calama
1390:1943 Ovalle
659:debris flow
584: /
559:Coordinates
424:aftershocks
422:Records of
342:Nazca Plate
267:Aftershocks
173: /
65: event
1645:Categories
1590:Valparaiso
1476:2010 Chile
1380:1928 Talca
1349:1868 Arica
1299:1615 Arica
1294:1604 Arica
1272:Historical
733:References
705:earth dams
572:71°09′43″W
569:32°38′20″S
542:1965-03-28
507:San Felipe
492:grandstand
480:Valparaíso
379:Earthquake
351:along the
275:Casualties
251:Foreshocks
243:Landslides
161:71°13′59″W
158:32°31′19″S
95:1965-03-28
54: time
1575:Ceram Sea
850:: 37–56.
665:Aftermath
655:La Calera
513:, Melon,
499:Llay-Llay
470:Salamanca
447:) on the
397:foreshock
393:mainshock
389:epicenter
385:Los Vilos
217:intensity
149:Epicenter
119:Magnitude
112:UTC-03:00
106:12:33 pm
711:See also
550:Location
488:stampede
484:Santiago
431:
373:tsunamis
345:subducts
322:Atlantic
306:Santiago
294:La Ligua
262:6.2–6.4
223:MMI IX (
122:7.4–7.6
1226:and/or
1192:: 6–22.
993:Bibcode
944:Bibcode
852:Bibcode
777:Reuters
632:Severe
626:350–400
615:Outcome
540: (
503:Quilpué
474:Illapel
457:masonry
445:Violent
391:of the
235:Tsunami
225:Violent
144:70.0 km
136:
93: (
1614:Oaxaca
1222:has a
1064:El Día
690:Legacy
623:Deaths
511:Colina
439:Impact
340:, the
82:ComCat
69:858940
1182:(PDF)
1162:6 Dec
1151:(PDF)
1128:6 Dec
1069:6 Dec
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930:(PDF)
903:6 Dec
821:5 Dec
784:6 Dec
756:6 Dec
607:Cause
553:Chile
515:Olmué
468:. In
453:adobe
407:The M
302:Chile
200:Chile
141:Depth
132:7.5 M
75:USGS-
1218:The
1164:2020
1130:2020
1071:2020
1045:link
905:2020
878:link
823:2020
786:2020
758:2020
751:NGCD
597:Type
535:Date
472:and
355:; a
284:The
270:Yes
238:None
215:Max.
186:Type
108:CLST
77:ANSS
1100:doi
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