449:, journalists in the area only observed Somalis carrying stones.The French government expected the riots and had reinforced the city with up to 7,000 French soldiers and policemen. With the support of armored cars and machine guns, French forces ruthlessly pushed against the rioters, dismantling their hastily constructed barricades within 20 minutes. About 12–20 Somali were killed in the clashes, while only three French officers sustained injuries. In the aftermath of the riots, the African quarter of the city was placed under occupation by the army. A curfew was placed on the area and anyone breaking it was shot on sight. French soldiers went from house-to-house rounding up thousands of Somali men and women and sent them to a detention camp in the desert. There they were meant for deportation into Somalia, but the government refused to take them in. Instead, the governor decided to set up a perminited pernal camp for around 500 nationalists. Another 1,500 were to be sent to Ethiopia, and the other 3,000 were to eventually be freed.
434:
426:
208:
418:
258:, the vote was marred by reports of vote rigging on the part of the French authorities, with some 10,000 Somalis deported under the pretext that they did not have valid identity cards. According to official figures, although the territory was at the time inhabited by 58,240 Somali and 48,270 Afar, only 14,689 Somali were allowed to register to vote compared to 22,004 Afar. Somali representatives also claimed that the French had simultaneously imported thousands of Afar nomads from neighboring
706:
27:
269:
to prevent "outsiders" from influencing the referendum. This blockade persisted into the night, during which French soldiers reportedly shot individuals attempting to enter the city and investigated people to verify their citizenship. Simultaneously, many opposition leaders were arrested by the
445:, rioters from the densely populated and largely Somali neighbourhood were armed with guns, knives, and Molotov cocktails. Saget claimed they had been influenced by leaflets aimed at inciting rebellion and civil war. However, according to the
996:
285:
Initial results supported a continued but looser relationship with France, with 61% of the electorate voting for the status quo on a 95% turnout. Voting was also divided along ethnic lines, with the resident
991:
935:
986:
930:
784:
779:
960:
955:
945:
940:
925:
255:
970:
965:
809:
804:
799:
231:, in response to rioting and demonstrations upon an official visit he made to the territory the year before. Voters rejected independence from France by a 22-point margin.
824:
819:
814:
472:-backed Somali forces vying for control over the colony. In response to this perceived threat, the French government bolstered its military presence along the frontier.
1001:
235:
694:
464:
forces, claiming their armies were ready to pounce on the colony if a majority had voted for independence. If accurate, a war could have broken out between the
672:
433:
1011:
481:
239:
262:
to further tip the odds in their favor. The French authorities denied this, suggesting that Afars already greatly outnumbered
Somalis on the voting lists.
82:
72:
Do you want the territory to become part of the French
Republic under a new local government, the details of which have been brought to your attention?
1016:
633:
441:
Widespread riots erupted in the
Shantytown district of Djibouti City immediately after the announcement of results. According to colonial governor
254:" to avoid the term "referendum", all sides, especially the French, made attempts to manipulate the results of the results. As with the previous
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
829:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
726:
794:
789:
425:
1062:
207:
1047:
950:
687:
1052:
560:
1042:
834:
731:
417:
718:
680:
771:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
1057:
917:
662:
Alvin J. Cottrell, Robert
Michael Burrell, Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies,
1037:
879:
710:
442:
484:
at the Somali border, where they launched a military campaign against the colonial government.
556:
228:
220:
453:
446:
452:
Saget claimed that the vote averted a potential conflict between the French government and
274:
1031:
465:
287:
266:
593:
469:
238:, voters rejected independence by a 50-point margin. In the third referendum, the
234:
It was the second of three independence referendums. In the first referendum, the
295:
528:
251:
650:
399:
290:
by and large voting for independence, with the goal of eventual reunion with
705:
259:
461:
291:
579:, Volume 15, Issue 1, (American Universities Field Staff.: 1968), p.3.
553:
Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical
Encyclopedia
250:
In the lead up to the referendum, which the French referred to as a "
224:
664:
The Indian Ocean: its political, economic, and military importance
457:
437:
A man who has been shot and killed lying on the street on 23 March
432:
424:
416:
277:
request to observe the vote was ignored by the French government.
480:
Many of the 10,000 who were expelled from the colony joined the
429:
French forces shooting at "men disturbing the peace" on 23 March
676:
611:
Africa contemporary record: annual survey and documents
223:
on 19 March 1967. It was ordered by then
President of
979:
916:
878:
770:
717:
298:generally opting to remain associated with France.
88:
77:
600:, Volume 69, Issues 10-17, (Newsweek: 1967), p.48.
236:1958 French Somaliland constitutional referendum
242:, voters near-unanimously backed independence.
19:1967 French Somaliland independence referendum
688:
613:, Volume 1, (Africana Pub. Co.: 1969), p.264.
8:
482:Front for the Liberation of the Somali Coast
240:1977 Afars and Issas independence referendum
18:
265:The French also erected a barricade around
83:French Territory of the Afars and the Issas
695:
681:
673:
421:Post-referendum demonstrations on 23 March
300:
589:
587:
585:
499:
497:
317:Remain a territory in the French Republic
634:"France Bolsters Hold on African Colony"
551:Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce (2007).
94:
493:
468:-backed Ethiopians and Kenyans and the
396:
385:
374:
363:
352:
348:
337:
219:An independence referendum was held in
555:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 134.
17:
711:Elections and referendums in Djibouti
518:, Volume 81, (Newsweek: 1973), p.254.
386:
375:
364:
353:
305:
7:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
546:
544:
542:
575:American Universities Field Staff,
14:
704:
506:, (Taylor & Francis), p.132.
504:A Political Chronology of Africa
206:
81:Remain and transformed into the
25:
1:
632:Neeld, Denis (5 April 1967).
1063:March 1967 events in Africa
1079:
653:African Elections Database
533:African Elections Database
400:African Elections Database
1048:1967 in French Somaliland
666:, (Praeger: 1972), p.166.
397:
387:Registered voters/turnout
349:
338:
327:
316:
311:
308:
205:
196:
181:Registered voters/turnout
105:
102:
93:
70:
39:
23:
1053:Independence referendums
1043:Referendums in Djibouti
772:Parliamentary elections
577:Northeast Africa series
529:"Elections in Djibouti"
152:Invalid or blank votes
47:19 March 1967
719:Presidential elections
609:Africa Research, Ltd,
438:
430:
422:
651:Elections in Djibouti
436:
428:
420:
365:Invalid/blank votes
302:
212:Results by district
129:Independence ("No")
20:
439:
431:
423:
301:
256:referendum of 1958
1058:French Somaliland
1025:
1024:
405:
404:
229:Charles de Gaulle
221:French Somaliland
217:
216:
192:
191:
61:
60:
1070:
1038:1967 referendums
918:French elections
709:
708:
697:
690:
683:
674:
667:
660:
654:
648:
642:
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638:Gettysburg Times
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614:
607:
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591:
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536:
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513:
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501:
447:Associated Press
303:
210:
201:
200:
182:
95:
66:
65:
54:
52:
41:
40:
35:
34:
30:
29:
28:
21:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1021:
975:
912:
880:Local elections
874:
766:
713:
703:
701:
671:
670:
661:
657:
649:
645:
631:
630:
617:
608:
604:
592:
583:
574:
570:
563:
550:
549:
540:
527:
526:
522:
514:
510:
502:
495:
490:
478:
415:
410:
283:
248:
213:
199:
198:
197:
180:
100:
73:
64:
63:
62:
50:
48:
33:
32:
31:
26:
24:
12:
11:
5:
1076:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
983:
981:
977:
976:
974:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
922:
920:
914:
913:
911:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
884:
882:
876:
875:
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872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
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842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
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812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
776:
774:
768:
767:
765:
764:
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749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
723:
721:
715:
714:
702:
700:
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685:
677:
669:
668:
655:
643:
615:
602:
581:
568:
561:
538:
520:
508:
492:
491:
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486:
477:
474:
414:
411:
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402:
395:
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282:
279:
247:
244:
215:
214:
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202:
194:
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186:
183:
177:
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159:
156:
153:
149:
148:
145:
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138:
137:
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131:
125:
124:
119:
114:
112:Remain ("Yes")
108:
107:
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101:
98:
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90:
86:
85:
79:
75:
74:
71:
68:
67:
59:
58:
56:
44:
37:
36:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1075:
1064:
1061:
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1036:
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1033:
1018:
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1005:
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988:
985:
984:
982:
978:
972:
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904:
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562:9781576079201
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267:Djibouti City
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245:
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204:
195:
187:
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16:
1006:
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640:. p. 9.
637:
610:
605:
597:
594:Jean Strouse
576:
571:
552:
532:
523:
515:
511:
503:
479:
451:
440:
328:Independence
284:
272:
270:government.
264:
249:
233:
218:
173:
168:
163:
141:Valid votes
128:
121:
116:
111:
46:
15:
980:Referendums
443:Louis Saget
376:Total votes
354:Valid votes
164:Total votes
1032:Categories
997:1946 (Oct)
992:1946 (May)
936:1946 (Nov)
931:1946 (Jun)
488:References
476:Insurgency
294:, and the
252:plebiscite
227:, General
51:1967-03-19
454:Ethiopian
408:Aftermath
598:Newsweek
516:Newsweek
398:Source:
260:Ethiopia
292:Somalia
288:Somalis
281:Results
246:Conduct
188:94.96%
185:39,312
174:100.00%
147:99.70%
144:37,221
136:39.40%
133:14,666
89:Results
78:Outcome
49: (
559:
470:Soviet
462:Somali
458:Kenyan
390:39,312
382:100.00
379:37,332
357:37,221
345:100.00
342:37,221
331:14,666
320:22,555
306:Choice
225:France
169:37,332
158:0.30%
122:60.60%
117:22,555
103:Votes
99:Choice
460:,and
413:Riots
393:94.96
360:99.70
339:Total
334:39.40
323:60.60
309:Votes
296:Afars
1017:1992
1012:1977
1007:1967
1002:1958
987:1945
971:1973
966:1968
961:1967
956:1962
951:1959
946:1956
941:1951
926:1945
908:2022
903:2017
898:2012
893:2010
888:2006
870:2023
865:2018
860:2013
855:2008
850:2003
845:1997
840:1992
835:1987
830:1982
825:1977
820:1973
815:1968
810:1963
805:1958
800:1957
795:1955
790:1952
785:1950
780:1946
762:2021
757:2016
752:2011
747:2005
742:1999
737:1993
732:1987
727:1981
557:ISBN
371:0.30
155:111
368:111
1034::
636:.
618:^
596:,
584:^
541:^
531:.
496:^
466:US
456:,
275:UN
273:A
106:%
696:e
689:t
682:v
565:.
535:.
312:%
53:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
