681:, who were activated 9 minutes later with a total of 3,464 being brought into the city. By morning, three people had been killed. Rose Abraham, a 45 year old mother was shot while out looking for one of her children. Tedlock Bell Jr. was shot while surrendering to the police. James Saunders was shot while running from a liquor store. Police killed up to five men while shooting at the ground floor of a building, later saying they were "hunting for a sniper" on the upper floors. Three of the men killed had their belongings taken off their bodies.
1051:, Bantam Books, New York, 1968, pg. 57, which states that 7 of the 9 members of the elected City Council and a majority of the Board of Education were white, although the president was black. The city had an estimated 52% black population at the time, although a majority were too young to vote. The report in the same section refers to the strains that had occurred in the long-standing Italian-African American political alliance over the issues of government positions, economic development and police brutality. Ibid.
43:
428:(especially Italian, Jewish, and Irish Americans) who had gained a political foothold in Newark during earlier generations. Endemic corruption in local government, combined with widespread racial prejudice, likely contributed to the city's failure, during the leadup to 1967, to include a more representative cross-section of the city's black population in its political power structure. Additionally, the Newark Riots were part of a larger national phenomenon, being among more than 150
467:, increasing numbers of white veterans, who had recently returned from fighting in World War II, emigrated from Newark to the suburbs where there was improved access to interstate highways, low-interest mortgages, and colleges. The outflow suburban sprawl of white veterans from Newark was rapidly replaced with an influx of black people moving into the Central Ward; blacks, however, faced discrimination in jobs and housing, ultimately making their lives more likely to fall into a
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would announce to the crowd in an attempt he thought would calm them down that an
African American man on the police force, Lieutenant Eddie Williams would be promoted to captain. However he didn't mention that Addonizio was also planning on promoting four white lieutenants as well. Violence would begin within a few minutes after his announcement.
411:. Taking place over a four-day period (between July 12 and July 17, 1967), the Newark riots resulted in at least 26 deaths and hundreds more serious injuries. Serious property damage, including shattered storefronts and fires caused by arson, left many of the city's buildings damaged or destroyed. At the height of the conflict, the
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arresting 25 people in response. Rufus
Council was shot and killed a short time after Toto when he was leaving a steakhouse where he had eaten dinner. Isaac Harrison and Robert Lee Martin were both also killed in the vicinity of Toto's shooting. Toto's death attracted national attention to the riots in the city.
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According to a petition signed by 76 residents of Beacon Street, members of the New Jersey State Police approached the street corner around 5:30 and sprayed bullets from left to right, hitting two people. At 8:30, the
National Guard killed ten year old Eddie Moss while shooting at his father's car at
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p.m. black residents who were angry and carrying homemade signs would march in front of Hayes Homes, a housing project that was located directly across the street from the 4th precinct. No police officer would be stationed outside of the precinct building when this protest initially occurred. Threatt
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Despite being one of the first cities in the country to hire black police officers, the department's demographics remained at odds with the city's population, leading to poor relations between black people and the police department. Only 145 of the 1,322 police officers in the city were black (11%),
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While the riots are often cited as a major factor in the decline of Newark and its neighboring communities, longer-term racial, economic, and political forces contributed towards generating inner city poverty. By the 1960s and 1970s, as industry fled the city, so did the white middle class, leaving
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Newark established a
Community Relations Bureau in their police department as early as March 1966. Newark's Police Department director, Dominick Spina, rejected the budget request as he thought it would not be approved. This was much to the disliking to the residents of the Central Ward and it led
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where surgeons unsuccessfully attempted life-saving surgery. Toto was the first police casualty of the riots. After he was shot at from the high-rise, over 200 National Guard soldiers combined with state and city police opened fire on the building where they believed the sniper to be positioned,
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Addonizio said that he needed 48 hours to consider these demands. When he left the meeting, he went to the
Central Ward where he realized he would need to take action on them much sooner. At close to the time when the meeting was ending, members of the Students for a Democratic Society's Newark
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was called upon to occupy the city with tanks and other military equipment, leading to iconic media depictions that were considered particularly shocking when shared in the national press. In the aftermath of the riots, Newark was quite rapidly abandoned by many of its remaining middle-class and
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The ratio of Newark officers respective to their ethnicity has increased as of 2000, when Newark was 52% black, 34% Latino, and 14% white, the Newark Police
Department was 37% black, 27% Hispanic and 36% white. As of 2016, the force was 35% black, while the Latino portion had increased to 41%.
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On the evening of July 12, at 9:40 pm two white Newark police officers, John DeSimone and Vito
Pontrelli, pulled over a black cab driver, John William Smith. The officers had stopped Smith after he pulled around their double-parked police car. Police said that Smith's driving license had been
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reporter Dale
Wittner during the riots. There, Lee took several grim photos of a police officer gunning down 24-year-old William Furr, who was caught in an act of stealing a six pack of beer from the ransacked Mack's Liquors store; both Lee and Wittner had earlier met Furr who barged into the
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The Newark riots represented a flashpoint in a long-simmering conflict between elements of the city's then-growing
African-American population, which had recently become a numerical majority, and its old political establishment, which remained dominated by members of non-African ethnic groups
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Mayor
Addonizio seemed unconcerned about the possibility of further violence occurring. On July 13 he met with Robert Curvin of CORE, an Essex County official named Earl Harris, a teacher named Harry Wheeler, and Duke Moore, a member of the UCC's board. They made three demands of the mayor:
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Governor Hughes and Addonizio assigned James Threatt, the Newark Human Rights Commission's (NHRC) executive director, to surveil the rioting. Spina made sure that 500 officers were ready in case violence were to break out. The march/rally that was scheduled to have happened would occur. By
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man regarding the rioting situation. He also shot a photo of a 12-year-old civilian, Joe Bass Jr. who was bleeding on the ground after stray pellets from the policeman's shotgun blast that killed Furr accidentally struck him. Bass survived the wounds and his image became the cover of
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15, a woman named Rebecca Brown was killed in a fusillade of bullets directed at the window of her second-floor apartment, leading to further backlash and discord from the community. By the sixth day, riots, looting, violence, and destruction had left a total of 16
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and came at a time when racial tensions were high. Historians believe that the shrinking of the economy, increased unemployment, and a city with a majority African American population which was being run by white politicians increased tensions during that era.
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Residents of the Hayes Homes, a large public housing project, saw an incapacitated Smith being dragged into the precinct. Rumors that he had been beaten to death while in police custody began to spread, and a large crowd soon formed outside the precinct.
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After midnight, false alarms caused fire engines to race around a six-block area along Belmont Avenue. Looters smashed windows of a few stores and threw merchandise onto sidewalks. According to police, liquor stores were the main target of looters.
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Further complicating matters was the fact that National Guard, State Police, and local police forces had difficulty coordinating their actions due to the three organizations communicating on three different assigned radio frequency ranges.
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where he was a trumpet player but had moved to Newark to help pay for his expenses. Smith got a job at a local taxi company, renting himself a one-room apartment in the Ironbound District along with a yellow taxi cab for $ 16.50 per day.
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The riots elicited a strong response from law enforcement organizations. 7,917 members of police and National Guard were deployed, leading to 1,465 arrests and 26 deaths. In an effort to contain the riots, every evening at
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Unemployment and poverty were very high, with the traditional manufacturing base of the city having been fully eroded and withdrawn by 1967. Further fueling tensions was the decision by the state of New Jersey to clear
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were thrown into shops and entire buildings soon caught fire. A car was burned and shortly after a policeman was injured by an unknown assailant with a brick. In response, shotguns were issued to some police officers.
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517:–– to date the last white mayor of the city–– took few steps to adjust to the changes and provide African Americans with civil leadership positions and better employment opportunities.
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Many African Americans, especially younger community leaders, felt they had remained largely disenfranchised in Newark, despite massive changes in the city's demographic makeup. Mayor
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Siegal, Kimberly, "Silent No Longer: Voices of the 1967 Newark Race Riots" 10 July 2006. CUREJ: College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal, University of Pennsylvania,
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Accounts of the next moments vary. Some say that the crowd threw rocks through the precinct windows and police then rushed outside wearing riot helmets and carrying clubs.
685:"Oscar Hill was wearing his American Legion jacket. Murray's body was missing $ 126 and a ring. Robert Lee Martin's family reported that cops stripped money from his body."
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residents to feel powerless and disenfranchised. In particular, many felt they had been largely excluded from meaningful political representation and often subjected to
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remained dominated by white officers, who would routinely stop and question black youths with or without provocation. The riots in Newark occurred 2 years after
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The officers beat and arrested Smith and later took him to the 4th Police Precinct and charged him with assaulting the officers and making insulting remarks.
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The riots caused about $ 10 million in damages ($ 91 million today) and destroyed multiple plots, several of which are still covered in decay as of 2017.
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to more tensions growing in the area as residents saw that in cases of police brutality on black residents, the police would not be held accountable.
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revoked, and that he had been involved in eight car crashes in the days prior but continued to operate his vehicle as he was in dire need of money.
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502:. Thousands of low-income African American residents were displaced at a time when housing in Newark was aging and subjected to high tax rates.
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DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics from the 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates for Newark city, Essex County, New Jersey
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14. He was patrolling the streets with Patrolman Butross when a sniper fired at them from a high-rise, striking Detective Toto. He was sent to
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At least five police officers were struck by stones, according to one officer. Some residents went to City Hall and continued to protest.
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Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics, 2000: Data for Individual State and Local Agencies with 100 or More Officers
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behind a poor population. During this same time, the population of many suburban communities in northern New Jersey expanded rapidly.
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affluent residents, as well as much of its white working-class population. This accelerated flight led to a decades-long period of
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Others say that police rushed out of their station first to confront the crowd, and were met with bricks, bottles, and rocks.
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471:. By 1967, Newark was one of the United States' first majority-black cities, but was still controlled by white politicians.
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By midnight, looting spread to other areas in proximity to the march and all police were placed on emergency duty. At 1:00
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mirroring national demographics, while the city grew to be over 50% black. Black leaders were increasingly upset that the
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were major contributors to changes in Newark's demographics. White middle-class residents left for other towns across
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branch distributed handwritten leaflets in the area indicating there would be a rally at the 4th Precinct at 7:30
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injured; and 689 civilians and 811 suspects arrested and property damage is expected to have exceeded $ 10
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Diary of a Riot: The Where, The How And Little of the Why. Lee Linder Newark, N.J. (Associated Press)
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Diary of a Riot: The Where, The How And Little of the Why. Lee Linder Newark, N.J. (Associated Press)
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began soon after and spread quickly along Springfield Avenue, the neighborhood's business district.
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promote Lieutenant Eddie Williams, the highest ranking black member on the police force, to captain.
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a.m. police were told to "fire if necessary." Addonizio called Governor Hughes asking for the
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During the rally, an unknown woman smashed the windows of the 4th Precinct with a metal bar.
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is a feature-length documentary about the riots by Emmy-nominated, Newark-based filmmakers
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After seeing the injuries Smith sustained from the police, they demanded he be moved to
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Ethnic Succession and Urban Unrest in Newark and Detroit During the Summer of 1967.
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Detective Frederick Toto was shot while patrolling in the streets of Newark at 7:30
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p.m. a group of 10 picketers would form a line outside of the 4th precinct. By 7:30
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https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1038&context=curej
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dead; 353 civilians, 214 suspects, 67 police officers, 55 firefighters, and 38
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Racial Violence Erupts in Newark. New York Times. July 13, 1967. page 1, 26
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1292:"Rare Footage In The 1960s Shows New Jersey In A Completely Different Way"
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p.m. the Bridge Street and Jackson Street Bridges, both of which span the
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buildings from a vast tract of land in the Central Ward to build the new
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Nixonland : the rise of a president and the fracturing of America
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conduct an investigation into what happened on the night of July 12;
1352:. Vol. 2. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 450.
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a.m. he called the Governor again saying that his city needed the
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1270:. Internet Archive. New York : Scribner. pp. 191–192.
1215:"Newark Riot (1967) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed"
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a.m. with 300 state troopers being sent and activated exactly 9
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Race, riots and reputation: Has N.J.'s largest city recovered?
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and examines the causes and outcome of the Newark 1967 riots.
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1049:
Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders
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were an episode of violent, armed conflict in the streets of
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The events are the setting of one section of the 2017 novel
1134:"A Walk Through Newark. History. The Riots | Thirteen/WNET"
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One witness to the initial arrest contacted members of the
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Rutgers-Newark Department of Sociology and Anthropology.
1371:
Newark: A History of Race, Rights, and Riots in America
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in Newark, New Jersey, and were granted their request.
1401:"Five Days of Unrest That Shaped, and Haunted, Newark"
961:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
424:, including soaring crime rates and gang activity.
990:"40 Years On, Newark Re-Examines Painful Riot Past"
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1399:Rojas, Rick; Atkinson, Khorri (July 11, 2017).
1331:"Newark NY race riots.... - RareNewspapers.com"
1632:African-American history in Newark, New Jersey
1159:"Crossroads Pt. 2: 5 days that changed a city"
463:in the country. Due to the legislation of the
1583:No Cause For Indictment: An Autopsy of Newark
228:
8:
905:, is watching the riots live on television.
594:suspend the two officers who arrested Smith;
1622:African-American riots in the United States
918:, which is partially set during the riots.
908:In September 2021, a theatrical prequel to
432:that occurred in the United States in the "
1561:, Unpublished Black History, February 2016
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1312:, vol. 63, Time Inc, July 28, 1967,
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690:a checkpoint. The family was driving to
1637:Crime in the New York metropolitan area
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1642:Riots and civil disorder in New Jersey
1112:The Detroit and Newark "Riots" of 1967
796:, were closed until the next morning.
1652:Police brutality in the United States
1647:July 1967 events in the United States
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665:a.m. His request was accepted at 2:29
465:Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944
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824:The riots were depicted in the 1997
500:University of Medicine and Dentistry
459:, in one of the largest examples of
1350:Encyclopedia of American Race Riots
1657:20th century in Newark, New Jersey
1213:Wang, Tabitha C. (June 17, 2008).
1183:Racial Violence Erupts in Newark.
14:
1165:from the original on May 31, 2009
16:Armed conflicts in New Jersey, US
1627:Urban decay in the United States
1612:1967 crimes in the United States
988:Solomon, Nancy (July 14, 2007).
928:
897:" features a flashback in which
158:Rioters, residents of Newark, NJ
104:Beating of a black man by police
1461:"Policing the Police in Newark"
1525:POV - American Documentary Inc
1495:POV - American Documentary Inc
1474:– via www.NewYorker.com.
1459:Cobb, Jelani (June 28, 2016).
879:in 2007 as part of its series
679:New Jersey Army National Guard
545:Smith was originally from the
1:
1617:History of Newark, New Jersey
1555:"A Newark at War With Itself"
956:History of Newark, New Jersey
766:latter's conversation with a
1431:. Accessed January 15, 2013.
1025:"50 years ago Newark burned"
996:. National Public Radio, Inc
873:Marylou and Jerome Bongiorno
718:Early on the evening of July
707:St. Michael's Medical Center
1429:United States Census Bureau
838:, directed by and starring
775:magazine on July 28, 1967.
565:Congress of Racial Equality
1678:
1087:United States Census-1970
951:New Community Corporation
915:The Many Saints of Newark
759:was in Newark along with
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168:New Jersey National Guard
152:
40:
28:
1662:Long, hot summer of 1967
1264:Perlstein, Rick (2008).
1251:July 23, 1967 pages 1, 5
523:Newark Police Department
245:Long, hot summer of 1967
164:Newark Police Department
1368:Mumford, Kevin (2007).
1187:. July 13, 1967. page 1
659:New Jersey State Police
434:Long Hot Summer of 1967
297:Minneapolis disturbance
172:New Jersey State Police
31:Long Hot Summer of 1967
1335:www.rarenewspapers.com
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673:minutes later. At 2:30
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1348:Upton, James (2007).
966:1967 Plainfield riots
683:
508:
438:1967 Newark Rebellion
35:Civil Rights Movement
1200:July 23, 1967 page 5
912:premiered, entitled
834:as well as its 2016
804:Aftermath and impact
576:Beth Israel Hospital
569:United Freedom Party
527:riots in Los Angeles
141:Aftermath and impact
1109:Max A. Herman, ed.
1098:dead link 6.22.2016
792:between Newark and
449:Deindustrialization
81: /
1602:1967 in New Jersey
1446:2006-09-27 at the
1405:The New York Times
1119:2008-04-29 at the
875:. It premiered on
820:In popular culture
741:military personnel
511:
474:Racial profiling,
409:Newark, New Jersey
377:Riviera Beach riot
302:New York City Riot
63:Newark, New Jersey
1578:1967 Newark Riots
1385:978-0-8147-5717-8
1298:. April 14, 2018.
1277:978-0-7432-4302-5
1249:Danville Register
1219:www.blackpast.org
1198:Danville Register
844:Jennifer Connelly
831:American Pastoral
642:Molotov cocktails
534:Inciting incident
515:Hugh J. Addonizio
405:1967 Newark riots
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85:40.732°N 74.191°W
24:1967 Newark riots
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1559:New York Times
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1531:on May 6, 2009
1519:Revolution '67
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1489:Revolution '67
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1000:December 7,
901:'s mother,
861:Paul Auster
826:Philip Roth
737:firefighter
367:Albina Riot
327:Toledo Riot
272:Tampa riots
135:Resulted in
88: /
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1596:Categories
972:References
714:July 15–17
444:Background
430:race riots
292:Cairo riot
183:Casualties
76:74°11′28″W
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1376:NYU Press
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735:, and a
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196:Injuries
188:Death(s)
121:shooting
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1169:May 12,
994:NPR.org
856:4 3 2 1
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661:at 2:20
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