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procedure, fair promotion policies, sick leave, pension programs, health insurance, payroll deduction of union dues, and union recognition through a written contract. Mayor Loeb continued to refuse union recognition and dues withdrawn from wages because he argued that AFSCME officials only wanted to fill their pockets with the hard-earned money of local
Memphians. Loeb believed that he was the sanitation workers' keeper and he would not abandon his "moral obligation" to protect them from union officials. Local Black leaders and sanitation workers saw this "rhetoric smacked of paternalism reminiscent of
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man". Ben Jones, another striker with 43 years on the job, spoke of the conditions that all sanitation workers had to deal with, including how heavy all the garbage bins were and how they would leak all over them. They would end up at the end of the day smelling real bad when they would return to department headquarters and would go home to families who did not want to be around them. As they would march down Main St., looters would ransack stores and tear gas was thrown at them, stated Rev. Leslie Moore. Moore also speaks of the song they would sing titled, "
651:, two sanitation workers, were crushed to death in a garbage compactor where they were taking shelter from the rain. Two other men had died this way in 1964, but the city refused to replace the defective equipment. Local 1733 held a strike meeting on February 11 where over 400 workers explained that the city refused to provide decent wages and working conditions. The workers wanted immediate action but the city refused. The next day fewer than 200 employees showed up for work, and only 38 of the 108 garbage trucks continued to move.
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627:) was successfully formed by T.O. Jones. However, the city officials refused to recognize the union. In 1966, the union attempted another strike, but it was thwarted before it began when the city prepared strikebreakers and threatened to jail leaders. The failure of the strike was largely due to the lack of support of Memphis’ religious community or middle class.
794:", Black armed men with iron pipes and bricks, and carrying signs, began smashing windows and looting along the stores. Police immediately reacted to the riot, moving into the crowd with nightsticks, mace, teargas, and gunfire. They arrested 280 individuals and 60 were reported injured, most of them Black. Lawson told the demonstration participants to return to
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all down." King encouraged the group to continue to support the sanitation strike by enacting a citywide work stoppage. King promised to return to
Memphis on March 22 to lead a protest through the city. On March 22, a massive snowstorm hit Memphis, causing the organizers to reschedule the march for March 28.
703:, the city council liaison to the mayor, accused Loeb of deliberately impeding the council's progress in resolving the strike. The marchers faced police brutality in the forms of mace, tear gas, and billy clubs. On February 24, while addressing the strikers after a "police assault" on their protests, Reverend
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laughter and boos. Loeb then observed and spoke, "I have sat here and taken quite a bit of abuse and I do not appreciate it, and I have not given any abuse back, your jobs are important and I promise you the garbage is going to be picked up, bet on it." Thereupon the mayor stormed out of the room.
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The AFSCME leadership in
Washington was initially upset to learn of the strike, which they thought would not succeed. P. J. Ciampa, a field organizer for the AFL–CIO, reportedly reacted to news of the strike saying, "Good God Almighty, I need a strike in Memphis like I need another hole in the head!"
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announced that the city would offer $ 50,000 in tax-free grants to the 14 surviving 1968 sanitation strikers, who were either still on payroll to maintain standard of living or could not retire in relative comfort as they had to forgo pension and thus receiving a small Social
Security check monthly.
802:. Witnesses said Payne had his hands raised as the officer pressed a shotgun to Payne's stomach and fired it' in later years, federal investigations questioned the accuracy of this claim. That same night Loeb declared martial law and authorized a 7 pm curfew, bringing about 4000 National Guardsmen.
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came to
Memphis to praise a 25,000 crowd of labor and civil right activists for their unity stating, "You are demonstrating that we can stick together. You are demonstrating that we are all tied in a single garment of destiny, and that if one Black person suffers, if one Black person is down, we are
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held over a thousand supporters of the movement. Reverend Ralph
Jackson charged the crowd to not rest until "justice and jobs" prevailed for all Black Americans. That night they raised $ 1,600 to support the Movement. Rev. Jackson declared further that once the immediate demands of the strikers were
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to downtown. On
February 22, workers and their supporters performed a sit in at city hall where they pressured the City Council to recognize their union and recommend wages to increase. The mayor rejected the request. The first large-scale protest of Loeb's policies came on February 23. It was given
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On Monday
February 12, 1968, 930 of 1100 sanitation workers did not show up for work, including 214 of 230 sewer drainage workers. Elmore Nickelberry, who was one of the strikers during this time speaks of Mayor Loeb and how it was impossible to negotiate with him, due to him being a "stubborn
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were mostly Black. They enjoyed few of the protections that other workers had; their pay was low and they could be fired (usually by White supervisors) without warning. In 1960 the average sanitation worker in
Memphis earned $ 0.94–$ 1.14 an hour, however in 1968 sanitation laborers earned $ 1.60 an
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In the early 1960s, Black sanitation workers united together to gain better wages and working conditions, fighting the racial discrimination in the
Memphis Public Works Department. The first attempt to strike was in 1963, but it failed because there was inadequate organization. Many Black
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chamber; there, they were met with 40–50 police officers. Loeb led the workers to a nearby auditorium, where he asked them to return to work. At one point, Loeb grabbed the microphone from AFSCME organizer Bill Lucy and shouted for the strikers to "go back to work!". The crowd responded with
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was elected as mayor against the opposition of Memphis's Black community. Loeb had served previously as the head of the sanitation division (as the elected Public Works Commissioner), and during his tenure oversaw grueling work conditions — including no city-issued uniforms, no restrooms, and no
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attracted 42,000 participants. Reuther wrote a check for $ 50,000 to the striking sanitation workers, the largest contribution from any outside source. The strike ended on April 16, 1968, with a settlement that included union recognition and wage increases, although additional strikes had to be
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arrives in Memphis, exclaiming that the strike will only end when the workers’ demands are met. Wurf worked with national union representative P.J. Ciampa and local union leaders to edit the strikers' list of demands. The revised version of demands included 10% wage increase, a grievance
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On March 28, King and Reverend Lawson led strikers and supporters in a march in downtown Memphis. City officials estimated that 22,000 students skipped school to participate in the march. King arrived late to find a massive crowd on the brink of chaos, causing Lawson and King to call off the
889:"I've seen the Promised Land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the Promised Land! And so I'm happy, tonight. I'm not worried about anything. I'm not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord!"
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In October 2017, Baxter Leach represented the sanitation strikers at the National Civil Rights Museum Freedom Awards. Leach was one of the original sanitation workers who participated in the Memphis sanitation strike and served as the public face of the surviving sanitation workers.
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people were afraid to unionize due to the fear of persecution, which was justified in 1963, when 33 sanitation workers were fired immediately after attending an organizing meeting. In November 1964, Local 1733 of the American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (
519:. The deaths served as a breaking point for more than 1,300 African American men from the Memphis Department of Public Works as they demanded higher wages, time and a half overtime, dues check-off, safety measures, and pay for the rainy days when they were told to go home.
1776:'s involvement proved to many black Memphians that the newspapers weren't that different from their sister papers in Mississippi and elsewhere in the South. Blacks picketed both newspapers within a week after the end of the sanitation strike to protest the coverage.
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felt they had kept their heads largely above the fray during the civil rights battles across the South in the early to mid-1960s, particularly in comparison to the blatantly racist and rabble-rousing histrionics in the two majors newspapers of Mississippi, the
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Upon taking office, Loeb increased regulations on the city's workers and appointed Charles Blackburn as the Public Works Commissioner. Loeb ordered Jones and the union to deal with Blackburn; Blackburn said he had no authority to change the city's policies.
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wrote editorials (and published cartoons) praising the mayor for his toughness. Newspapers and television stations generally portrayed the mayor as calm and reasonable, and the protesters and organizers as unruly and disorganized.
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809:. Despite police pressure to have a private closed-casket funeral in their home, the family held the funeral at Clayborn and had an open casket. Following the funeral, the sanitation workers marched peacefully downtown.
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hour and garbage truck drivers earned $ 1.90 an hour ($ 14 and $ 17 respectively in 2023 dollars). In addition to their sanitation work, often including unpaid overtime, many worked other jobs or appealed to
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798:. The police followed the crowd back to the church where they released tear gas and clubbed people. In the midst of the chaos, police officer Leslie Dean Jones shot and killed sixteen-year-old
837:, a local college newspaper, reported the events of the strike from the sanitation workers' perspective. These publications emphasized the brutality of the police reactions to the protestors.
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1279:; weeks later, in Memphis, a handful of black students followed their example, sitting in and getting arrested for breaking the segregation laws at the city's segregated public libraries.
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869:. Local 186 had the largest Black membership in Memphis, and allowed the strikers to use their union hall for meetings. Most White union leaders in Memphis expressed concern about
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refused to recognize the strike and rejected the City Council vote, insisting that only he possessed the power to recognize the union. The Memphis sanitation strike prompted
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Membership in Local 1733 increased substantially during the course of the strike, more than doubling in the first few days. Its relationship with other unions was complex.
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675:. These individuals were White and traveled with police escorts. They were not well received by the strikers, and the strikers assaulted the strikebreakers in some cases.
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However, both AFSCME and the AFL–CIO sent representatives to Memphis; these organizers came to support the strike upon recognizing the determination of the workers.
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said, "For at the heart of racism is the idea that a man is not a man, that a person is not a person. You are human beings. You are men. You deserve dignity."
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The mix of segregation, low wages, anti-union sentiment, and machine politics in Memphis created a particularly deadly legacy for public sector employees.
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threatened to force the City of Memphis to honor its agreements. The period was a turning point for Black activism and union activity in Memphis.
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Jones, Lucy, Ciampa, and other union leaders, asked the striking workers to focus on labor solidarity and downplay racism. The workers refused.
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By February 21, the sanitation workers established a daily routine of meeting at noon with nearly a thousand strikers and then marching from
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The local news media were generally favorable to Loeb, portraying union leaders (and later Martin Luther King Jr.) as meddling outsiders.
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met, the movement would focus on ending police brutality, as well as improving housing and education across the city for Black Memphians.
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1939:"Dr. Martin Luther King remembered as National Civil Rights Museum Freedom Awards go to both the humble and the celebrated"
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The city of Memphis had a long history of segregation and unfair treatment for Black residents. The influential politician
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659:", as they would march. Some of those who did show up walked off when they found out about the apparent strike.
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Biles, Roger (September 1, 1984). "Ed crump versus the unions: The labor movement in Memphis during the 1930s".
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In 2018, Leach along with the other surviving sanitation strikers was presented with the NAACP Vanguard Award.
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663:, infuriated, refused to meet with the strikers. The workers marched from their union hall to a meeting at the
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545:'s presence, where he famously gave the "I've Been to the Mountaintop" speech a day before his assassination.
1965:"THE LAST SURVIVORS OF THE 1968 MEMPHIS SANITATION WORKERS STRIKE ARE FEATURED IN THIS STRIKING PHOTO SERIES"
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1173:"Timeline of Events Surrounding the 1968 Memphis Sanitation Workers' Strike · HERB: Resources for Teachers"
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after World War II. Civil rights and unionism in Memphis were thus heavily stifled all through the 1950s.
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534:. The AFSCME was chartered in 1964 by the state; the city of Memphis refused to recognize it.
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691:." The sanitation workers were men and were more than capable of making their own decisions.
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Joseph Schwantner: New Morning for the World; Nicolas Flagello: The Passion of Martin Luther King
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1991:"Baxter Leach, one of the 1968 sanitation workers who sparked a movement in Memphis, has died"
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873:. Tommy Powell, president of the Memphis Labor Council, was one of few local White advocates.
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comments embody the message behind the iconic placards from the sanitation workers' strike,
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Risen, Clay (2009). "King, Johnson, and The Terrible, Glorious Thirty-First Day of March".
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By February 15, there was 10,000 tons of noticeable piled up trash, and Loeb began to hire
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demonstration as violence erupted. After peacefully marching for several blocks, singing "
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You Must Be from the North: Southern White Women in the Memphis Civil Rights Movement
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1347:"The Accident on a Garbage Truck That Led to the Death of Martin Luther King, Jr"
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The Accident on a Garbage Truck That Led to the Death of Martin Luther King, Jr.
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Going Down Jericho Road: The Memphis Strike, Martin Luther King's Last Campaign
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Going down Jericho Road: The Memphis strike, Martin Luther King's last campaign
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Going Down Jericho Road: The Memphis Strike, Martin Luther King's Last Campaign
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Going Down Jericho Road: The Memphis Strike, Martin Luther King's Last Campaign
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Walter P. Reuther Library of Labor and Urban Affairs. Wayne State University.
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Going down Jericho Road the Memphis strike, Martin Luther King's last campaign
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Going down Jericho Road the Memphis strike, Martin Luther King's last campaign
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Going down Jericho Road the Memphis strike, Martin Luther King's last campaign
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Going down Jericho Road the Memphis strike, Martin Luther King's last campaign
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Honey, Michael K. (2007). "Hambone's Meditations: The Failure of Community".
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grievance procedure for the numerous occasions on which they were underpaid.
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Honey, Michael K. (2007). "Dr. King, Labor, and the Civil Rights Movement".
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began on February 12, 1968, in response to the deaths of sanitation workers
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522:
The Memphis sanitation strike was led by T.O. Jones and had the support of
1058:""I am a Man!": Race, Masculinity, and the 1968 Memphis Sanitation Strike"
6452:
4589:
3492:
569:
5604:
5362:
4081:
688:
607:
1705:"When MLK Was Killed, He Was In Memphis Fighting For Economic Justice"
528:
American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME)
6437:
6331:
4149:
2083:
2075:
Strike-related photos, audio, and documents from the AFSCME Archives.
1819:
A nation on fire : America in the wake of the King assassination
1439:"Memphis Sanitation Workers Remember the 1968 Strike, 40 years later"
910:(April 4, 1968) intensified the strike. Mayor Loeb and others feared
587:
430:
754:— "Sanitation Workers' Prayer" recited by Reverend Malcolm Blackburn
6055:
1104:"1968 Memphis Sanitation Strikers Inducted Into Labor Hall Of Fame"
770:
came to Memphis to rally the sanitation workers. On March 18,
2884:
898:
583:
The civil rights struggle was renewed in the 1960s, starting with
561:, that acted violently toward the Black population and maintained
532:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
531:
881:
On April 3, King returned to Memphis where he famously gave his "
1816:
Risen, Clay (2009). "April 5: 'Any Man's Death Diminishes Me'".
1608:(1 ed.). Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. p.
110:
Black sanitation workers exposed to dangerous working conditions
6059:
5803:
5272:
5193:
4914:
4631:
4593:
2157:
1539:
A nation on fire: America in the wake of the King assassination
434:
275:
6551:
American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees
1885:
The Martin Luther King Jr., Research and Education Institute
557:
had created a city police force, much of it culled from the
174:
American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees
5630:
1735:
Covering for the bosses : labor and the Southern press
1409:"1968 AFSCME Memphis Sanitation Workers' Strike Chronology"
1319:
Honey, Michael K. (2007). "Struggles of the Working Poor".
865:
During the strike, Local 1733 received direct support from
6188:
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
1275:
On February 1, the first lunch-counter 'sit-ins' began in
189:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
5999:
Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library, Washington, D.C.
1875:
1873:
151:
Increased wages for sanitation workers by City of Memphis
1805:
from the original on October 22, 2016 – via DLynx.
903:
President Obama met former members of the strike in 2011
598:
were particularly active in Memphis during this period.
4334:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
4112:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
1295:. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 59.
101:
Racial discrimination faced by black sanitation workers
5862:
African American founding fathers of the United States
4358:
African American founding fathers of the United States
2711:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
2576:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
1200:
Honey, Michael K. (2007). "A Plantation in the City".
966:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
2121:
The American Prospect explains why MLK was in Memphis
1138:"Memphis, Tennessee, sanitation workers strike, 1968"
1136:
Navarro, Kylin; Rennebohm, Max (September 12, 2010).
5772:
Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. CBS, Inc.
572:, Black people were able to organize as part of the
6400:
6230:
6093:
5755:
5565:
5544:
5493:
5384:
5283:
5024:
4925:
4788:
4700:
4642:
4471:
4406:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
4373:
4187:
4120:
4062:
4041:
2970:
2776:
2611:
2394:
2252:
2205:
2192:
2084:
Web Exhibit on the strike from the AFSCME Archives.
2080:
of Labor and Urban Affairs. Wayne State University.
1381:Honey, Michael K. (2007). "On Strike for Respect".
211:
157:
116:
95:
75:
65:
36:
2131:AFSCME provides a time-line of the relevant events
2046:
2018:"Sanitation strikers receive NAACP Vanguard Award"
1685:. U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division
1572:
1536:
1504:
324:McSwain v. Co. Board of Ed. of Anderson Co., Tenn.
699:the moniker "mini riot" after it turned violent.
2942:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
779:March 28 riot and police shooting of Larry Payne
5815:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
2932:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
2865:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
2756:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
1498:
1496:
1494:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1314:
1312:
887:
6586:Sanitation labor disputes in the United States
5968:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial, San Francisco
5293:King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis
4411:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
1472:. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. p. 105.
742:As we forgive those who spray MACE against us.
6071:
5239:Martin Luther King Jr. Records Collection Act
5233:U.S. House Select Committee on Assassinations
4777:Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?
4605:
4319:List of lynching victims in the United States
2657:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
2169:
1852:Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture
1487:. New York: W.W.Norton & Co. p. 119.
446:
287:
8:
6387:Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968
6238:1968 Democratic National Convention protests
6004:Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library, San Jose
2108:, from Michael Honey, a professor of History
1841:
1839:
1772:. ... Yet the sanitation strike of 1968 and
1737:. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
5554:Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story
4633:Speeches, writings, movements, and protests
2786:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
1195:
1193:
6078:
6064:
6056:
5973:Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial (Compton)
5800:
5280:
5269:
5190:
4922:
4911:
4639:
4628:
4612:
4598:
4590:
2835:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
2202:
2176:
2162:
2154:
1530:
1528:
1106:. Dclabor.org. May 2, 2011. Archived from
453:
439:
431:
294:
280:
272:
125:killed by police during march and disorder
33:
6566:February 1968 events in the United States
6262:1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia
6168:Human rights movement in the Soviet Union
5323:The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306
4391:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
179:Community on the Move for Equality (COME)
6347:Occupation of the Student Union Building
6036:Civil rights movement in popular culture
5842:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
5764:Civil rights movement in popular culture
4833:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
4426:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
2466:University of Georgia desegregation riot
2053:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
1908:"Memphis Compensates Sanitation Workers"
1822:. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
1753:Like Memphis itself, the editors at the
1543:. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
971:St. Petersburg sanitation strike of 1968
805:On April 2, Payne's funeral was held in
758:National civil rights leaders including
330:Clinton High School desegregation crisis
233:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
183:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
148:local 1733 recognized by City of Memphis
6556:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
4681:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
4340:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
4077:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
4072:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
998:
748:For OURS is justice, jobs, and dignity,
383:Hattie Cotton Elementary School bombing
364:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
139:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
6576:April 1968 events in the United States
6571:March 1968 events in the United States
6500:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
6183:Northern Ireland civil rights movement
4254:African-American women in the movement
2706:White House Conference on Civil Rights
2537:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
2126:AFSCME remembers the historical strike
1449:from the original on December 21, 2021
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1028:from the original on November 28, 2019
6581:African-American history of Tennessee
2695:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
1858:from the original on February 6, 2012
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1024:, Stanford University, June 2, 2017,
833:, an African American newspaper, and
657:Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Around
105:Death of Echol Cole and Robert Walker
7:
6302:Columbia University protests of 1968
6292:Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968
6101:1968–69 Japanese university protests
4463:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
2927:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
2875:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
2821:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
2298:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
2223:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
1887:. Stanford University. June 21, 2017
1846:Honey, Michael (December 25, 2009).
1683:"Larry Payne - Notice to Close File"
1167:
1165:
1163:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
976:Charleston sanitation strike of 1969
574:Congress of Industrial Organizations
398:Z. Alexander Looby residence bombing
6014:Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.
2870:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
2806:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
2476:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
1018:"Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike"
738:Give us this day our Dues Checkoff,
6521:1960s strikes in the United States
5917:Statues of Martin Luther King Jr.
5653:King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew
5209:(now National Civil Rights Museum)
4314:African-American churches attacked
2880:Montgomery Improvement Association
2855:Georgia Council on Human Relations
2840:Council of Federated Organizations
2811:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
2569:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
2527:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
2333:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
2237:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
2100:, at Stanford's KingPapers website
2098:Memphis Sanitation Worker's Strike
2016:Neely, Tiffany (January 9, 2018).
1937:Beifuss, John (October 18, 2017).
1751:from the original on May 7, 2016.
1731:"Labor, civil rights, and Memphis"
1681:Dobinski, Karla (April 18, 2023).
1634:"Larry Payne Notice to Close File"
1511:(1st ed.). New York: Norton.
1206:(1. ed.). New York : Norton.
25:
6327:March of the One Hundred Thousand
5468:Alpha Man: The Brotherhood of MLK
4386:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
4259:Jews in the civil rights movement
2148:Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike
1419:from the original on June 6, 2011
1148:from the original on July 7, 2012
1142:Global Nonviolent Action Database
750:Forever and ever. Amen. FREEDOM!
6221:
5781:King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.
5660:"By the Time I Get to Arizona" (
4729:Second Emancipation Proclamation
4580:Civil rights movement portal
4573:
4421:Freedom Riders National Monument
4163:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
2675:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
2634:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
2521:Second Emancipation Proclamation
1906:Henry, Wiley (August 10, 2017).
1854:. Tennessee Historical Society.
1387:(1 ed.). New York: Norton.
1325:(1 ed.). New York: Norton.
981:
728:Our Henry, who art in City Hall,
50:
6526:1968 labor disputes and strikes
6485:Segregation in Northern Ireland
5913:Safe House Black History Museum
5832:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
4448:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
4436:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
2912:National Council of Negro Women
2850:Deacons for Defense and Justice
2150:, Civil Rights Digital Library.
1989:Chaney, Kim (August 27, 2019).
1963:White, Erin (January 5, 2018).
736:In Memphis, as it is in heaven.
718:On the evening of February 26,
71:(2 months and 4 days)
6591:History of racism in Tennessee
6541:Civil rights movement protests
5887:U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture
4865:Mississippi March Against Fear
2328:Mansfield school desegregation
1579:. W. W. Norton & Company.
18:1968 Memphis Sanitation Strike
1:
6531:History of Memphis, Tennessee
6272:1968 Red Square demonstration
5588:March! For Martin Luther King
4809:Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
4458:National Voting Rights Museum
4401:Civil Rights Movement Archive
4200:Lynching in the United States
4087:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
2542:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
2515:University of Chicago sit-ins
2282:Davis v. Prince Edward County
2106:Labor Rights are Human Rights
2092:, at Socialist Worker website
69:February 12 – April 16, 1968
6252:1968 Polish political crisis
6208:West German student movement
6133:Black Consciousness Movement
5852:National Civil Rights Museum
5847:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
4690:I've Been to the Mountaintop
4453:National Civil Rights Museum
4309:March on Washington Movement
4294:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
2763:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
939:In July 2017, Memphis Mayor
883:I've been to the mountaintop
649:Echol Cole and Robert Walker
530:and the local branch of the
517:Echol Cole and Robert Walker
130:I've Been to the Mountaintop
56:The strikers' slogan was "I
6561:Labor disputes in Tennessee
6458:Racism in the United States
6423:Counterculture of the 1960s
6244:The whole world is watching
6213:Women's liberation movement
5989:sculpture, Portland, Oregon
5979:Landmark for Peace Memorial
5704:"Symphony of Brotherhood" (
5627:Pride (In the Name of Love)
4849:Selma to Montgomery marches
4748:Letter from Birmingham Jail
4097:"This Little Light of Mine"
2845:Dallas County Voters League
2791:Atlanta Negro Voters League
2554:Letter from Birmingham Jail
2261:Brown v. Board of Education
1848:"Memphis Sanitation Strike"
1789:"Law Officers Lit Cauldron"
1660:"Larry Payne: Un(re)solved"
744:And lead us not into shame,
740:And forgive us our boycott,
590:in the summer of 1960. The
377:Kelly v. Board of Education
335:Clinton High School bombing
6607:
5877:Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity
5820:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
5601:Martin Luther King's Dream
4431:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
4299:Holt Street Baptist Church
4269:16th Street Baptist Church
3253:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
2897:Nashville Student Movement
2827:An Appeal for Human Rights
2090:King's Unfinished Struggle
2045:Honey, Michael K. (2007).
1729:Atkins, Joseph B. (2008).
1638:U.S. Department of Justice
1571:Honey, Michael K. (2007).
1483:Honey, Michael K. (2008).
1413:AFSCME Local 1733 pamphlet
1349:. Southern Hollows podcast
1277:Greensboro, North Carolina
894:Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
782:
631:Early course of the strike
393:Nashville Student Movement
6337:Memphis sanitation strike
6219:
6118:1968 movement in Pakistan
6030:America in the King Years
5810:
5799:
5279:
5268:
5202:
5189:
4921:
4910:
4884:Memphis sanitation strike
4638:
4627:
4569:
3928:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
3898:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
2962:Women's Political Council
2957:Wednesdays in Mississippi
2952:United Auto Workers (UAW)
2937:Southern Regional Council
2907:Northern Student Movement
2816:Committee for Freedom Now
2723:Memphis sanitation strike
2689:Voting Rights Act of 1965
2432:Savannah Protest Movement
2213:Journey of Reconciliation
2078:Walter P. Reuther Library
1600:Little, Kimberly (2009).
1244:10.1080/00236568408584775
1074:10.1080/00236560050009914
746:But deliver us from LOEB!
513:Memphis sanitation strike
468:
359:Memphis sanitation strike
353:Watson v. City of Memphis
315:
216:
162:
49:
41:
37:Memphis sanitation strike
6317:King assassination riots
6277:1968 uprising in Senegal
6173:Mexican Movement of 1968
5837:National Historical Park
5575:Abraham, Martin and John
5053:(strategist / colleague)
4857:Chicago Freedom Movement
2796:Atlanta Student Movement
2745:Civil Rights Act of 1968
2670:1964–1965 Scripto strike
2651:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2549:1963 Birmingham campaign
2442:Civil Rights Act of 1960
2366:Civil Rights Act of 1957
1881:"Reuther, Walter Philip"
730:Hard-headed be thy name.
682:International President
6019:King County, Washington
5872:FBI–King suicide letter
4348:Voter Education Project
4102:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
3763:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
3198:Josephine Dobbs Clement
2624:Chester school protests
2619:Twenty-fourth Amendment
2581:Detroit Walk to Freedom
2323:Tallahassee bus boycott
2244:Baton Rouge bus boycott
1575:Going Down Jericho Road
1468:Honey, Michael (2008).
1293:Going Down Jericho Road
1291:Honey, Michael (2007).
6536:Martin Luther King Jr.
6443:Antisemitism in Poland
6352:Poor People's Campaign
6287:Battle of Valle Giulia
6257:1968 protests in Egypt
6143:Black Power Revolution
6113:1968 movement in Italy
5882:Season for Nonviolence
5695:"Never Alone Martin" (
5417:"Great X-Pectations" (
5353:King in the Wilderness
4974:Martin Luther King Sr.
4950:Martin Luther King III
4892:Poor People's Campaign
4841:St. Augustine movement
4801:Montgomery bus boycott
4621:Martin Luther King Jr.
4561:Movement photographers
3803:Bernice Johnson Reagon
3523:Martin Luther King Sr.
3518:Martin Luther King Jr.
3088:William Holmes Borders
2860:Highlander Folk School
2750:Poor People's Campaign
2603:St. Augustine movement
2453:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
2376:Katz Drug Store sit-in
2347:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
2309:Montgomery bus boycott
1774:Martin Luther King Jr.
1144:. Swarthmore College.
904:
897:
785:Killing of Larry Payne
772:Martin Luther King Jr.
756:
543:Martin Luther King Jr.
239:Martin Luther King Jr.
134:Martin Luther King Jr.
107:from garbage compactor
6473:Years of Lead (Italy)
6128:Anti-nuclear movement
6123:Civil Rights Movement
4990:Christine King Farris
4982:Alberta Williams King
4767:Conscience for Change
4710:Stride Toward Freedom
4396:Civil Rights Memorial
4284:Bethel Baptist Church
3933:Charles Kenzie Steele
3378:Audrey Faye Hendricks
3283:Myrlie Evers-Williams
3263:Patricia Stephens Due
3233:Abraham Lincoln Davis
3168:Colia Lafayette Clark
2922:Operation Breadbasket
2917:National Urban League
2664:Katzenbach v. McClung
2532:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
2185:Civil rights movement
1912:The Tennessee Tribune
1445:. February 17, 2008.
1443:The Commercial Appeal
1263:. New York : Norton.
1110:on September 10, 2012
1056:Estes, Steve (2000).
902:
820:The Commercial Appeal
783:Further information:
725:
304:Civil Rights Movement
44:Civil Rights Movement
6468:Second-wave feminism
6408:1968 Summer Olympics
6342:Miss America protest
6178:Movement of 22 March
6138:Black power movement
6041:Lee–Jackson–King Day
5994:Kennedy–King College
5453:"Return of the King"
4441:other King memorials
4416:Freedom Rides Museum
4353:1960s counterculture
4304:Edmund Pettus Bridge
3983:Walter Francis White
3888:Alexander D. Shimkin
2402:New Year's Day March
2371:Ministers' Manifesto
2218:Executive Order 9981
2114:The Last Wish of MLK
1457:– via Youtube.
926:, and UAW president
908:King's assassination
732:Thy kingdom C.O.M.E.
701:Gwen Robinson Awsumb
635:At the end of 1967,
85:Charles Mason Temple
27:1968 American strike
6392:Tlatelolco massacre
6307:Delano grape strike
6297:Central Park be-ins
6153:Cultural Revolution
5906:Hope Moving Forward
5671:Shed a Little Light
5434:New York Undercover
5429:"The Promised Land"
5256:Conspiracy theories
5037:(mentor, colleague)
4825:Birmingham campaign
4179:Mary McLeod Bethune
4140:Sermon on the Mount
4107:"We Shall Overcome"
3688:William Lewis Moore
3468:Frank Minis Johnson
3443:Richie Jean Jackson
3398:Donald L. Hollowell
3203:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
3008:Gwendolyn Armstrong
3003:William G. Anderson
2983:Victoria Gray Adams
2947:The Freedom Singers
2801:Black Panther Party
2586:March on Washington
2499:Garner v. Louisiana
2460:Boynton v. Virginia
961:Labor Hall of Honor
849:National leadership
578:anti-communist fear
526:, president of the
415:Chattanooga sit-ins
6332:May 1968 in France
6312:East L.A. walkouts
6193:Red Power movement
5900:sculpture, Atlanta
5684:Up to the Mountain
5471:(2011 documentary)
5444:Selma, Lord, Selma
5366:(2020 documentary)
5356:(2018 documentary)
5326:(2008 documentary)
5303:Our Friend, Martin
5296:(1970 documentary)
5139:Fred Shuttlesworth
4934:Coretta Scott King
4672:How Long, Not Long
4654:Give Us the Ballot
4496:Michael Eric Dyson
4381:In popular culture
4264:Fifth Circuit Four
4248:Loving v. Virginia
4241:Hernandez v. Texas
4220:Buchanan v. Warley
4212:Separate but equal
4206:Plessy v. Ferguson
4169:Frederick Douglass
4003:Robert F. Williams
3913:Kelly Miller Smith
3893:Fred Shuttlesworth
3818:Frederick D. Reese
3798:George Raymond Jr.
3788:A. Philip Randolph
3768:Fay Bellamy Powell
3683:Queen Mother Moore
3568:Z. Alexander Looby
3513:Coretta Scott King
3458:Barbara Rose Johns
3438:Jimmie Lee Jackson
3363:William E. Harbour
3143:Stokely Carmichael
3058:Randolph Blackwell
2728:King assassination
2717:Loving v. Virginia
2701:March Against Fear
2681:How Long, Not Long
2559:Children's Crusade
2510:Cambridge movement
2447:Ax Handle Saturday
2412:Greensboro sit-ins
2339:Give Us the Ballot
1997:on August 28, 2019
1918:on August 27, 2019
1770:Jackson Daily News
1177:herb.ashp.cuny.edu
924:Coretta Scott King
905:
841:Roles of the union
830:Tri-State Defender
603:sanitation workers
462:Sanitation strikes
221:Sanitation workers
170:Sanitation workers
81:Memphis, Tennessee
6546:1968 in Tennessee
6508:
6507:
6463:School discipline
6382:Takeover of Vanha
6198:Sexual revolution
6053:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6024:Eponymous streets
5867:Authorship issues
5795:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5557:(1957 comic book)
5420:A Different World
5397:(1978 miniseries)
5264:
5263:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5075:Bernard Lafayette
5006:James Albert King
4906:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4757:Why We Can't Wait
4587:
4586:
4364:Eyes on the Prize
4279:A.G. Gaston Motel
4274:Kelly Ingram Park
4234:Sweatt v. Painter
3918:Mary Louise Smith
3878:Cleveland Sellers
3863:Michael Schwerner
3828:Gloria Richardson
3608:Thurgood Marshall
3528:Bernard Lafayette
3258:John Wesley Dobbs
2772:
2771:
2491:Birmingham attack
2471:Rock Hill sit-ins
2422:Sibley Commission
2417:Nashville sit-ins
2289:Gebhart v. Belton
2275:Briggs v. Elliott
2268:Bolling v. Sharpe
2229:Sweatt v. Painter
2140:, episode of the
2022:WMC Action News 5
1943:Commercial Appeal
1829:978-0-470-17710-5
1798:. April 3, 1968.
1755:Commercial Appeal
1586:978-0-393-04339-6
1550:978-0-470-17710-5
1518:978-0-393-04339-6
1394:978-0-393-04339-6
1332:978-0-393-04339-6
1302:978-0-393-04339-6
1270:978-0-393-04339-6
1213:978-0-393-04339-6
1022:King Encyclopedia
877:End of the strike
792:We Shall Overcome
734:Our will be done,
506:
505:
428:
427:
420:Knoxville sit-ins
388:Nashville sit-ins
370:City of Nashville
270:
269:
207:
206:
16:(Redirected from
6598:
6490:Student activism
6225:
6148:Chicano Movement
6087:Protests of 1968
6080:
6073:
6066:
6057:
5961:Pueblo, Colorado
5892:Oval Office bust
5801:
5784:
5775:
5766:
5748:
5736:
5719:
5709:
5700:
5691:
5678:
5665:
5656:
5643:
5634:
5621:
5608:
5595:
5582:
5558:
5537:
5527:
5517:
5507:
5486:
5472:
5462:
5448:
5438:
5424:
5413:
5398:
5377:
5367:
5357:
5347:
5337:
5327:
5317:
5307:
5297:
5281:
5270:
5191:
5174:
5166:
5158:
5150:
5142:
5134:
5126:
5118:
5110:
5102:
5094:
5086:
5078:
5070:
5062:
5054:
5046:
5038:
5017:
5009:
5001:
4993:
4985:
4977:
4969:
4961:
4953:
4945:
4937:
4923:
4912:
4895:
4887:
4879:
4868:
4860:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4828:
4820:
4812:
4804:
4781:
4771:
4761:
4751:
4742:
4738:Strength to Love
4732:
4723:
4714:
4693:
4684:
4675:
4666:
4657:
4640:
4629:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4591:
4578:
4577:
4541:Charles M. Payne
4526:Steven F. Lawson
4516:David Halberstam
4486:Clayborne Carson
4227:Hocutt v. Wilson
4174:W. E. B. Du Bois
4023:Sammy Younge Jr.
4008:Q. V. Williamson
3973:Wyatt Tee Walker
3838:Bernice Robinson
3783:Lincoln Ragsdale
3773:Rodney N. Powell
3668:Douglas E. Moore
3543:Sanford R. Leigh
3478:J. Charles Jones
3353:Fannie Lou Hamer
3268:Joseph Ellwanger
3228:Jonathan Daniels
3218:Claudette Colvin
3208:Annie Lee Cooper
3193:Kathleen Cleaver
3188:Eldridge Cleaver
3163:Shirley Chisholm
3053:Gloria Blackwell
2644:workers' murders
2591:"I Have a Dream"
2486:Anniston bombing
2437:Greenville Eight
2352:Little Rock Nine
2315:Browder v. Gayle
2203:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2155:
2142:Southern Hollows
2064:
2052:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1993:. Archived from
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1914:. Archived from
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1793:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1607:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1578:
1568:
1555:
1554:
1542:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1510:
1500:
1489:
1488:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1378:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1169:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1133:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1053:
1030:
1029:
1014:
988:1960s portal
986:
985:
984:
895:
678:On February 18,
618:Union activities
463:
455:
448:
441:
432:
404:Other localities
310:
296:
289:
282:
273:
255:Mayor of Memphis
247:
164:
163:
141:on April 4, 1968
54:
34:
21:
6606:
6605:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6595:
6511:
6510:
6509:
6504:
6413:Anti-capitalism
6396:
6362:Presidio mutiny
6267:1968 Miami riot
6226:
6217:
6163:Hippie movement
6089:
6084:
6054:
6045:
5908:statue, Atlanta
5806:
5787:
5778:
5769:
5762:
5751:
5739:
5722:
5712:
5703:
5694:
5681:
5668:
5659:
5646:
5637:
5624:
5611:
5598:
5585:
5572:
5561:
5551:
5540:
5530:
5520:
5513:The Mountaintop
5510:
5500:
5489:
5475:
5465:
5451:
5441:
5427:
5416:
5404:The First Store
5401:
5391:
5380:
5370:
5360:
5350:
5340:
5330:
5320:
5310:
5306:(1999 animated)
5300:
5290:
5275:
5260:
5198:
5177:
5169:
5161:
5153:
5145:
5137:
5129:
5121:
5113:
5105:
5097:
5089:
5081:
5073:
5065:
5057:
5049:
5041:
5035:Ralph Abernathy
5033:
5026:
5020:
5012:
5004:
4996:
4988:
4980:
4972:
4964:
4956:
4948:
4940:
4932:
4917:
4898:
4890:
4882:
4871:
4863:
4855:
4847:
4839:
4831:
4823:
4817:Albany Movement
4815:
4807:
4799:
4791:
4784:
4774:
4764:
4754:
4745:
4735:
4726:
4717:
4707:
4696:
4687:
4678:
4669:
4660:
4651:
4634:
4623:
4618:
4588:
4583:
4572:
4565:
4546:Thomas E. Ricks
4536:Diane McWhorter
4521:Vincent Harding
4506:Adam Fairclough
4473:
4467:
4369:
4324:Freedom Schools
4183:
4116:
4064:
4058:
4049:Omaha, Nebraska
4037:
3953:Hartman Turnbow
3943:Dorothy Tillman
3903:Glenn E. Smiley
3883:Charles Sherrod
3843:Jo Ann Robinson
3718:Charles Neblett
3708:Elijah Muhammad
3673:Harriette Moore
3633:Floyd McKissick
3618:Franklin McCain
3553:Stanley Levison
3418:T. R. M. Howard
3368:Vincent Harding
3298:Walter Fauntroy
3183:Xernona Clayton
3133:John H. Calhoun
3118:Aurelia Browder
3108:Stanley Branche
3103:Raylawni Branch
3083:Joseph E. Boone
3068:Ezell Blair Jr.
3063:Unita Blackwell
3038:Harry Belafonte
2978:Ralph Abernathy
2966:
2902:Nation of Islam
2778:
2768:
2607:
2564:Birmingham riot
2505:Albany Movement
2427:Atlanta sit-ins
2407:Sit-in movement
2390:
2386:Biloxi wade-ins
2358:Cooper v. Aaron
2248:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2116:, from NY Times
2071:
2061:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1745:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1640:. April 3, 2017
1632:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1570:
1569:
1558:
1551:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1502:
1501:
1492:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1380:
1379:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1271:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1171:
1170:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1135:
1134:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1055:
1054:
1033:
1016:
1015:
1000:
996:
982:
980:
957:
937:
896:
893:
879:
863:
851:
843:
815:
807:Clayborn Temple
796:Clayborn Temple
787:
781:
752:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
720:Clayborn Temple
696:Clayborn Temple
647:On February 1,
633:
620:
551:
509:
508:
507:
502:
464:
461:
459:
429:
424:
347:Memphis sit-ins
341:City of Memphis
318:City of Clinton
311:
302:
300:
266:
265:
251:
243:
203:
200:City of Memphis
194:
132:" delivered by
91:
89:Clayborn Temple
70:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6604:
6602:
6594:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6513:
6512:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6481:
6480:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6404:
6402:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6248:
6247:
6234:
6232:
6228:
6227:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6158:Gay liberation
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6109:
6108:
6097:
6095:
6091:
6090:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6075:
6068:
6060:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5983:
5981:, Indianapolis
5975:
5970:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5915:
5910:
5902:
5898:Homage to King
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5817:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5805:Related topics
5804:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5776:
5767:
5759:
5757:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5737:
5720:
5710:
5701:
5692:
5679:
5666:
5657:
5644:
5635:
5622:
5614:Happy Birthday
5609:
5596:
5583:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5528:
5518:
5508:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5473:
5463:
5449:
5439:
5425:
5414:
5409:The Jeffersons
5399:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5368:
5358:
5348:
5338:
5328:
5318:
5308:
5298:
5287:
5285:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5241:
5236:
5230:
5225:
5223:James Earl Ray
5220:
5215:
5210:
5207:Lorraine Motel
5203:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5167:
5163:Hosea Williams
5159:
5151:
5143:
5135:
5127:
5119:
5111:
5103:
5095:
5087:
5079:
5071:
5063:
5059:Dorothy Cotton
5055:
5047:
5039:
5030:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5010:
5002:
4994:
4986:
4978:
4970:
4962:
4954:
4946:
4938:
4929:
4927:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4888:
4880:
4869:
4861:
4853:
4845:
4837:
4829:
4821:
4813:
4805:
4796:
4794:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4772:
4762:
4752:
4743:
4733:
4724:
4715:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4685:
4676:
4667:
4663:I Have a Dream
4658:
4648:
4646:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4594:
4585:
4584:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4556:Akinyele Umoja
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4202:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4145:Mahatma Gandhi
4142:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4054:South Carolina
4051:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3993:Hosea Williams
3990:
3985:
3980:
3978:Hollis Watkins
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3908:A. Maceo Smith
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3858:Bernie Sanders
3855:
3850:
3848:Angela Russell
3845:
3840:
3835:
3833:David Richmond
3830:
3825:
3823:Walter Reuther
3820:
3815:
3810:
3808:Cordell Reagon
3805:
3800:
3795:
3793:George Raymond
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3753:Charles Person
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3723:Huey P. Newton
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3678:Harry T. Moore
3675:
3670:
3665:
3663:Cecil B. Moore
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3643:James Meredith
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3473:Clarence Jones
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3413:Zilphia Horton
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3383:Lola Hendricks
3380:
3375:
3373:Dorothy Height
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3343:Lawrence Guyot
3340:
3335:
3333:Jack Greenberg
3330:
3325:
3320:
3318:Andrew Goodman
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3243:Joseph DeLaine
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3213:Dorothy Cotton
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3158:J. L. Chestnut
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3093:Amelia Boynton
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3013:Arnold Aronson
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2725:
2720:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2672:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2646:
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4092:"Oh, Freedom"
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3178:Septima Clark
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2481:Freedom Rides
2479:
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2208:
2206:Prior to 1954
2204:
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2060:9780393043396
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2019:
2012:
2009:
1996:
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1232:Labor History
1226:
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1062:Labor History
1059:
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921:
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890:
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868:
867:URW Local 186
860:
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848:
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836:
832:
831:
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822:
821:
812:
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776:
773:
769:
765:
764:Bayard Rustin
761:
755:
751:
724:
721:
716:
714:
710:
709:Rev. Lawson's
706:
702:
697:
692:
690:
685:
681:
676:
674:
669:
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650:
645:
641:
638:
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617:
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613:
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604:
599:
597:
593:
589:
586:
585:desegregation
581:
579:
575:
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566:
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560:
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548:
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78:
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68:
64:
59:
53:
48:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
6428:Flower power
6367:Rodney riots
6336:
6282:BĂĄstad riots
6203:The Troubles
6028:
5986:
5978:
5905:
5897:
5779:
5770:
5743:(Common and
5718:(1995 album)
5713:
5706:Miri Ben-Ari
5675:James Taylor
5662:Public Enemy
5649:King Holiday
5552:
5531:
5521:
5511:
5501:
5482:
5476:
5466:
5456:
5442:
5432:
5418:
5407:
5393:
5371:
5361:
5351:
5342:
5331:
5321:
5312:
5301:
5291:
5228:Jack Kershaw
5171:Andrew Young
5155:Wyatt Walker
5147:C. T. Vivian
5123:James Orange
5083:James Lawson
4966:Bernice King
4942:Yolanda King
4883:
4876:War movement
4873:Anti-Vietnam
4792:and protests
4775:
4765:
4755:
4736:
4720:What Is Man?
4708:
4571:
4511:David Garrow
4491:John Dittmer
4362:
4289:Brown Chapel
4246:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4204:
4161:
4013:Andrew Young
3968:A. T. Walden
3963:C. T. Vivian
3923:Maxine Smith
3758:Homer Plessy
3738:James Orange
3693:Irene Morgan
3648:William Ming
3628:Ralph McGill
3563:Viola Liuzzo
3548:Jim Letherer
3533:James Lawson
3463:Vernon Johns
3453:Esau Jenkins
3408:Myles Horton
3358:Fred Hampton
3348:Prathia Hall
3338:Dick Gregory
3308:Marie Foster
3303:James Forman
3293:James Farmer
3278:Medgar Evers
3238:Angela Davis
3173:Ramsey Clark
3153:James Chaney
3148:Johnnie Carr
3128:Ralph Bunche
3123:H. Rap Brown
3113:Ruby Bridges
3073:Joanne Bland
3048:Claude Black
3028:Marion Barry
2998:Muhammad Ali
2825:
2761:
2754:
2722:
2715:
2693:
2662:
2655:
2497:
2458:
2451:
2381:Kissing Case
2356:
2313:
2296:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2235:
2227:
2141:
2136:
2113:
2105:
2097:
2089:
2048:
2039:Bibliography
2025:. Retrieved
2021:
2011:
1999:. Retrieved
1995:the original
1984:
1972:. Retrieved
1968:
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1942:
1932:
1920:. Retrieved
1916:the original
1911:
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
1884:
1860:. Retrieved
1851:
1818:
1811:
1795:
1783:
1769:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1734:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1708:
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1676:
1666:November 10,
1664:. Retrieved
1654:
1642:. Retrieved
1637:
1628:
1603:
1595:
1574:
1538:
1506:
1484:
1478:
1469:
1463:
1451:. Retrieved
1442:
1433:
1423:February 28,
1421:. Retrieved
1412:
1403:
1383:
1351:. Retrieved
1341:
1321:
1292:
1286:
1274:
1259:
1252:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1217:
1202:
1180:. Retrieved
1176:
1150:. Retrieved
1141:
1112:. Retrieved
1108:the original
1098:
1065:
1061:
1021:
950:
946:
938:
916:Ramsey Clark
906:
888:
880:
864:
861:Local unions
856:
852:
844:
834:
828:
826:
818:
816:
804:
788:
768:James Lawson
757:
753:
727:
717:
713:"I Am A Man"
705:James Lawson
693:
677:
670:
665:City Council
653:
646:
642:
634:
621:
600:
582:
567:
559:Ku Klux Klan
552:
536:
521:
512:
510:
472:
403:
402:
375:
369:
368:
358:
351:
340:
339:
322:
317:
254:
253:
244:
232:
231:
220:
219:
212:Lead figures
57:
42:Part of the
29:
6495:Vietnam War
6418:Black power
5951:Mexico City
5941:Jersey City
5745:John Legend
5697:Jason Upton
5545:Illustrated
5533:All the Way
5503:The Meeting
5376:(2023 film)
5346:(2016 film)
5343:All the Way
5336:(2014 film)
5316:(2001 film)
5244:Loyd Jowers
5173:(colleague)
5165:(colleague)
5157:(colleague)
5149:(colleague)
5141:(colleague)
5125:(colleague)
5117:(colleague)
5101:(colleague)
5093:(colleague)
5085:(colleague)
5077:(colleague)
5061:(colleague)
5051:James Bevel
5045:(colleague)
5014:Alveda King
4958:Dexter King
4843:(1963–1964)
4819:(1961–1962)
4803:(1955–1956)
4531:Doug McAdam
4501:Chuck Fager
4128:Nonviolence
4033:James Zwerg
4028:Bob Zellner
3988:Roy Wilkins
3938:Hank Thomas
3873:Pete Seeger
3868:Bobby Seale
3733:Jack O'Dell
3728:Edgar Nixon
3658:Amzie Moore
3653:Jack Minnis
3593:Mae Mallory
3578:Clara Luper
3538:Bernard Lee
3428:Cecil Ivory
3423:Ruby Hurley
3393:Oliver Hill
3388:Aaron Henry
3288:Chuck Fager
3248:Dave Dennis
3138:Guy Carawan
3078:Julian Bond
3043:James Bevel
3033:Daisy Bates
2304:Emmett Till
2187:(1954–1968)
1689:November 9,
1662:. Frontline
1453:October 15,
1114:November 8,
800:Larry Payne
760:Roy Wilkins
568:During the
555:E. H. Crump
227:T. O. Jones
123:Larry Payne
117:Resulted in
6515:Categories
6448:Hot Autumn
6009:Paris park
5731:featuring
5592:John Fahey
5385:Television
5115:Diane Nash
5091:John Lewis
5043:Ella Baker
4998:A. D. King
4968:(daughter)
4944:(daughter)
4474:historians
4155:Satyagraha
4121:Influences
3813:James Reeb
3748:James Peck
3743:Rosa Parks
3713:Diane Nash
3583:Danny Lyon
3558:John Lewis
3503:A. D. King
3403:James Hood
3018:Ella Baker
2988:Zev Aelony
2027:August 28,
2001:August 27,
1974:August 27,
1948:August 28,
1922:August 27,
994:References
885:" speech.
871:race riots
684:Jerry Wurf
661:Mayor Loeb
637:Henry Loeb
549:Background
539:Henry Loeb
524:Jerry Wurf
485:Charleston
261:Henry Loeb
6433:Free love
6094:Movements
5987:The Dream
5946:Milwaukee
5733:will.i.am
5133:(advisor)
5069:(protégé)
5000:(brother)
4790:Movements
4133:Padayatra
4082:"Kumbaya"
4042:By region
3698:Bob Moses
3603:Bob Mants
3588:Malcolm X
3508:C.B. King
3328:Fred Gray
2971:Activists
2612:1964–1968
2395:1960–1963
2253:1954–1959
1714:April 20,
1182:April 20,
410:Tent City
308:Tennessee
96:Caused by
6453:New Left
6106:ZenkyĹŤtĹŤ
5109:(mentor)
4992:(sister)
4984:(mother)
4976:(father)
4750:" (1963)
4722:" (1959)
4701:Writings
4692:" (1968)
4683:" (1967)
4674:" (1965)
4665:" (1963)
4656:" (1957)
4644:Speeches
4063:Movement
3493:Tom Kahn
2777:Activist
2197:timeline
1969:Afropunk
1862:July 19,
1856:Archived
1800:Archived
1768:and the
1749:Archived
1644:April 4,
1447:Archived
1417:Archived
1415:. 1968.
1152:July 19,
1146:Archived
1090:32680284
1082:18041164
1026:archived
955:See also
892:—
601:Memphis
570:New Deal
563:Jim Crow
176:(AFSCME)
128:Speech "
76:Location
6478:Morocco
6401:Related
5936:Houston
5921:Atlanta
5857:Big Six
5825:passage
5756:Related
5741:"Glory"
5725:A Dream
5605:Strawbs
5523:I Dream
5485:, 2024)
5461:, 2006)
5437:, 1997)
5423:, 1993)
5412:, 1980)
5363:MLK/FBI
5313:Boycott
5218:Funeral
5027:leaders
5016:(niece)
4188:Related
3778:Al Raby
2733:funeral
2596:Big Six
2144:podcast
1891:May 14,
1709:NPR.org
1353:June 3,
912:rioting
689:slavery
608:welfare
588:sit-ins
497:Atlanta
491:Atlanta
473:Memphis
245:†
191:(NAACP)
158:Parties
60:a Man".
6438:Hippie
6231:Events
5956:Newark
5931:Denver
5926:Boston
5729:Common
5642:" (U2)
5536:(2012)
5526:(2010)
5516:(2009)
5506:(1987)
5478:Genius
5447:(1999)
5373:Rustin
5235:(HSCA)
4936:(wife)
4926:Family
4916:People
4894:(1968)
4886:(1968)
4878:(1967)
4867:(1966)
4859:(1966)
4851:(1965)
4835:(1963)
4827:(1963)
4811:(1957)
4780:(1967)
4770:(1967)
4760:(1964)
4741:(1963)
4713:(1958)
4374:Legacy
4150:Ahimsa
2779:groups
2240:(1950)
2232:(1950)
2193:Events
2057:
1826:
1741:
1616:
1583:
1547:
1515:
1391:
1329:
1299:
1267:
1210:
1088:
1080:
935:Legacy
766:, and
680:AFSCME
625:AFSCME
537:Mayor
241:
185:(SCLC)
146:AFSCME
144:Union
5566:Music
5494:Plays
5483:MLK/X
5333:Selma
5274:Media
5249:Trial
5213:Riots
5025:Other
4960:(son)
4952:(son)
4472:Noted
4065:songs
2885:NAACP
2738:riots
1803:(PDF)
1792:(PDF)
1612:-68.
1086:S2CID
592:NAACP
5579:Dion
5394:King
5284:Film
2055:ISBN
2029:2019
2003:2019
1976:2019
1950:2019
1924:2019
1893:2020
1864:2012
1824:ISBN
1757:and
1739:ISBN
1716:2020
1691:2023
1668:2023
1646:2017
1614:ISBN
1581:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1513:ISBN
1455:2020
1425:2018
1389:ISBN
1355:2018
1327:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1265:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1184:2020
1154:2012
1116:2013
1078:PMID
920:SCLC
827:The
610:and
596:SCLC
594:and
511:The
499:2018
493:1977
487:1969
481:1968
475:1968
66:Date
5727:" (
5686:" (
5673:" (
5651:" (
5640:MLK
5629:" (
5616:" (
5603:" (
5590:" (
5577:" (
5406:" (
1240:doi
1070:doi
306:in
6517::
5631:U2
2020:.
1967:.
1941:.
1910:.
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