910:. Around 31,961 North Vietnamese/VC prisoners (26,880 military, 5,081 civilians) were released in return for 5,942 South Vietnamese prisoners. However, the agreement's provisions were routinely flouted by both the North Vietnamese and the South Vietnamese government, eliciting no response from the United States, and ultimately resulting in the communists enlarging the area under their control by the end of 1973. North Vietnamese military forces gradually built up their military infrastructure in the areas they controlled and two years later were in a position to launch the successful offensive that ended South Vietnam's status as an independent country. Fighting began almost immediately after the agreement was signed, due to a series of mutual retaliations, and by March 1973, full-fledged war had resumed.
260:(PRG), which represented South Vietnamese communists. US ground forces had begun to withdraw from Vietnam in 1969, and had suffered from deteriorating morale during the withdrawal. By the beginning of 1972 those that remained had very little involvement in combat. The last American infantry battalions withdrew in August 1972. Most air and naval forces, and most advisers, also were gone from South Vietnam by that time, though air and naval forces not based in South Vietnam were still playing a large role in the war. The Paris Agreement removed the remaining US forces. Direct U.S. military intervention was ended, and fighting between the three remaining powers temporarily stopped for less than a day. The agreement was not ratified by the
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713:. These operations were also designed to keep North Vietnam at the negotiating table and to prevent them from abandoning negotiations and seeking total victory. When the North Vietnamese government agreed to resume "technical" discussions with the United States, Nixon ordered a halt to bombings north of the 20th parallel on December 30. With the U.S. committed to disengagement (and after threats from Nixon that South Vietnam would be abandoned if he did not agree), Thiệu had little choice but to accede.
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1529:"The activities of the Nixon team went far beyond the bounds of justifiable political combat. It constituted direct interference in the activities of the executive branch and the responsibilities of the Chief Executive, the only people with authority to negotiate on behalf of the nation. The activities of the Nixon campaign constituted a gross, even potentially illegal, interference in the security affairs of the nation by private individuals."
1068:
684:, who were backing the North Vietnamese military effort. In a meeting with Kissinger, Thọ significantly modified his bargaining line, allowing that the Saigon government could remain in power and that negotiations between the two South Vietnamese parties could develop a final settlement. Within 10 days the secret talks drew up a final draft. Kissinger held a press conference in Washington during which he announced that "peace is at hand."
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Vietnamese ally to sign the agreement even if the concessions Thiệu wanted could not be achieved. Nixon pledged to provide continued substantial aid to South
Vietnam and given his recent landslide victory in the presidential election, it seemed possible that he would be able to follow through on that pledge. To demonstrate his seriousness to Thiệu, Nixon ordered the heavy
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On
January 15, 1973, Nixon announced a suspension of offensive actions against North Vietnam. Kissinger and Thọ met again on January 23 and signed off on an agreement that was basically identical to the draft of three months earlier. The agreement was signed by the leaders of the official delegations
703:
However, as U.S. casualties had mounted throughout the conflict since 1965, American domestic support for the war had deteriorated, and by late 1972 there was major pressure on the Nixon administration to withdraw from the war. Consequently, the U.S. brought great diplomatic pressure upon their South
572:
stated that
Kissinger obtained "no useful inside information" from his trip to Paris, and "almost any experienced Hanoi watcher might have come to the same conclusion". While Kissinger may have "hinted that his advice was based on contacts with the Paris delegation," this sort of "self-promotion...is
588:
that Thieu had no intention of attending a peace conference. On
November 2, Chennault informed the South Vietnamese ambassador: "I have just heard from my boss in Albuquerque who says his boss is going to win. And you tell your boss to hold on a while longer." Johnson found out through the NSA and
525:
refused to acknowledge the legitimacy of the NLF. Harriman resolved this dispute by developing a system by which North
Vietnam and U.S. would be the named parties; NLF officials could join the North Vietnam team without being recognized by South Vietnam, while Saigon's representatives joined their
513:
For five months, the negotiations stalled as North
Vietnam demanded that all bombing of North Vietnam be stopped, while the U.S. side demanded that North Vietnam agree to a reciprocal de-escalation in South Vietnam; it was not until October 31 that Johnson agreed to end the air strikes and serious
959:
At the time of the peace agreement the United States agreed to only replace equipment on a one-by-one basis. But the United States did not keep its word. Is an
American's word reliable these days? The United States did not keep its promise to help us fight for freedom and it was in the same fight
924:
was sharply criticized by some senators after he stated that he would recommend resumption of U.S. bombing in North
Vietnam if North Vietnam launched a major offensive against South Vietnam, but by August 15, 1973, 95% of American troops and their allies had left Vietnam (both North and South) as
529:
A similar debate concerned the shape of the table to be used at the conference. The North favored a circular table, in which all parties, including NLF representatives, would appear to be "equal"' in importance. The South
Vietnamese argued that only a rectangular table was acceptable, for only a
313:
The agreement's provisions were immediately and frequently broken by both North and South
Vietnamese forces with no official response from the United States. Open fighting broke out in March 1973, and North Vietnamese offensives enlarged their territory by the end of the year. Two years later, a
695:
When Thiệu, who had not even been informed of the secret negotiations, was presented with the draft of the new agreement, he was furious with Kissinger and Nixon (who were perfectly aware of South Vietnam's negotiating position) and refused to accept it without significant changes. He then made
1006:
which isolated it, South Vietnam was "pressurized into accepting an agreement that virtually ensured its collapse". During negotiations, Kissinger stated that the United States would not intervene militarily 18 months after an agreement, but that it might intervene before that. In Vietnam War
635:
North Vietnam insisted for three years that the agreement could not be concluded unless the United States agreed to remove South Vietnamese President Thiệu from power and replace him with someone more acceptable to Hanoi. Nixon and Kissinger were unwilling to sign an agreement to overthrow a
971:, which entailed the evacuation of the last U.S. diplomatic, military and civilian personnel from Saigon via helicopter, which was completed in the early morning hours of April 30. Not only did North Vietnam conquer South Vietnam, but the communists were also victorious in Cambodia when the
498:
of the insurgency) to begin negotiations. Although some sources state that the bombing halt decision announced on March 31, 1968, was related to events occurring within the White House and the Presidents counsel of Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford and others rather than the events in New
607:
In response, Johnson ordered the wire-tapping of members of the Nixon campaign. Dallek wrote that Nixon's efforts "probably made no difference" because Thieu was unwilling to attend the talks and there was little chance of an agreement being reached before the election; however, his use of
954:
refused to appropriate increased military assistance for South Vietnam, citing strong opposition to the war by Americans and the loss of American equipment to the North by retreating Southern forces. Thiệu subsequently resigned, accusing the U.S. of betrayal in a TV and radio address:
530:
rectangle could show two distinct sides to the conflict. Eventually a compromise was reached, in which representatives of the northern and southern governments would sit at a circular table, with members representing all other parties sitting at individual square tables around them.
668:), which had resulted in the United States countering with "Operation Linebacker," a significant air bombing campaign that blunted the North's drive in the South as well as inflicting damage in the North. Also, they feared increased isolation if Nixon's efforts at
632:(PRG) to gain government status at the talks. However, the primary negotiations that led to the agreement did not occur at the Peace Conference at all but were carried out during secret negotiations between Kissinger and Lê Đức Thọ, which began on August 4, 1969.
656:
in place as a precondition for its military withdrawal. In other words, the U.S. would withdraw its forces from South Vietnam without North Vietnam doing the same. The concession broke a deadlock and resulted in progress in the talks over the next few months.
461:
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bombings of North Vietnam in December 1972. Nixon also attempted to bolster South Vietnam's military forces by ordering that large quantities of U.S. military material and equipment be given to South Vietnam from May to December 1972 under
466:
378:
The establishment of “Joint Military Commissions” composed of the four parties and an “International Commission of Control and Supervision” composed of Canada, Hungary, Indonesia, and Poland to implement the cease-fire. Both operate by
1428:. December 5, 2008. "Johnson tells Sen. Everett Dirksen, the Republican minority leader, that it will be Nixon's responsibility if the South Vietnamese don't participate in the peace talks. 'This is treason,' LBJ says to Dirksen."
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to stand fast against an agreement until after the election. As soon as Johnson learned of the cable he ordered the FBI to place Madame (Anna) Chennault under surveillance and to install a phone tap on the South Vietnamese
941:
in June 1973, prohibited further U.S. military activity in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia unless the president secured Congressional approval in advance. However, during this time, Nixon was being driven from office due to the
499:
Hampshire. Shortly thereafter, Hanoi agreed to discuss a complete halt of the bombing, and a date was set for representatives of both parties to meet in Paris. The sides first met on May 10, with the delegations headed by
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The approximate areas of control at the time of the signing of the Accord. The South Vietnamese government controlled about 80 percent of the territory and 90 percent of the population, although many areas were
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information provided by Harlow and Kissinger was morally questionable, and vice president Humphrey's decision not to make Nixon's actions public was "an uncommon act of political decency."
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The Paris Peace Accords effectively removed the U.S. from the conflict in Vietnam. Prisoners from both sides were exchanged, with American ones primarily released during
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1486:"during the week which ended Sunday, October 27 , the National Security Agency intercepted a radio message from the South Vietnamese Embassy to Saigon explicitly urging
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several public radio addresses, claiming that the proposed agreement was worse than it actually was. Hanoi was flabbergasted, believing that it had been duped into a
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Herrington, Stuart A. (1983). "Peace with Honor? An American Reports on Vietnam" Presidio Press. Part II, "Life Under The Paris Agreement" pp. 16–40.
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564:, Kissinger's advice "rested not on special knowledge of decision making at the White House but on an astute analyst's insight into what was happening."
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One of the largest hurdles to effective negotiation was the fact that North Vietnam and the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF, or
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informed President Johnson that "the word is out that we are making an effort to throw the election to Humphrey. Nixon has been told of it".
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990:, U.S. diplomatic presence in Vientiane was significantly downgraded, and the number of remaining U.S. personnel was severely reduced.
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The reunification of Vietnam through peaceful means without coercion or annexation by either party, and without foreign interference.
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Hanhimäki, Jussi (2003). "Selling the 'Decent interval': Kissinger, triangular diplomacy, and the end of the Vietnam war, 1971-73".
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government the NLF had failed to overthrow by force of arms, though the extent of North Vietnamese demands is contested. Historian
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The final major breakthrough came on October 8, 1972. Prior to this, North Vietnam had been disappointed by the results of its
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Conference Transcript, The Nixon Center, Washington, DC, April 1998. Reproduced on mtholyoke.edu. Accessed 5 September 2012.
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to the North Vietnamese army on April 30, 1975. Schlesinger had announced early in the morning of April 29 the beginning of
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or Nixon administration in the upcoming election) separately predicted Johnson's "bombing halt". Democratic senator
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The negotiations that led to the accord began in 1968, after various lengthy delays. As a result of the accord, the
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to support the South Vietnamese government should it be necessary. During his confirmation hearings in June 1973,
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administration, claimed to have "a double agent working in the White House....I kept Nixon informed." Harlow and
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521:) in the South, refused to recognize the government of South Vietnam; with equal persistence, the government in
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620:, Richard Nixon became president of the U.S. in January 1969. He then replaced U.S. ambassador Harriman with
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503:, who would remain the official leader of the North Vietnamese delegation throughout the process, and U.S.
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On May 8, 1972, Nixon made a major concession to North Vietnam by announcing that the U.S. would accept a
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Dallek, pp. 74-75. In 1997, Chennault admitted that "I was constantly in touch with Nixon and Mitchell."
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at worst a minor and not uncommon practice, quite different from getting and reporting real secrets."
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An American Amnesia: How the U.S. Congress Forced the Surrenders of South Vietnam and Cambodia
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ploy by Kissinger. On October 26, Radio Hanoi broadcast key details of the draft agreement.
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A ban on the introduction of war material in South Vietnam unless on a replacement basis.
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POW Camp refuse repatriation and want to remain in South Vietnam sit with signs at
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1731:
Fatal Politics: The Nixon Tapes, the Vietnam War, and the Casualties of Reelection
1270:"Cautious neighbour policy: Canada's helping hand in winding down the Vietnam War"
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325:
Part of the negotiations took place in the former residence of the French painter
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Thiệu's replacement, to what Kissinger propagated as a demand for his overthrow.
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1957:
972:
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261:
241:
27:
1973 agreement between North and South Vietnam and the US to end the Vietnam War
1213:
The Rise and Fall of an American Army: U.S. Ground Forces in Vietnam, 1963-1973
30:
For the treaties marking the official end of the Cambodian–Vietnamese War, see
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1992:
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236:), was a peace agreement signed on January 27, 1973, to establish peace in
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was created from a revision of this article dated 29 August 2019
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926:
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1365:
946:, which led to his resignation in 1974. When the North Vietnamese began
1910:“Les Accords de Paris, quarante ans plus tard, un film de Rina Sherman”
1752:“Les Accords de Paris, quarante ans plus tard, un film de Rina Sherman”
1349:
759: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
549:(who was friendly with both campaigns and guaranteed a job in either a
427: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
291:, to monitor the agreement. The main negotiators of the agreement were
237:
986:
on December 2. Like Saigon, U.S. civilian and military personnel were
596:
agreed with Johnson that such action was "treason." Defense Secretary
486:
halted bombing operations over the northern portion of North Vietnam (
1156:, special advisor of the government of Democratic Republic of Vietnam
1045:
Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam
522:
276:
258:
Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam
1441:
1634:, US Army Center of Military History, Department of the Army, p. 28
388:
A ban on introducing further military personnel into South Vietnam.
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686:
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78:
1442:"Did Nixon Commit Treason in 1968? What The New LBJ Tapes Reveal"
930:
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was enraged saying that Nixon had "blood on his hands" and that
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1930:
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The withdrawal of all U.S. and allied forces within sixty days.
1926:
1599:, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 48-49, 511
1193:
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728:
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233:
Hiệp định về chấm dứt chiến tranh, lập lại hòa bình ở Việt Nam
1920:
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372:
The clearing of mines from North Vietnamese ports by the U.S.
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1551:
BBC News Magazine 22 March 2013 Last retrieved 22 March 2013
1476:"The Man who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms & the CIA"
1317:
Breakthrough in Paris Blocked in Saigon, October 8–23, 1972
228:
Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Viet Nam
43:
Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Viet Nam
1584:
Memoirs v Tapes: President Nixon and the December Bombings
1143:, head of delegation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
3517:
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
3584:
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972
3381:
Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974
382:
The withdrawal of foreign troops from Laos and Cambodia.
310:
for their efforts, but Lê Đức Thọ refused to accept it.
1237:
The Paris Agreement on Vietnam: Twenty-five Years Later
1027:
Nguyen Duy Trinh, Minister for Foreign Affairs for the
3430:
Emergency Daylight Saving Time Energy Conservation Act
3837:
Treaties establishing intergovernmental organizations
3282:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1159:
672:
significantly improved U.S. relations with the chief
369:
The return of prisoners of war parallel to the above.
244:. The agreement was signed by the governments of the
960:
that the United States lost 50,000 of its young men.
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Nixon had secretly promised Thiệu that he would use
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3402:
Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1972
3206:
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Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants
3005:
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2153:
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1973:
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The Lyndon Johnson tapes: Richard Nixon's 'treason'
1216:. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 358–362.
474:Following the strong showing of anti-war candidate
273:
International Commission of Control and Supervision
191:
129:
118:
85:
74:
59:
42:
1902:is available for free viewing and download at the
576:Nixon asked prominent Chinese-American politician
600:considered the moves an illegal violation of the
584:"; Chennault agreed and periodically reported to
231:
3547:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3409:Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973
1510:(May 21, 1991 ed.). Random House. p.
1331:"Bombing halt - The Vietnam War and Its Impact"
957:
841:North Vietnamese ground troops in South Vietnam
3231:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1847:
1384:
1382:
3289:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
2660:
1942:
1733:. University of Virginia Press. p. 120.
1610:"Việt Nam - Nixon ép Sài Gòn ký hòa đàm 1973"
1597:Without Honor: Defeat in Vietnam and Cambodia
8:
37:
3503:Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act
3116:Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973
3081:Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974
2478:Normalization of US–Vietnam relations
937:. The amendment, which was approved by the
541:, a former White House staff member in the
333:. The street of the house was named after
3349:Securities Investor Protection Corporation
2667:
2653:
2645:
1949:
1935:
1927:
1007:historiography, this has been termed the "
786:
48:
36:
3319:Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act
1886:Timeline of NVA invasion of South Vietnam
1677:"1975: Vietnam's President Thieu resigns"
1663:
1197:
1100:United States Ambassador to South Vietnam
789:Balance of military forces (January 1973)
775:Learn how and when to remove this message
443:Learn how and when to remove this message
3862:Richard Nixon 1972 presidential campaign
3857:Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign
3088:Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972
2638:) is being considered for deletion. See
1891:“LBJ Tapes Implicate Nixon With Treason”
1864:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
1415:"In tapes, LBJ accuses Nixon of treason"
352:
3612:Water Resources Development Act of 1974
3437:Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act
3326:Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970
3305:U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
2499:Opposition to United States involvement
1632:Vietnam from Cease-Fire to Capitulation
1256:The Constitution - Executive agreements
1187:
1166:
1075:, Minister for Foreign Affairs for the
1043:, Minister for Foreign Affairs for the
3510:National Ambient Air Quality Standards
3188:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970
1893:. ABC News. December 5, 2008, (video).
1769:Ward, Geoffrey C.; Burns, Ken (2017).
1393:Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power
3466:Environmental Quality Improvement Act
3238:Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1970
3123:Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
1645:"Vietnamese Complete P.O.W. Exchange"
1083:Other key figures in the negotiations
7:
3028:Minority Business Development Agency
2612:
1775:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
1772:The Vietnam War: An Intimate History
1448:, January 26, 2009. Transcript from
757:adding citations to reliable sources
630:Provisional Revolutionary Government
560:According to presidential historian
425:adding citations to reliable sources
157:Provisional Revolutionary Government
3822:Peace treaties of the United States
3570:Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
3335:Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act
3042:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
2973:Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement
2216:U.S. escalation / "Americanization"
808:Regional and Popular Force militias
711:Operations Enhance and Enhance Plus
628:. Also that year, the NLF set up a
534:Negotiations and the Nixon campaign
470:1971 newsreel about the peace talks
3867:Nixon administration controversies
3423:Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act
3342:Securities Investor Protection Act
3275:Occupational Safety and Health Act
3259:Economic Stabilization Act of 1970
3181:District of Columbia Home Rule Act
2145:1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt
1507:Counsel to the President: A Memoir
316:massive North Vietnamese offensive
25:
3538:Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970
3473:National Environmental Policy Act
2642:to help reach a consensus. ›
2140:North Vietnamese invasion of Laos
1268:Rhéaume, Charles (30 July 2010).
1210:Stanton, Shelby L. (2007-12-18).
3524:New Source Performance Standards
3459:Council on Environmental Quality
2611:
2602:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2494:Draft evasion in the Vietnam War
1846:
1630:Le Gro, Col. William E. (1985),
1335:www.americanforeignrelations.com
1169:
1147:
1134:
1122:
1106:
1089:
1066:
1061:United States Secretary of State
1050:
1034:
1021:
982:in Laos successful in capturing
733:
401:
335:Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque
269:International Control Commission
197:
176:
163:
150:
136:
123:
104:
92:
3787:1973 in international relations
3561:Coastal Zone Management Program
3482:Environmental Protection Agency
3245:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973
3160:Federal Contested Elections Act
3144:Drug Enforcement Administration
3102:End Stage Renal Disease Program
2130:Vietnamese migration of 1954–55
998:According to Finnish historian
744:needs additional citations for
482:, in March 1968 U.S. President
412:needs additional citations for
3598:Endangered Species Act of 1973
3591:Endangered Species Act of 1969
3195:Congressional Research Service
2775:VP confirmation of Gerald Ford
2379:United States prisoners of war
1573:, HarperPerennial, pp.263-264.
1462:: "This is treason." "I know."
1117:President of the United States
1029:Democratic Republic of Vietnam
795:South Vietnamese armed forces
293:U.S. National Security Advisor
246:Democratic Republic of Vietnam
1:
3817:January 1973 events in Europe
3416:Federal Energy Administration
3167:Federal Election Campaign Act
2952:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
2562:Henry Kissinger’s involvement
1102:, head of the U.S. delegation
3577:Marine Mammal Protection Act
3489:Clean Air Amendments of 1970
3109:Supplemental Security Income
3051:Education Amendments of 1972
1803:. New York: Beaufort Books.
1799:Herschensohn, Bruce (2010).
1708:10.1080/09592290412331308771
717:on January 27, 1973, at the
706:Operation Linebacker II
624:, who was later replaced by
306:. Both men were awarded the
3554:Coastal Zone Management Act
3312:Consumer Product Safety Act
3095:National Cancer Act of 1971
2733:1970 Lincoln Memorial visit
2676:Presidency of Richard Nixon
2635:Presidency of Richard Nixon
2170:Independence Palace bombing
1683:. BBC News. April 21, 1975.
1571:The Vietnam Wars: 1945–1990
1395:, HarperCollins, pp. 73-74.
1320:Retrieved December 11, 2021
329:; it was bequeathed to the
318:conquered South Vietnam on
275:(ICCS), which consisted of
224:Hiệp định Paris về Việt Nam
32:1991 Paris Peace Agreements
3888:
3872:Canada and the Vietnam War
3832:Treaties concluded in 1973
3716:Senate Watergate Committee
3296:Permissible exposure limit
3074:Rehabilitation Act of 1973
2819:Presidential Proclamations
2552:Canada and the Vietnam War
2221:1965 South Vietnamese coup
2029:People's Republic of China
2009:International participants
1881:Nixon and Vietnam Timeline
1696:Diplomacy & Statecraft
1595:Isaacs, Arnold R. (1983),
682:People's Republic of China
664:(known in the West as the
648:Breakthrough and agreement
618:1968 presidential election
580:to be his "channel to Mr.
514:negotiations could begin.
362:The agreement called for:
300:North Vietnamese Politburo
271:(ICC) was replaced by the
63:January 27, 1973
29:
3847:Treaties of South Vietnam
3842:Treaties of North Vietnam
3827:Peace treaties of Vietnam
3748:
3605:Oil Pollution Act of 1973
3224:Fair Credit Reporting Act
3021:Revised Philadelphia Plan
2980:Threshold Test Ban Treaty
2587:
2557:CIA activities in Vietnam
1964:
1426:Austin American-Statesman
1348:Zubeida, Mustafa (1969).
1288:10.1080/14682740903527684
1115:, special advisor of the
988:evacuated from Phnom Penh
978:on April 17, as were the
882:PAVN prisoners released,
835:
794:
691:Signing the peace accords
490:), in order to encourage
488:Operation Rolling Thunder
349:Provisions of the accords
196:
47:
3792:1973 in military history
3755:← Johnson administration
3388:Agricultural Act of 1970
2931:1973 Chilean coup d'état
2640:templates for discussion
2579:Women in the Vietnam War
2511:United States news media
2456:Indochina refugee crisis
2451:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
2226:Bombing of North Vietnam
2165:Strategic Hamlet Program
393:Paris peace negotiations
339:French forces in Vietnam
3653:Saturday Night Massacre
3395:Farm Credit Act of 1971
3365:Alternative minimum tax
2198:Gulf of Tonkin incident
2119:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
1586:". accessed 23 Jun 2015
1350:"The Paris Peace Talks"
969:Operation Frequent Wind
894:210 prisoners from the
849:Viet Cong ground troops
836:Communist armed forces
54:Vietnam Peace Agreement
3707:United States v. Nixon
3358:Tax Reform Act of 1969
3035:Native American policy
3014:Family Assistance Plan
2607:Battles and operations
2547:Awards and decorations
2461:Vietnamese boat people
2430:Impact of Agent Orange
2418:Body count controversy
2125:1954 Geneva Conference
1842:
1822:Listen to this article
1258:Accessed 29 July 2014.
962:
903:
887:
800:Ground combat regulars
692:
591:Senate Minority Leader
471:
359:
331:French Communist Party
308:1973 Nobel Peace Prize
232:
223:
3764:Ford administration →
3266:Smithsonian Agreement
2789:Judicial appointments
2316:1975 spring offensive
2275:ARVN campaign in Laos
2271:Vietnamization policy
1841:
1664:Ward & Burns 2017
1569:Marilyn Young (1994)
1198:Ward & Burns 2017
1096:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
948:their final offensive
935:Case-Church Amendment
893:
881:
690:
622:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
568:intelligence analyst
480:New Hampshire primary
469:
356:
252:(South Vietnam); the
248:(North Vietnam); the
3669:White House Plumbers
2435:Environmental impact
2307:Battle of Phước Long
2072:Cold War (1962–1979)
1873:More spoken articles
1729:Hughes, Ken (2015).
1446:History News Network
1004:triangular diplomacy
919:Secretary of Defense
908:Operation Homecoming
753:improve this article
662:Nguyen Hue Offensive
612:Nixon administration
421:improve this article
337:, who had commanded
18:1973 Paris Agreement
3723:impeachment process
3639:Operation Sandwedge
3374:Revenue Act of 1971
3174:1970 VRA Amendments
2922:Shanghai Communiqué
2915:1972 visit to China
2867:Paris Peace Accords
2839:International trips
2719:Second inauguration
2515:In popular culture
2468:Sino-Vietnamese War
2298:Paris Peace Accords
2111:First Indochina War
2100:Japanese occupation
2067:Cambodian Civil War
1612:. BBC. 24 June 2009
1438:Robert "KC" Johnson
1200:, pp. 508–513.
1077:Republic of Vietnam
976:captured Phnom Penh
950:early in 1975, the
791:
508:W. Averell Harriman
505:ambassador-at-large
250:Republic of Vietnam
216:Paris Peace Accords
203:Paris Peace Accords
39:
38:Paris Peace Accords
3646:Operation Gemstone
2945:1972 Moscow Summit
2701:First inauguration
2289:Christmas bombings
2262:Cambodian campaign
1915:2019-07-14 at the
1899:Vietnam War (1971)
1843:
1757:2019-07-14 at the
1650:The New York Times
1560:Dallek, pp. 77-78.
1488:(Nguyen Van) Thieu
1420:2008-12-08 at the
1242:2019-09-01 at the
904:
888:
886:, 24 February 1973
787:
693:
616:After winning the
472:
360:
226:), officially the
3807:Cold War treaties
3774:
3773:
3699:White House tapes
3690:list of opponents
3531:Noise Control Act
3130:Shafer Commission
2996:Space exploration
2966:Washington Summit
2860:Cambodian bombing
2768:1974 SOTU Address
2761:1973 SOTU Address
2754:1972 SOTU Address
2747:1971 SOTU Address
2740:1970 SOTU Address
2709:Bring Us Together
2625:
2624:
2342:Ho Chi Minh trail
2235:Buddhist Uprising
2193:Coup against Minh
2184:Coup against Diem
2107:(1949–1955)
2062:Laotian Civil War
2055:Related conflicts
2034:Republic of China
1839:
1809:978-0-8253-0632-7
1740:978-0-8139-3803-5
1521:978-0-394-56995-6
1502:Clark M. Clifford
1460:President Johnson
1129:William J. Porter
1057:William P. Rogers
944:Watergate scandal
922:James Schlesinger
900:Bien Hoa Air Base
876:
875:
785:
784:
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484:Lyndon B. Johnson
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2077:Cold War in Asia
1985:Việt Minh / PAVN
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3812:Henry Kissinger
3802:1973 in Vietnam
3777:
3776:
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1919:documentary by
1917:Wayback Machine
1896:The short film
1877:
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1854:This audio file
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1791:Further reading
1783:
1768:
1761:documentary by
1759:Wayback Machine
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1653:. 9 March 1974.
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1422:Wayback Machine
1413:Mark Lisheron.
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1113:Henry Kissinger
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1041:Nguyễn Thị Bình
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1017:
1009:decent interval
1000:Jussi Hanhimäki
996:
884:Thạch Hãn River
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594:Everett Dirksen
555:George Smathers
547:Henry Kissinger
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494:(the perceived
476:Eugene McCarthy
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456:Early deadlocks
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1389:Robert Dallek
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952:U.S. Congress
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939:U.S. Congress
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742:This section
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587:
586:John Mitchell
583:
579:
574:
571:
570:William Bundy
567:
563:
562:Robert Dallek
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
533:
531:
527:
526:U.S. allies.
524:
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455:
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422:
416:
415:
410:This section
408:
404:
399:
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377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
364:
363:
355:
348:
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340:
336:
332:
328:
327:Fernand Léger
323:
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309:
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274:
270:
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254:United States
251:
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229:
225:
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217:
208:
204:
195:
190:
185:
184:South Vietnam
174:
172:
171:United States
161:
158:
147:
145:
144:North Vietnam
134:
133:
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80:
77:
73:
62:
58:
51:
46:
41:
33:
19:
3762:
3753:
3705:
3683:Enemies List
3137:War on drugs
2866:
2633:
2566:
2540:Other topics
2362:Agent Orange
2311:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2279:
2266:
2257:
2239:
2230:
2211:
2188:
2174:
2160:
1974:Participants
1921:Rina Sherman
1898:
1800:
1771:
1763:Rina Sherman
1730:
1724:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1659:
1648:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1604:
1596:
1591:
1578:
1570:
1565:
1556:
1543:
1534:
1506:
1496:
1467:
1433:
1409:
1400:
1392:
1369:. Retrieved
1357:
1353:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1311:
1299:. Retrieved
1279:
1273:
1263:
1251:
1232:
1212:
1205:
1073:Trần Văn Lắm
997:
963:
958:
912:
905:
870:
865:
829:
824:
788:
771:
762:
751:Please help
746:verification
743:
715:
702:
694:
678:Soviet Union
676:powers, the
661:
659:
651:
641:
634:
615:
606:
575:
559:
539:Bryce Harlow
537:
528:
516:
512:
473:
439:
433:October 2023
430:
419:Please help
414:verification
411:
361:
324:
312:
266:
240:and end the
227:
215:
213:
3852:Vietnam War
3732:Resignation
3252:Nixon shock
2853:Vietnam War
2782:Wilson desk
2678:(1969–1974)
2628:‹ The
2044:New Zealand
2039:South Korea
1958:Vietnam War
1681:On this day
1666:, p. .
1616:27 December
1301:23 February
1015:Signatories
973:Khmer Rouge
965:Saigon fell
765:August 2018
626:David Bruce
262:U.S. Senate
242:Vietnam War
119:Signatories
86:Negotiators
3781:Categories
2694:Transition
2413:Casualties
2384:War crimes
2367:Land mines
2202:Resolution
2088:Background
1869:Audio help
1860:2019-08-29
1183:References
1154:Lê Đức Thọ
994:Assessment
980:Pathet Lao
933:under the
902:, 25 March
721:in Paris.
698:propaganda
654:cease-fire
543:Eisenhower
379:unanimity.
358:contested.
341:after the
304:Lê Đức Thọ
256:; and the
220:Vietnamese
207:Wikisource
99:Lê Đức Thọ
67:1973-01-27
3623:Watergate
2487:Reactions
2444:Aftermath
2115:Việt Minh
2024:Australia
1993:Viet Cong
1716:218523033
1371:1 October
1360:(1): 32.
1296:154387299
1141:Xuân Thủy
1098:, former
1002:, due to
984:Vientiane
725:Aftermath
674:communist
602:Logan Act
519:Viet Cong
501:Xuân Thuỷ
289:Indonesia
192:Full text
3632:Timeline
3065:Title IX
2685:Timeline
2630:template
2597:Category
2504:Protests
2473:Veterans
2330:Conflict
2248:Khe Sanh
2019:Thailand
1913:Archived
1871: ·
1755:Archived
1504:(1991).
1491:Embassy"
1482:, 1979,
1418:Archived
1391:(2007),
1366:41392953
1240:Archived
927:Cambodia
925:well as
915:airpower
896:Bien Hoa
844:123,000
819:200,000
811:510,000
803:210,000
680:and the
551:Humphrey
298:and the
81:, France
75:Location
2938:Détente
2632:below (
2617:Commons
2406:Impacts
2396:Đắk Sơn
2357:Weapons
1967:Outline
1858: (
1829:minutes
1527:p. 582.
1456:YouTube
1176:Vietnam
871:219,000
860:71,000
852:25,000
830:920,000
670:détente
478:in the
302:member
285:Hungary
238:Vietnam
130:Parties
65: (
3739:Pardon
3710:(1974)
3450:policy
2392:My Lai
2154:Events
1807:
1779:
1737:
1714:
1518:
1484:p.198.
1364:
1294:
1220:
1162:Portal
642:permit
523:Saigon
287:, and
281:Poland
277:Canada
181:
168:
141:
60:Signed
2574:SEATO
2529:Songs
2524:Games
1712:S2CID
1362:JSTOR
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866:Total
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582:Thieu
496:locus
492:Hanoi
124:below
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1989:PRG
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