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914:, expressed distrust of the DRA leadership, stating that "Amin and Taraki alike are concealing the true state of affairs from us". In a telephone conversation with Kosygin the following day, Taraki complained that he could no longer rely on the Afghan armed forces, even those trained in the Soviet Union, and his pleas for help became even more pressing: he requested that Soviet soldiers from the
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930:...we carefully studied all aspects of this action and came to the conclusion that if our troops were introduced, the situation in your country would not only not improve, but would worsen. One cannot deny that our troops would have to fight not only with foreign aggressors, but also with a certain number of your people. And people do not forgive such things.
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allies for help, but the Soviet leadership declined to intervene. After the insurgents seized and held the city for about a week, the regime was able to retake it with its own forces, and the subsequent aerial bombardment and recapture of Herat left 3,000 to 25,000 of its inhabitants dead. It was the
783:
advisers to the DRA were killed, though other foreigners were spared. The exact number of
Soviets killed during the events is uncertain: some sources cite high figures of up to 200 but according to official Soviet sources, there were only two victims. Former DRA sources indicate that 3 or 4 Soviets
784:
were killed, possibly with their families. According to certain sources, the bodies of the dead advisers were paraded around the city by the rebels, but this is denied by other sources. The rebellion did not have a unified leadership: on the military side, the mutineers were led by a group of
918:(many of which were inhabited by the same ethnic groups also found in Afghanistan) could be smuggled into Afghanistan in Afghan garb. However these requests were to no avail, and the Politburo initially moved towards a policy of non-intervention, which was later validated by
1028:
and by Gilles
Dorronsoro, the latter pointing out that certain figures of the uprising such as Gul Muhammad, were ethnic Pashtuns, and that the revolt took hold equally in Pashtun-inhabited areas. However Vercellin claims that many in Herat viewed the DRA government as
1055:
According to
Olivier Roy, the Herat rebellion was an example of an organized rebellion, as opposed to the spontaneous anti-government revolts which occurred elsewhere in the country. Roy considers that the events in Herat bear the hallmark of strategy developed by
1011:
prints charged that
Pakistan, Egypt, China, the United States, United Kingdom and West Germany were responsible for the uprising, while also blaming Iran. It contradicted the assessments of the internal Soviet Politburo that it was caused by the DRA regime.
1064:, consisting of a military coup by supporters infiltrated in the Army, supported by a popular uprising. To support this thesis, Roy points to the actions of Jamiat agents in the military (Ismail Khan and Alauddin Khan), and to links between Jamiat and the
1002:
communities of Herat, which made up half of the city's population. In a propaganda move, the regime took advantage of the return of 4,000 Afghan labourers from Iran, to claim that Herat had been infiltrated by
Iranians dressed as Afghans.
875:, during which the city was heavily damaged, and thousands of Heratis were killed, though the exact death toll is uncertain: the lowest estimate runs at 3,000 to 4,000 dead, while the higher-case estimate reaches 25,000 dead. In 1992, a
1015:
As a manifestation of the social and political forces at work in
Afghanistan, the Herat uprising was the subject of academic research, which has offered contradictory explanations for it. Giorgio Vercellin presented the uprising as an
896:
1077:). In addition, the lack of coordination between the military and civilian insurgents, and the generally chaotic and unpredictable nature of the uprising indicate, in his view, that it was spontaneous rather than premeditated.
804:
commander, did not play a leading role in the revolt, as was later claimed by his supporters. Among the civilian insurgents, the situation was more confused, though some local figures played a significant role: Gul
Mohammad, a
1072:
had opened communications with officers of the 17th
Division several weeks before the events, the actual leaders of the mutiny were not aligned with that party (according to Dorronsoro, one of the two main ringleaders was a
720:
The agrarian reform had taken place near Herat without opposition, as there was little solidarity between the rural farmers and the big landowners who mostly lived in the city. In this case the repression carried out by the
687:, in many cases worsened the situation of the rural poor they were supposed to reward. Starting in May 1978 in Nuristan, spontaneous uprisings took place throughout Afghanistan against the DRA and its policies.
733:, and traditional elites, is cited as a critical factor, as well as the government's literacy campaign, which had become controversial due in particular to the practice of mixed-gender literacy classes.
966:. Though these were all put down, the weakness of the military contributed significantly to the spread of the insurgency. On December 24, 1979, under Leonid Brezhnev, the Soviet Union deployed the
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isolated revolts had already taken place, but the uprising began in earnest on March 15, 1979. In the surrounding districts insurgents gathered around mosques, and following the preaching of their
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attack helicopters, along with extra advisers to service them. Despite this, the situation of the Afghan armed forces continued to deteriorate, with mutinies occurring in
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who preached to the insurgents. Dorronsoro contested this interpretation, based on the relatively minor role played by Jamiat agents. While Jamiat office in
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816:, and Kamar-i Dozd and Shir Aga Shongar, two former convicts, led large groups of insurgents. The rebellion overran all the districts around Herat, except
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900:
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744:, marched on the city, where they were joined by many townsmen in attacking government buildings, and symbols of communism. The 17th Division of the
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garrison to send an armored force that could reach Herat faster. Additionally, Amin ordered the mobilization of commando battalions, stationed in
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The events in Herat took place in the wider context of unrest against the communist reforms implemented by the DRA, of which the principal was
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However, the
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troops were thus allowed to pass, and recapture the city. The government forces then subjected Herat to an aerial bombardment with
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worst outbreak of armed violence in the country in 50 years, and was the deadliest incident in the 1978-1979 period following the
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Ghost wars : The secret history of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet invasion to
September 10, 2001
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The events in Herat caused the Soviet leadership to realize that their Afghan allies were in crisis. Repeated demands from
775:(those with uncovered heads), indicating a lack of piety; communist officials, in particular teachers, were massacred. The
910:, asserted the "fundamental proposition" that "under no circumstances may we lose Afghanistan". Another Politburo member,
701:, was relatively liberal compared to some other parts of the country, but was nevertheless still pious and opposed to the
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994:'s Iran and the socialist DRA were tense, and the Khalq leadership suspected collusion between the Iranian
895:, president of the DRA, for Soviet military assistance in quelling the revolt, prompted a series of secret
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and joined the uprising. A small group of soldiers, officials and Khalq activists withdrew into the city's
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in Kabul. As with most other anti-regime resistances in 1979, their religious faith was a uniting factor.
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was detailed by the regime to put down the rebellion, but this proved a mistake, as there were few
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859:. Mukharam's column of 30 tanks and 300 men arrived at Herat on March 20, waving green flags and
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763:. The insurgents held Herat for about a week, during which the city underwent a period of
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acknowledged that the DRA faced "thousands" of insurgents, but, in accordance with the
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on March 20, Kosygin explained to him the Soviet policy regarding Afghanistan:
650:, across several days in March 1979. It included both a popular uprising and a
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After the initial shock of losing a major city and the defection of a whole
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both in public and in private conversations, occurring a month after the
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where government command posts held out, and spread a few days later to
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1691:"The Intervention in Afghanistan and the Fall of Detente, A Chronology"
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683:. The reforms, besides contradicting tradition and the principles of
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Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency
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officers under Sardar Jagran and Rasul Baloch which also included
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1128:, University of California Press, pp. 321–326, 2023-09-01,
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meetings. One such meeting took place on March 17, during which
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Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet withdrawal
1288:"Afghanistan Chronology of Events January 1995-February 1997"
1717:"Failings of Inclusivity: The Herat uprising of March 1979"
1206:"Failings of Inclusivity: The Herat uprising of March 1979"
1163:"Failings of Inclusivity: The Herat uprising of March 1979"
879:
was uncovered, containing 2,000 bodies of those killed by
982:
The DRA claimed that the rebellion had been organized by
1040:(being ruled by Ghilzai Pashtuns) having overthrown the
847:
ordered Major General Sayyed Mukharam, commander of the
800:
of Jamiat-e Islami forces in Herat Province and a major
1264:
Revolution Unending. Afghanistan: 1979 to the present
658:(DRA). The communist regime at first appealed to its
56:depicting the insurgency in Herat Military Museum.
100:steps up military assistance to Afghan government
792:and Alauddin Khan, who were associated with the
1416:Empires of mud Wars and warlords in Afghanistan
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828:, and then on to other neighbouring provinces.
654:of ethnic Tajik Afghan Army troops against the
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1607:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
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1241:: Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–92.
843:, but due to the distance they had to travel,
1495:The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963-1993
587:Islamic State–Taliban conflict (2015–present)
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103:DRA regains control of the Herat Province in
8:
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771:", searching for government supporters and
1379:. London: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 30.
697:-accented city, which included strains of
642:that took place in and around the city of
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491:
29:
1599:Harrison, Selig; Cordovez, Diego (1995).
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1060:, the leader of the Tajik Islamist party
725:against religious dignitaries, including
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767:. Rioters roamed the streets, chanting "
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855:, and the 2nd Army Corps, stationed in
755:in that particular unit and instead it
1210:Afghanistan Analysts Network - English
1167:Afghanistan Analysts Network - English
1020:movement, driven by the resentment of
582:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
411:355th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment
1673:"Timeline: Soviet war in Afghanistan"
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1189:
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796:party. Ismail Khan, who later became
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592:Republican insurgency in Afghanistan
80:, Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
1235:Islam and resistance in Afghanistan
1761:Afghanistan–Soviet Union relations
1715:Gammell, Charlie (15 March 2015).
1689:Byrne, Malcolm; Zubok, Vladislav.
1492:Azimi, General Nabi (2019-04-11).
656:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
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1646:The Fragmentation of Afghanistan
1525:The University Press of Kentucky
916:Soviet republics in Central Asia
690:The traditional culture of this
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1741:Military history of Afghanistan
1300:from the original on 2017-10-12
1719:. Afghanistan Analysts Network
1679:. Published February 17, 2009.
970:, commencing the start of the
577:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
1:
1266:. London: Hurst. p. 97.
426:11th Heavy Artillery Regiment
1519:Joes, Anthony James (2004).
667:and before the start of the
572:Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)
567:Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)
562:Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)
405:5th Heavy Artillery Regiment
1414:Giustozzi, Antonio (2009).
1262:Dorronsoro, Gilles (2005).
557:Soviet–Afghan War (1979–89)
552:Bala Hissar uprising (1979)
1812:
1097:Iran Afghanistan Relations
958:, and in August 1979, the
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1771:March 1979 events in Asia
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420:177th Air Defence Company
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257:Maj. Gen. Sayyed Mukharam
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37:
1796:Massacres in Afghanistan
779:was looted, and several
623:), locally known as the
27:Rebellion in Afghanistan
1781:Islamism in Afghanistan
1562:Maley, William (2002).
1212:(in Pashto). 2015-03-15
1169:(in Pashto). 2015-03-15
932:
922:. When Taraki visited
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537:Saur Revolution (1978)
423:70th Infantry Regiment
408:20th Infantry Regiment
208:Commanders and leaders
1650:Yale University Press
1134:10.2307/jj.5973009.25
606:
542:Herat uprising (1979)
485:25,000 civilians dead
480:Casualties and losses
402:15th Armoured Brigade
1566:The Afghanistan wars
1318:Coll, Steve (2004).
990:. Relations between
960:Bala Hissar uprising
871:bombers flying from
636:قیام بیست و چهار حوت
399:4th Armoured Brigade
40:Afghanistan Conflict
1766:Cold War rebellions
1746:1979 in Afghanistan
1420:Hurst & Company
1058:Burhanuddin Rabbani
893:Nur Muhammad Taraki
222:Nur Muhammad Taraki
33:1979 Herat uprising
18:1979 Herat Uprising
1698:nsarchive2.gwu.edu
1572:Palgrave Macmillan
1377:War in Afghanistan
988:Iranian Revolution
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1791:Afghan war crimes
1756:Conflicts in 1979
1585:978-0-333-80291-5
1549:Dorronsoro, p.101
1523:. Lexington, Ky:
1505:978-1-7283-8701-7
1482:Dorronsoro, p.100
1445:Dorronsoro, p.102
1429:978-1-85065-932-7
1293:. February 1997.
1248:978-0-521-39700-1
1143:978-0-520-91914-3
972:Soviet–Afghan War
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908:Brezhnev Doctrine
873:Shindand Air Base
669:Soviet occupation
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1659:0-300-05963-9
1655:
1651:
1648:. New Haven:
1647:
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1618:0-19-506294-9
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1534:0-8131-2339-9
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1386:0-333-51477-7
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1331:9781594200076
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1273:1-85065-703-3
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1122:"APPENDIX D."
1117:
1115:
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1109:
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1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1044:reflared the
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
977:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
942:fighters and
941:
937:
931:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
902:
898:
894:
886:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
808:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
715:
713:
711:
707:
704:
700:
696:
693:
688:
686:
682:
674:
672:
670:
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
633:
629:
628:
618:
614:
605:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
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548:
545:
543:
540:
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535:
534:
531:
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496:
493:
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478:
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461:
451:
448:
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425:
422:
419:
418:
416:
415:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
397:
396:
395:
390:
376:
373:Mohammed Omar
365:
354:
351:Shamshir Khan
343:
332:
321:
310:
307:Alauddin Khan
299:
288:
285:Sardar Jagran
277:
274:
273:
262:
261:
259:
248:
237:
236:
224:
223:
212:
211:
206:
203:
191:
190:
179:
177:
167:
166:
165:Supported By:
157:
149:
147:
139:
138:
137:
136:
125:
124:
122:
121:
116:
106:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
91:
88:
85:
84:
79:
75:
72:
71:
67:
64:
63:
59:
55:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1721:. Retrieved
1697:
1684:
1668:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1602:
1594:
1565:
1545:
1520:
1514:
1494:
1487:
1450:
1415:
1395:
1376:
1320:
1313:
1302:. Retrieved
1282:
1263:
1257:
1234:
1231:Roy, Olivier
1225:
1214:. Retrieved
1209:
1200:
1171:. Retrieved
1166:
1157:
1147:, retrieved
1125:
1054:
1014:
1006:
1005:
981:
933:
929:
890:
887:Consequences
883:repression.
841:Pul-e-Charki
830:
772:
769:Allahu Akbar
735:
719:
689:
678:
640:insurrection
624:
612:
610:
541:
318:Kamar-i Dozd
296:Rasul Baloch
270:
226:
213:
187:
176:Soviet Union
164:
163:
133:
118:Belligerents
98:Soviet Union
90:DRA victory
89:
38:Part of the
1574:. pp.
1373:Urban, Mark
1324:. Penguin.
1126:Afghanistan
1026:Olivier Roy
790:Ismail Khan
761:Blue Mosque
746:Afghan Army
708:-dominated
648:Afghanistan
646:in western
447:Afghanistan
272:Ismail Khan
146:Afghan Army
135:Afghanistan
105:Afghanistan
1735:Categories
1723:2018-12-11
1418:. London:
1304:2018-01-01
1216:2024-02-14
1195:Roy, p.108
1173:2024-02-14
1149:2023-09-26
1103:References
996:Ayatollahs
877:mass grave
802:Mujahideen
710:government
675:Background
362:Haji Qasim
1399:Roy, p.93
1239:Cambridge
1052:rivalry.
1038:Khalqists
968:40th Army
950:, Asmar,
948:Jalalabad
897:Politburo
699:mysticism
638:) was an
621:قیام هرات
1786:Mutinies
1677:BBC News
1644:(1995).
1375:(1990).
1295:Archived
1233:(1992).
1081:See also
998:and the
992:Khomeini
920:Brezhnev
881:Khalqist
857:Kandahar
849:Kandahar
837:brigades
833:division
814:Gozargah
807:Barakzai
773:sarluchi
757:mutinied
716:Uprising
475:: 4,000+
462:: 20,000
434:Strength
73:Location
1070:Mashhad
1066:mawlawi
1050:Durrani
1046:Ghilzai
1034:Pashtun
1031:Ghilzai
1022:Persian
1018:Pashtun
938:tanks,
904:Gromyko
810:Pashtun
765:anarchy
753:Khalqis
750:Pashtun
742:mullahs
706:Pashtun
695:Persian
54:diorama
1656:
1615:
1582:
1531:
1502:
1426:
1383:
1328:
1270:
1245:
1140:
1075:Maoist
1008:Pravda
1000:Shiite
956:Nahrin
952:Ghazni
940:MiG-21
924:Moscow
861:Qurans
781:Soviet
777:bazaar
660:Soviet
652:mutiny
470:
449:: 300+
199:
86:Result
1694:(PDF)
1611:–37.
1578:–31.
1298:(PDF)
1291:(PDF)
1087:Khalq
1016:anti-
964:Kabul
944:Mi-24
865:Khalq
853:Kabul
812:from
786:Tajik
731:Ulema
723:Khalq
703:Sunni
685:Islam
644:Herat
1654:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1580:ISBN
1529:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1424:ISBN
1381:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1243:ISBN
1138:ISBN
984:Iran
936:T-62
820:and
818:Obeh
798:Amir
729:and
692:Shia
632:Dari
617:Dari
611:The
473:Iran
202:Iran
65:Date
1130:doi
736:In
727:Pir
627:Hūt
1737::
1696:.
1675:.
1609:36
1576:30
1570:.
1554:^
1527:.
1471:^
1459:^
1438:^
1404:^
1356:^
1340:^
1237:.
1208:.
1182:^
1165:.
1136:,
1124:,
1111:^
974:.
954:,
634::
619::
52:A
1726:.
1700:.
1662:.
1621:.
1588:.
1537:.
1508:.
1432:.
1389:.
1334:.
1307:.
1276:.
1251:.
1219:.
1176:.
1132::
1048:-
630:(
615:(
514:e
507:t
500:v
20:)
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