168:(PNDC) with Jerry Rawlings assuming leadership of the country. The second of two coups to be orchestrated by Jerry Rawlings, - the first taking place in 1979 - the 1981 coup d'état was motivated by Rawling's dissatisfaction with the management of the country under the Limann administration, as Ghana's economic situation, plagued by spiraling foreign debt and hyperinflation, continued to deteriorate without any real promised political change. Thus, on December 31, 1981, Jerry Rawlings intervened once again in a leftist-backed coup, replacing the government with the PNDC and seeking to transform the country into a
130:
118:
99:
87:
196:, while essential in Ghana's economic stabilization, faced significant opposition from the left and the labor unions as the measures caused anti-labor wage increases and price hikes that heavily reduced living conditions for the working class. By 1987, Ghana had become a model for structural adjustment, fully aligning itself with the IMF and World Bank.
199:
During the final years of the regime, the country began democratizing. In 1991, the
Consultative Assembly was established by Rawlings and tasked with drafting a new constitution. The drafted 1992 Constitution, which included the clear separation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches,
179:
for support. These efforts were soon abandoned however, with
Rawlings making a U-turn and backtracking on his past policies by pursuing liberal economic policies, such as: devaluing the nation's currency, nationalizing state enterprises, and doing western-backed
26:
200:
were approved overwhelmingly by the electorate on April 28, 1992. On
January 7, 1993, the new constitution finally came into effect, marking the end of the PNDC and the beginning of the Fourth Ghanaian Republic.
1387:
391:
1944:
1889:
1503:
1833:
1468:
1324:
1138:
175:
In the initial first years of the 11 year-long PNDC regime, Ghana underwent a communist experiment as workers councils were established and the country turned to the
1447:
963:
1826:
1359:
1261:
612:
1812:
1433:
984:
528:
896:
384:
1110:
714:
563:
1847:
416:
1373:
1331:
1247:
521:
1798:
208:
165:
1612:
1461:
935:
1696:
1496:
1096:
1012:
998:
728:
542:
377:
204:
1545:
1517:
1026:
942:
921:
882:
875:
1717:
826:
598:
514:
1939:
1619:
1345:
1103:
868:
798:
749:
693:
619:
570:
493:
465:
1882:
1819:
1598:
1380:
1861:
1854:
1805:
1731:
1710:
1647:
1584:
1510:
1394:
1352:
1282:
1254:
1166:
1124:
1117:
1061:
1054:
1019:
928:
861:
791:
777:
756:
742:
686:
626:
584:
549:
535:
486:
479:
472:
1875:
1868:
1703:
1559:
1475:
1145:
1005:
212:
1791:
1538:
1401:
1303:
1296:
1233:
1205:
1082:
1047:
1040:
784:
721:
672:
665:
215:. In accordance with the constitution, he stepped down from the presidency after having served his two terms in early 2001.
1777:
1756:
1675:
1605:
1454:
1226:
1212:
1033:
949:
640:
633:
605:
1577:
977:
889:
833:
451:
1219:
1689:
1426:
1268:
1152:
700:
500:
423:
189:
302:
1954:
1770:
1738:
1724:
1626:
1591:
1531:
1489:
1310:
1289:
1240:
1191:
1184:
1089:
1075:
812:
805:
763:
707:
679:
591:
556:
1840:
1682:
1668:
1640:
1633:
1524:
1482:
1440:
1419:
1366:
1338:
1198:
1159:
1068:
956:
847:
1654:
1275:
991:
854:
770:
647:
181:
211:(NDC), Jerry Rawlings was successfully elected as the President of Ghana, later winning a second term in the
1784:
1763:
1661:
1131:
819:
1949:
840:
444:
437:
207:
was held, the first free and fair election since 1979. Running as a candidate for the newly established
185:
1552:
577:
458:
320:
220:
157:
134:
243:
103:
91:
400:
369:
244:"Ghana's Populist Mystic, Jerry Rawlings – Association for Diplomatic Studies & Training"
1317:
430:
223:(NPP) succeeded him, marking the first peaceful transfer of power in the country's history.
903:
151:
735:
1933:
507:
176:
161:
122:
274:
216:
25:
193:
154:
1909:
349:
169:
147:
129:
117:
98:
86:
49:
373:
303:"The Legacy of J.J. Rawlings in Ghanaian Politics, 1979-2000"
321:"Against the Odds: Rawlings and Radical Change in Ghana"
188:(SAPs). These ERPs and SAPs, under the guidance of the
65:
1748:
1569:
1411:
1176:
913:
657:
408:
275:"Jerry Rawlings: Why he divided opinion in Ghana"
18:
385:
8:
392:
378:
370:
15:
146:was a successful government takeover in
1890:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024)
1504:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004)
508:Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965)
232:
104:Dissenting faction of the armed forces
7:
1945:1980s coups d'état and coup attempts
344:
342:
340:
297:
295:
269:
267:
265:
263:
238:
236:
166:Provisional National Defence Council
515:Central African Republic (1965–66)
14:
350:"Constitutional history of Ghana"
213:1996 Ghana Presidential Election
128:
116:
97:
85:
24:
1764:Central African Republic (2021)
1662:Central African Republic (2013)
1448:Central African Republic (2003)
1434:Central African Republic (2001)
985:Central African Republic (1982)
964:Central African Republic (1981)
904:Central African Republic (1979)
68:Jerry Rawlings returns to power
186:Structural Adjustment Programs
1:
1827:Burkina Faso (September 2022)
1834:São Tomé and Príncipe (2022)
1469:São Tomé and Príncipe (2003)
1388:Republic of the Congo (1998)
1325:São Tomé and Príncipe (1995)
1262:Sierra Leone (December 1992)
1139:São Tomé and Príncipe (1988)
1111:Republic of the Congo (1987)
715:Republic of the Congo (1972)
613:Republic of the Congo (1968)
564:Republic of the Congo (1966)
417:Republic of the Congo (1960)
209:National Democratic Congress
1813:Burkina Faso (January 2022)
1006:Upper Volta (February 1983)
190:International Monetary Fund
162:Hilla Limann administration
1971:
1360:Sierra Leone (August 1996)
205:1992 Presidential Election
182:Economic Recovery Programs
1899:
1013:Upper Volta (August 1983)
203:On December 3, 1992, the
144:1981 Ghanaian coup d'état
109:
78:
32:
23:
19:1981 Ghanaian coup d'état
1497:Equatorial Guinea (2004)
897:Equatorial Guinea (1979)
61:Coup attempt successful
1940:Military coups in Ghana
529:Burundi (November 1966)
1799:Sudan (September 2021)
634:Libya (September 1969)
550:Nigeria (January 1966)
110:Commanders and leaders
1290:Bophuthatswana (1994)
648:Libya (December 1969)
438:French Algeria (1961)
1883:Guinea-Bissau (2023)
1820:Guinea-Bissau (2022)
1806:Sudan (October 2021)
1655:Libya (October 2013)
1613:Guinea-Bissau (2012)
1599:Guinea-Bissau (2011)
1462:Guinea-Bissau (2003)
1441:Côte d'Ivoire (2002)
1420:Côte d'Ivoire (2001)
1402:Côte d'Ivoire (1999)
1381:Guinea-Bissau (1998)
936:Guinea-Bissau (1980)
403:in Africa since 1960
319:ROAPE (2016-12-01).
1876:Sierra Leone (2023)
1869:Burkina Faso (2023)
1704:Burkina Faso (2016)
1697:Burkina Faso (2015)
1476:Burkina Faso (2003)
1374:Sierra Leone (1997)
1332:Sierra Leone (1996)
1248:Sierra Leone (1992)
1146:Burkina Faso (1989)
1097:Burkina Faso (1987)
599:Sierra Leone (1968)
557:Nigeria (July 1966)
522:Burundi (July 1966)
221:New Patriotic Party
164:, establishing the
158:Jerry John Rawlings
135:Jerry John Rawlings
999:Upper Volta (1982)
943:Upper Volta (1980)
841:Uganda (June 1977)
729:Upper Volta (1974)
543:Upper Volta (1966)
92:Ghana Armed Forces
1955:Conflicts in 1981
1927:
1926:
1904:: successful coup
1683:The Gambia (2014)
1620:Mali (April 2012)
1606:Mali (March 2012)
1578:Madagascar (2010)
1560:Madagascar (2009)
1546:Mauritania (2008)
1532:Madagascar (2006)
1518:Mauritania (2005)
1455:Mauritania (2003)
1027:Mauritania (1984)
978:Seychelles (1981)
950:Mauritania (1981)
922:Mauritania (1980)
883:Mauritania (1979)
876:Mauritania (1978)
827:Seychelles (1977)
140:
139:
74:
73:
40:December 31, 1981
1962:
1920:
1912:
1905:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
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1843:
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1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
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1706:
1699:
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1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1499:
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1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1443:
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1429:
1422:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1001:
994:
987:
980:
973:
966:
959:
952:
945:
938:
931:
924:
906:
899:
892:
885:
878:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
829:
822:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
766:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
696:
689:
682:
675:
668:
650:
643:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
538:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
482:
475:
468:
461:
454:
447:
440:
433:
426:
419:
394:
387:
380:
371:
364:
363:
361:
360:
346:
335:
334:
332:
331:
316:
310:
309:
307:
299:
290:
289:
287:
286:
271:
258:
257:
255:
254:
240:
152:Air Force Flight
133:
132:
121:
120:
102:
101:
90:
89:
34:
33:
28:
16:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1744:
1739:Ethiopia (2019)
1737:
1730:
1723:
1718:Zimbabwe (2017)
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1153:Ethiopia (1989)
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1125:Transkei (1987)
1123:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1034:Cameroon (1984)
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
990:
983:
976:
969:
962:
955:
948:
941:
934:
927:
920:
909:
902:
895:
888:
881:
874:
867:
860:
853:
846:
839:
832:
825:
818:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
762:
755:
750:Ethiopia (1974)
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
692:
685:
678:
671:
664:
653:
646:
639:
632:
625:
618:
611:
604:
597:
590:
583:
576:
569:
562:
555:
548:
541:
534:
527:
520:
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
464:
457:
450:
443:
436:
429:
424:Ethiopia (1960)
422:
415:
404:
398:
368:
367:
358:
356:
354:ConstitutionNet
348:
347:
338:
329:
327:
318:
317:
313:
305:
301:
300:
293:
284:
282:
273:
272:
261:
252:
250:
242:
241:
234:
229:
127:
115:
96:
84:
52:
12:
11:
5:
1968:
1966:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1918:attempted coup
1913:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1785:Tunisia (2021)
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1690:Burundi (2015)
1686:
1679:
1676:Lesotho (2014)
1672:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1634:Eritrea (2013)
1630:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1427:Burundi (2001)
1423:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1346:Burundi (1996)
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1318:Comoros (1995)
1314:
1311:Liberia (1994)
1307:
1304:Lesotho (1994)
1300:
1293:
1286:
1283:Nigeria (1993)
1279:
1272:
1269:Burundi (1993)
1265:
1258:
1255:Algeria (1992)
1251:
1244:
1237:
1234:Lesotho (1991)
1230:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1192:Nigeria (1990)
1188:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1118:Tunisia (1987)
1114:
1107:
1104:Burundi (1987)
1100:
1093:
1086:
1083:Lesotho (1986)
1079:
1076:Liberia (1985)
1072:
1065:
1058:
1055:Nigeria (1985)
1051:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1020:Nigeria (1983)
1016:
1009:
1002:
995:
988:
981:
974:
967:
960:
953:
946:
939:
932:
929:Liberia (1980)
925:
917:
915:
911:
910:
908:
907:
900:
893:
886:
879:
872:
865:
862:Comoros (1978)
858:
855:Somalia (1978)
851:
844:
837:
830:
823:
816:
809:
806:Nigeria (1976)
802:
799:Burundi (1976)
795:
792:Comoros (1976)
788:
781:
778:Nigeria (1975)
774:
767:
760:
757:Comoros (1975)
753:
746:
739:
732:
725:
718:
711:
708:Morocco (1972)
704:
697:
694:Dahomey (1972)
690:
683:
680:Morocco (1971)
676:
669:
666:Lesotho (1970)
661:
659:
655:
654:
652:
651:
644:
641:Somalia (1969)
637:
630:
623:
620:Dahomey (1969)
616:
609:
602:
595:
592:Algeria (1967)
588:
581:
574:
571:Dahomey (1967)
567:
560:
553:
546:
539:
532:
525:
518:
511:
504:
501:Burundi (1965)
497:
494:Dahomey (1965)
490:
487:Algeria (1965)
483:
476:
469:
466:Dahomey (1963)
462:
459:Algeria (1962)
455:
452:Senegal (1962)
448:
445:Somalia (1961)
441:
434:
427:
420:
412:
410:
406:
405:
399:
397:
396:
389:
382:
374:
366:
365:
336:
311:
291:
259:
231:
230:
228:
225:
138:
137:
125:
112:
111:
107:
106:
94:
81:
80:
76:
75:
72:
71:
70:
69:
66:
58:
54:
53:
48:
46:
42:
41:
38:
30:
29:
21:
20:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1967:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1950:1981 in Ghana
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1841:Gambia (2022)
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1792:Guinea (2021)
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1539:Guinea (2008)
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1484:
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1367:Zambia (1997)
1364:
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1357:
1354:
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1347:
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1339:Guinea (1996)
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
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1297:Gambia (1994)
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1213:Ciskei (1990)
1210:
1207:
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1199:Zambia (1990)
1196:
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1189:
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1077:
1073:
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1069:Guinea (1985)
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1048:Uganda (1985)
1045:
1042:
1041:Guinea (1984)
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
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1017:
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986:
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957:Gambia (1981)
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848:Angola (1977)
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736:Uganda (1974)
733:
730:
726:
723:
722:Rwanda (1973)
719:
716:
712:
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673:Uganda (1971)
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170:Marxist state
167:
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27:
22:
17:
1917:
1916:no sign for
1862:Gabon (2023)
1855:Niger (2023)
1848:Sudan (2023)
1771:Niger (2021)
1732:Sudan (2019)
1725:Gabon (2019)
1711:Libya (2016)
1669:Libya (2014)
1648:Egypt (2013)
1627:Sudan (2012)
1592:Niger (2011)
1585:Niger (2010)
1553:Sudan (2008)
1490:Sudan (2004)
1395:Niger (1999)
1353:Niger (1996)
1276:Libya (1993)
1241:Sudan (1992)
1220:Venda (1990)
1185:Sudan (1990)
1167:Sudan (1989)
1132:Benin (1988)
1062:Sudan (1985)
992:Kenya (1982)
971:Ghana (1981)
970:
890:Ghana (1979)
869:Ghana (1978)
834:Sudan (1977)
820:Benin (1977)
813:Sudan (1976)
771:Libya (1975)
764:Sudan (1975)
743:Niger (1974)
701:Ghana (1972)
687:Sudan (1971)
627:Sudan (1969)
578:Ghana (1967)
536:Ghana (1966)
480:Gabon (1964)
401:Coups d'état
357:. Retrieved
353:
328:. Retrieved
324:
314:
283:. Retrieved
281:. 2020-11-12
278:
251:. Retrieved
247:
202:
198:
177:Soviet Union
174:
160:against the
143:
141:
123:Hilla Limann
79:Belligerents
60:
1778:Mali (2021)
1757:Mali (2020)
1641:Chad (2013)
1525:Chad (2006)
1511:Togo (2005)
1483:Chad (2004)
1227:Mali (1991)
1206:Chad (1990)
1160:Chad (1989)
1090:Togo (1986)
785:Chad (1975)
606:Mali (1968)
585:Togo (1967)
473:Togo (1963)
217:John Kufuor
184:(ERPs) and
1934:Categories
359:2024-05-23
330:2024-05-23
285:2024-05-23
253:2024-05-23
227:References
194:World Bank
192:(IMF) and
155:Lieutenant
1910:self-coup
279:BBC News
248:adst.org
45:Location
219:of the
150:led by
57:Result
1749:2020s
1570:2010s
1412:2000s
1177:1990s
914:1980s
658:1970s
409:1960s
325:ROAPE
306:(PDF)
148:Ghana
50:Ghana
142:The
37:Date
1936::
352:.
339:^
323:.
294:^
277:.
262:^
246:.
235:^
172:.
393:e
386:t
379:v
362:.
333:.
308:.
288:.
256:.
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