474:, saying that this would make Zimbabwe stronger. As the process of military integration dragged on, groups of fighters from both forces deserted and roamed the countryside, robbing stores and killing white farmers. Sources differ regarding how much of this was perpetrated by ZANLA personnel and how much by ZIPRA men; each side blamed the other. Mugabe accused ZIPRA elements of "refusing to recognise the sovereignty of the Government", but stopped short of attacking the ZAPU leadership. With the new army's ex-guerrilla battalions still far from ready, the Zimbabwean Government leaned heavily on former Rhodesian units under white command to maintain law and order during this period. Feeling he needed to secure ZANU–PF's position, Mugabe signed a secret deal with North Korea in October 1980 whereby the Asian country would provide instructors and equipment for an elite brigade that would handle political dissidents and report directly to the Prime Minister.
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north to relieve Dyck. The Elands led the way, with Devine himself standing upright in the turret of one of them with a machine gun. At one point this was shot out of his hands, prompting him to briefly stop the advance so he could jump down into the street to collect it. By the time the relief column reached the Alamo at 13:00 (CAT), C Company had been pocketed for 16 hours. Four wounded 1RAR soldiers were evacuated, and Dyck left the building to point out targets for Devine's armoured cars. During the afternoon, A Company relieved D Company at Lurker's Ridge, and the ZANLA and ZIPRA guerrillas withdrew into the townships and the surrounding country, sporadically exchanging fire. Devine was sent to
Essexvale to engage the rest of ZIPRA's armoured battle group, which surrendered when he arrived; the T-34 tanks were later found by the Zimbabwe National Army to be nonfunctional. By the evening of 12 February, the rebellion was over.
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parliament that there had been a "definite organised pattern" amid the ZIPRA groups that had rebelled. Local ZIPRA commanders claimed ZANLA had started the fighting, while Nkomo and the mayor of
Bulawayo blamed Nkala's inflammatory speech and similar statements from other ZANU–PF politicians. A month after the uprising, ZANU–PF set up a commission tasked with investigating the "mutinous disturbances" at Entumbane and in the integrated battalions at Ntabazinduna, Glenville and Connemara. This body reported to Mugabe in June 1981, but its findings have never been made public. According to the historian Norma Kriger, it blamed both ZANU–PF and ZAPU and therefore "fell short of Government expectations".
693:(including a detachment from Support Company) and eight armoured vehicles, noticed this while they were garrisoning the Alamo on 11 February. The major reported to Brigade headquarters that the number of ZIPRA troops at Entumbane appeared to have swelled considerably, and that the chain link fence surrounding the camp had been taken down. Superiors ordered him not to intervene. Anticipating an imminent attack, Dyck used a silenced rifle to shoot out the floodlights surrounding the Alamo, lined up his vehicles against the surrounding walls so his men could stand on them while defending, and ranged mortars on a variety of targets in the ZIPRA complex.
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the Alamo, reported that both sides were also attacking his position. He radioed
Brigade HQ for instructions and was told to pull out; he replied that this was impossible as he was surrounded. At Shute's orders, McKenna mobilised the rest of the battalion at an airfield near Brady Barracks within an hour. Meanwhile, a detachment of ZIPRA armoured vehicles left Essexvale for Bulawayo, and was spotted on the road by one of McKenna's observation posts. Devine was sent with his Elands to intercept them, supported by 12 1RAR men under Major Tony Husher. At an intersection on the outskirts of the city, Devine encountered a ZIPRA
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the camp and flattened the ZIPRA tents, killing many of the occupants and clearing the way for Hill's troops. Taken totally by surprise, the ZIPRA troops put up little resistance; 40 were killed and many more captured, including two officers, Captains Mpofu and
Dlamini. On the morning of 9 February, the British instructors were bewildered to find the ZANLA half of their unit gone, and the remaining ZIPRA men squatting in rows in 1RAR captivity. "What happened?" asked the British sergeant. "I am afraid that while you were away, your battalion fell apart," replied McKenna.
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Korean instructors arrived the same month. Nkomo accused the Prime
Minister of creating "a special partisan army divorced from the national army" for the "possible imposition of a one-party state". In February 1982, Mugabe announced that huge arms caches had been discovered on ZAPU-owned properties and that this was evidence of a planned ZAPU coup. He likened Nkomo's presence in the government to "a cobra in the house" and promptly fired him, concurrently arresting ZIPRA leaders and seizing ZAPU property.
653:(RAR), a regiment of mostly white-officered black troops led by Lieutenant-Colonel Mick McKenna and based at Methuen Barracks on the outskirts of Bulawayo. This had been officially redesignated the 11th Infantry Battalion of the new National Army, but few reforms had taken place so far and in practice the regiment remained almost entirely as before, right down to the old Rhodesian uniforms and insignia. At the end of January 1981, McKenna had about 500 men (including officers), and a troop of four
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742:. McKenna ordered Hill and D Company to help Dyck by taking up a position between the city and Entumbane. A group of ZIPRA unsuccessfully attacked D Company as it moved west to high ground at Lurkers' Ridge, just south-east of the Alamo. B Company, meanwhile, took up positions on the railway line just north-east of Lurkers' Ridge. McKenna told Dyck over the radio that reinforcements would come and to "hang in there".
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840:, it perpetrated a number of brutal massacres and atrocities against civilians in Matabeleland accused of supporting "dissidents", far exceeding anything that had occurred during the Bush War. Estimates for the number of deaths range from 10,000 to 30,000. The campaign officially ended in December 1987 when Mugabe and Nkomo signed a unity accord merging ZAPU into ZANU–PF with the stated goal of a one-party state.
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hit and most of the men inside killed; the survivors ran off into the night. Fleetwood then arrived at the head of a 1RAR platoon to support Devine and Husher. Around the same time, men of A Company, 1RAR captured a ZIPRA commander who was trying to enter
Bulawayo through a back road in a Peugeot station wagon, and 3 Platoon, A Company captured six ZIPRA officers driving into town on the Essexvale Road in a
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722:(HEAT) round, killing all 20 combatants inside. McKenna then told Devine to advance to the city limits, where he and Husher set up an ambush on the road. Husher's men shot out all nearby overhead street lights, and some of them went to scout ahead; Devine positioned two of his Elands on each of the two lanes of the road under cover of darkness.
673:" at the suggestion of Lieutenant F W "Chomps" Fleetwood, an American officer in A Company, 1RAR. Worried that a new Entumbane clash would prompt the ZIPRA forces at Gwaai River Mine and Essexvale to join the fray, McKenna set up a string of observation posts on each of the roads leading towards Bulawayo.
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for their part in putting down the rebellion, while Dyck received the Silver Cross. In his history of the
Rhodesian African Rifles, Binda describes Entumbane as the regiment's greatest victory, commenting that it was won "by dint of professionalism, discipline and determination" in the face of forces
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A National Army relief column including the detachments under Husher, Fleetwood and Devine assembled at
Lurkers' Ridge during the morning of 12 February. Under the command of Captain Tony Clark, it flanked through the townships south of the Alamo, engaging ZIPRA guerrillas along the way, then turned
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By about 05:00 (CAT), Dyck's ammunition supplies were running low, and the ZIPRA attackers had hit the Alamo a number of times with RPG fire. Nobody inside was killed by these rockets, but when Dyck's dog was wounded, the major flew into a rage and ordered his men to pour more aggressive machine gun
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On the road, two ZIPRA BTR-152s from
Essexvale advanced towards Bulawayo, firing indiscriminately in all directions, and were spotted by Devine around 01:30 (CAT). The Elands waited in the darkness until the ZIPRA vehicles were about 200 metres (660 ft) away, then fired. Both APCs were directly
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Soon after fighting broke out between ZANLA and ZIPRA members of a recently integrated
Zimbabwe National Army battalion at Ntabazinduna, just north-east of Bulawayo, the two guerrilla camps at Entumbane began exchanging rifle, machine gun and mortar fire at about 20:00 (CAT) on 11 February. Dyck, at
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near the city's western township of Entumbane for two days. Hundreds were killed or wounded before the Prime Minister sent ex-Rhodesian units to intervene. This incident deepened the feeling of distrust and unease that permeated the country and the National Army's integrated battalions. Concerned by
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refused to give the disarming order at Entumbane, Nkomo oversaw a parade of the camp and gave the command to disarm himself, doing so "for the sake of peace", in Kriger's words, despite his own opposition to the idea. Mugabe publicly announced his deal with North Korea in August 1981, and 106 North
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rockets. The ZIPRA cadres concentrated a huge amount of fire on James' aircraft, and hit it several times, but failed to shoot it down; the pilot put in a number of ground attacks before returning to base. He reported afterwards that a bullet had entered through the floor of his cockpit and hit his
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left in the evening, then attacked its ZANLA comrades, killing 12 of them and scattering the rest. Charged with restoring order, McKenna sent Devine's armoured cars and D Company, 1RAR, commanded by the American Lieutenant Dave Hill, to Glenville. Arriving late in the evening, the Elands drove into
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Amid the rising tensions in Zimbabwe, Shute and McKenna identified Entumbane, the township on the western outskirts of Bulawayo where the November 1980 clashes had started, as a likely flashpoint. There ZANLA and ZIPRA had camps directly next to each other, each with about 1,500 guerrillas. In late
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following the rebellion's failure, fearing for their safety. Mugabe's sense of resolve regarding his political rivals was greatly strengthened, meanwhile; Entumbane satisfied him that white army officers and airmen could be counted on in future conflicts with ZAPU. The Entumbane engagement was the
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marks the Entumbane episode as the start of the Zimbabwe National Army's politicisation. The ex-Rhodesians' enthusiasm and success during the battle, coupled with Mugabe's readiness to deploy them, convinced many in ZAPU that ZANU–PF and the white community had united against them, and intensified
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instead, in what many in Zimbabwe saw as a demotion. According to Brigadier Mike Shute, then head of the Zimbabwe National Army's 1 Brigade, groups of ZANLA and ZIPRA guerrillas, theoretically under his command, were soon "all over the place and having continual clashes and minor battles with
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was over, tensions between ZANLA and ZIPRA cadres, officially referred to in the war's aftermath as "associated forces", endured, particularly in Matabeleland. These rifts were partially tribal-based, but largely political; ZIPRA fighters complained that their counterparts from ZANLA seemed to be
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writes that 1RAR's actions at Entumbane "saved Mugabe's Government from certain civil war", and provided the "final blow to the military might of ZIPRA". A number of analysts comment on the irony that Mugabe and ZANU–PF, who had spent years fighting white rule and the Rhodesian forces during the
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The official count of those killed during the uprising was 260 people; historians place the number of dead higher. The battle was the RAR's last; its personnel were reassigned to other units when it was disbanded later in 1981. The rebellion's defeat, meanwhile, prompted mass desertions by ZIPRA
800:
Mugabe said that undisciplined ZIPRA guerrillas had instigated the uprising; he called them "disloyal, misguided and politically motivated armed hooligans and political malcontents" and said that according to information before him their ultimate goal had been to topple his government. He told
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Meanwhile, at Entumbane, the ZIPRA fighters overran the ZANLA camp, killing many and forcing the rest to flee. Sporadic fighting between ZANLA and ZIPRA guerrillas spread into Bulawayo itself, continuing through the night and into the morning. About 700 ZIPRA combatants continued to attack C
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during early 1980. These were won by ZANU, which added "Patriotic Front" to its name (thereby becoming "ZANU–PF"), and Mugabe became the first Prime Minister of Zimbabwe when the UK granted independence in April 1980. Nkomo was made Minister of Home Affairs in the new Government.
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The Mugabe administration promptly decided to reduce the future army's size by about 30,000 and to disarm and demobilise all ZANLA and ZIPRA personnel who had not yet been integrated, thereby breaking the promise of a place in the army for every guerrilla. After ZIPRA commander
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surprised their ZIPRA counterparts, killed over 60 of them and forced the rest to flee into the bush. When the ZIPRA portion of the 13th Infantry Battalion, based at Glenville Camp near Entumbane, learned of this later in the day, it waited until its instructors from the
272:
The uprising began in earnest around 20:00 local time (CAT) on 11 February when fighting broke out between the two guerrilla factions in Entumbane, each of which also attacked the local RAR headquarters. When ZIPRA armoured personnel carriers moved on Bulawayo from
450:. ZANLA and ZIPRA personnel were mixed into new battalions, guerrillas were picked out for officer training, and old Rhodesian units were variously disbanded or earmarked for reform. In some cases the latter meant only a change of symbolism and nomenclature; the
775:
records "more than 300" dead, while Alexandre Binda writes that the Zimbabwe National Army units alone killed over 400 guerrillas. The Zimbabwe National Army officially reported no fatal casualties. Hill and Husher were each awarded the
458:. Every one of the approximately 34,000 guerrillas was promised a place in the new army. In the meantime they would wait in respective ZANLA and ZIPRA assembly camps around the country with pay and rations identical to those of black
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1970s, were secured in power barely a year after the Bush War's end by ex-Rhodesian troops under white command. Binda furthermore highlights the irony that the RAR's finest hour (in his view) came while fighting for Mugabe.
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helmet. The 1RAR officers and men expressed great admiration for James's bravery during this air strike, but his air force superiors were furious that he had gone into the operational area against orders.
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ZAPU's apparent political marginalisation, ZIPRA commanders in Matabeleland built up their forces. Over 6,000 ZIPRA troops assembled at Gwaai River Mine, to the north-west of Bulawayo, with Soviet-made
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ZIPRA personnel in Bulawayo used civilian vehicles to smuggle weapons and equipment, including mortars, into their Entumbane camp over the next few days. C Company, 1RAR, comprising 96 men under Major
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railed against Nkomo and ZAPU at a Bulawayo political rally in November 1980, saying they had "become the enemy of ZANU–PF" and should be challenged by "vigilante committees", ZANLA and ZIPRA veterans
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245:(ZIPRA) guerrillas, mainly in the city's western suburb of Entumbane, rebelled, creating a situation that threatened to develop into a fresh civil war, barely a year after the end of the
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RAR's last—its companies were allocated to other 1 Brigade units later in 1981 during the military reform process—but a number of its white officers subsequently led units of the
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Company's position at the Alamo, putting it under constant machine gun and mortar fire. Pocketed, Dyck responded in kind. About 02:00 (CAT) on 12 February, a ZIPRA guerrilla with an
417:, and also regularly clashed with each other, despite their parent organisations being superficially allied from 1976 as the Patriotic Front. The war ended in December 1979 with the
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498:, to the south-east, formed an armoured battle group including 10 T-34s. Tensions escalated further when Mugabe removed Nkomo from Home Affairs on 10 January 1981 and made him a
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January 1981, McKenna set up an operational headquarters in a beer hall overlooking the two guerrilla camps; this building, surrounded by six-foot walls, was dubbed "
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took up a position in a house to the Alamo's south-east and "became a nuisance", as the major put it; he and Sergeant Vini Hlatshwayo went out with an
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The Zimbabwe National Army's only regular infantry unit in the Bulawayo area during the first months of 1981 was the 1st Battalion of the
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favoured for promotions and supplies, while ZANLA suspected ZIPRA of plotting insurrection. ZANU–PF politicians began to call for a
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Hundreds of people died in the uprising. The official count released at the time was 260, but historians place the number higher;
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light bomber. The air force turned down the request, but Flight Lieutenant Colin James took off anyway in his Lynx armed with an
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1495:"The Rhodesian African Rifles: The Growth and Adaptation of Multicultural Regiment through the Rhodesian Bush War, 1965–1980"
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guerrillas fearing retribution from the Mugabe administration. Indeed, the uprising partially fuelled Mugabe's bloody
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330:) from the United Kingdom in 1965, the southern African country entered a period of international isolation as an
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and associated nations, prominently Cuba. Each nationalist group fielded a guerrilla army—ZANU's was called the
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With the transfer of political power, the Rhodesian Army, ZANLA and ZIPRA began to be merged to form the new
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ZAPU opposition to the government. ZIPRA guerrillas deserted from the assembly points and the National Army
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265:(ZANLA) fighters attacked both ZIPRA and the government forces during the revolt, which followed a smaller
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rocket launcher and fired at the corner of the house, bringing it down on the gunner and killing him.
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Masodja: The History of the Rhodesian African Rifles and its forerunner the Rhodesian Native Regiment
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fire on the advancing ZIPRA combatants. He requested air support from Brigade HQ in the form of a
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So Far and No Further! Rhodesia's Bid For Independence During the Retreat From Empire 1959–1965
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1472:"Factional fighting flares up in Zimbabwe; Clash of Mugabe, Nkomo groups threatens stability"
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in London, following which Britain took interim direct control of the country to oversee
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338:. Black nationalist movements, backed by communist powers and themselves variously
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The black nationalist campaigns, referred to by the revolutionaries as the Second
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Guerrilla Veterans in Post-war Zimbabwe: Symbolic and Violent Politics, 1980–1987
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armoured personnel carriers (APCs) and anti-aircraft guns; another ZIPRA base at
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1500:. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press. Archived from
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during the 1980s. Dyck, for example, headed the 1st Parachute Battalion.
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Map of Zimbabwe in 1981, showing locations relevant to the uprising with
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each other". Many became convinced that a second civil war was imminent.
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Official death count 260; historians estimate over 300 or over 400 killed
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409:(liberation war), began in earnest in December 1972. During the ensuing
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that were far larger numerically. Major Michael P Stewart of the
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Binda, Alexandre (November 2007). Heppenstall, David (ed.).
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257:, fighting for the Zimbabwean government as part of the new
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386:, while ZANU was headed from 1975 by a former teacher from
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Decisive Zimbabwean Government victory; uprising put down.
1615:. London, Sydney & Dover, New Hampshire: Croom Helm.
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362:, more orthodoxly Marxist–Leninist and supported by the
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amid political tensions in the newly independent state.
233:, occurred between 8 and 12 February 1981 in and around
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253:(RAR) and other white-commanded elements of the former
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Ending Civil War: Rhodesia and Lebanon in Perspective
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On 8 February, ZANLA cadres at Connemara Barracks in
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Mugabe: Power, Plunder and the Struggle for Zimbabwe
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2497:Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front
1592:Binda, Alexandre (May 2008). Cocks, Chris (ed.).
269:of fighting between guerrillas in November 1980.
1729:. International Library of War Studies. London:
454:, for example, remained almost all white as the
1552:Mugabe and the Politics of Security in Zimbabwe
314:Zimbabwe, highlighted in red on a map of Africa
34:
1632:Communism in Sub-Saharan Africa: a Reappraisal
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1493:Stewart, Michael P (2012). Fischer, C (ed.).
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8:
1750:Cry Zimbabwe: Independence – Twenty Years On
1655:The Battle for Zimbabwe: The Final Countdown
2790:Robert Gabriel Mugabe International Airport
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322:by the mostly white minority government of
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1554:. Montreal, Quebec and Kingston, Ontario:
830:The new North Korean-trained unit, dubbed
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31:
2502:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army
368:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army
346:(ZANU), which was Chinese-backed, mostly
263:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army
1594:The Saints: The Rhodesian Light Infantry
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1630:Duignan, Peter; Gann, Lewis H (1994).
1596:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers.
1577:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers.
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394:after the assassination of H Chitepo.
320:Unilateral Declaration of Independence
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372:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army
243:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army
2854:Aftermath of the Rhodesian Bush War
1752:. Johannesburg: Galago Publishing.
1657:. Johannesburg: Struik Publishers.
261:, put down the uprising. Groups of
1611:Cilliers, Jakkie (December 1984).
1470:Hawkins, Tony (13 February 1981).
25:
2606:2009 Government of National Unity
1725:Preston, Matthew (January 2005).
539:
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2611:2017 coup d'état and resignation
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2512:Lancaster House Agreement (1979)
709:(MPCV) vehicles before Entumbane
644:(adopted in 1982) in parentheses
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2487:Zimbabwe African National Union
1556:McGill-Queen's University Press
657:armoured cars, formerly of the
356:Zimbabwe African People's Union
344:Zimbabwe African National Union
2601:2008–09 political negotiations
1771:. Victoria, British Columbia:
1613:Counter-Insurgency in Rhodesia
1463:Newspaper and journal articles
477:After the Minister of Finance
370:(ZANLA), while ZAPU's was the
1:
1477:The Christian Science Monitor
707:Mine Protected Combat Vehicle
462:in the old Rhodesian forces.
413:, ZANLA and ZIPRA fought the
40:Part of the aftermath of the
2680:Mugabe and the White African
27:Battle of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
2586:Operation Dzikisai Madhishi
2910:
2869:Battles involving Zimbabwe
2453:Prime Minister of Zimbabwe
1748:Stiff, Peter (June 2000).
1678:Cambridge University Press
500:minister without portfolio
430:Post-independence tensions
358:(ZAPU), which was largely
2805:
2518:
2446:
1767:Wood, J R T (June 2005).
816:Zimbabwean special forces
419:Lancaster House Agreement
415:Rhodesian Security Forces
374:(ZIPRA). ZAPU was led by
255:Rhodesian Security Forces
212:
196:
180:
129:
83:
47:
39:
2591:Joint Operations Command
2507:Geneva Conference (1976)
1634:. Stanford, California:
796:, ZAPU's leader, in 1978
778:Bronze Cross of Zimbabwe
720:high-explosive anti-tank
718:APC and hit it with one
663:Rhodesian Light Infantry
659:Rhodesian Armoured Corps
651:Rhodesian African Rifles
378:, a trade unionist from
279:Rhodesian Armoured Corps
251:Rhodesian African Rifles
192:1,500 – 2,000 guerrillas
2889:1981 crimes in Zimbabwe
2864:20th-century rebellions
2796:Statue of Robert Mugabe
2581:Operation Mavhoterapapi
2576:Operation Murambatsvina
1731:Tauris Academic Studies
1480:. Boston, Massachusetts
988:Duignan & Gann 1994
223:1982 Entumbane uprising
35:1981 Entumbane uprising
18:1981 Entumbane Uprising
1672:Kriger, Norma (2003).
1550:Alao, Abiodun (2012).
1528:Cite journal requires
797:
710:
448:Zimbabwe National Army
443:
315:
259:Zimbabwe National Army
189:About 1,500 guerrillas
130:Commanders and leaders
2769:State House, Bulawayo
2462:President of Zimbabwe
1653:Hill, Geoff (2005) .
806:King's College London
792:
704:
456:Air Force of Zimbabwe
437:
313:
197:Casualties and losses
2884:Rebellions in Africa
2818:Emmerson Mnangagwa →
844:Notes and references
636:class=notpageimage|
295:later in the 1980s.
225:, also known as the
55:8 – 12 February 1981
2764:State House, Harare
2626:As Prime Minister (
1773:Trafford Publishing
1698:(September 2007) .
1290:, pp. 388–389.
1275:, pp. 387–388.
1258:, pp. 386–387.
1077:, pp. 109–110.
1050:, pp. 127–128.
1038:, pp. 133–136.
978:, pp. 173–175.
941:, pp. 383–384.
740:Toyota Land Cruiser
452:Rhodesian Air Force
305:Chimurenga/Umvukela
2482:Rhodesian Bush War
1210:, pp. 59, 61.
798:
783:United States Army
711:
444:
350:and influenced by
332:unrecognised state
316:
227:Battle of Bulawayo
66:Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
42:Rhodesian Bush War
2879:Conflicts in 1981
2841:
2840:
2687:Mugabe's Zimbabwe
2530:Premiership &
2406:
2405:
1864:Southern Rhodesia
1782:978-1-4120-4952-8
1759:978-1-919854-02-1
1740:978-1-85043-579-2
1717:978-1-58648-558-0
1687:978-0-521-81823-0
1664:978-1-86872-652-3
1645:978-0-8179-3712-6
1622:978-0-7099-3412-7
1603:978-1-920143-07-7
1584:978-1-920143-03-9
1565:978-0-7735-4044-6
1507:on 21 August 2015
1429:, pp. 67–73.
1417:, pp. 63–64.
1393:, pp. 68–70.
1246:, pp. 61–62.
1135:, pp. 75–76.
1092:, pp. 68–69.
1026:, pp. 22–23.
1014:, pp. 22–24.
1002:, pp. 95–96.
990:, pp. 31–36.
705:1RAR troops atop
611:
590:
570:
328:Southern Rhodesia
291:campaign against
219:
218:
79:
78:
16:(Redirected from
2901:
2859:1981 in Zimbabwe
2830:
2829:
2718:Robert Mugabe Jr
2596:LGBT persecution
2561:Second Congo War
2524:
2523:
2465:
2456:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2410:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1792:
1786:
1763:
1744:
1721:
1705:
1696:Meredith, Martin
1691:
1668:
1649:
1626:
1607:
1588:
1569:
1537:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1506:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1276:
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1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
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1172:
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1155:
1149:
1136:
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1118:
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1087:
1078:
1072:
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1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
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1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
912:
897:
891:
885:
879:
804:Abiodun Alao of
754:machine gun and
628:
627:Gwaai River Mine
622:
621:
609:
607:
600:
599:
588:
586:
580:
579:
568:
566:
560:
559:
550:
542:
541:
531:
524:
523:
517:
354:, and the rival
340:Marxist–Leninist
164:
163:
154:
153:
144:
143:
121:
120:
108:
107:
96:
94:
93:
49:
48:
32:
21:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2894:Battles in 1981
2844:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2811:← Canaan Banana
2801:
2778:
2747:
2692:
2671:
2665:
2615:
2539:Black supremacy
2531:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2492:Patriotic Front
2474:
2468:
2459:
2450:
2442:
2437:
2407:
2402:
2166:
2075:
1859:
1828:
1819:
1789:
1783:
1766:
1760:
1747:
1741:
1724:
1718:
1694:
1688:
1671:
1665:
1652:
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1629:
1623:
1610:
1604:
1591:
1585:
1572:
1566:
1549:
1545:
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1527:
1517:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1483:
1481:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1158:
1150:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1081:
1073:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1006:
998:
994:
986:
982:
974:
970:
962:
945:
937:
933:
925:
921:
913:
900:
892:
888:
880:
855:
851:
846:
824:Dumiso Dabengwa
773:Martin Meredith
769:
728:RPD machine gun
699:
647:
646:
645:
642:new place names
640:
638:
632:
631:
630:
629:
626:
623:
615:
614:
613:
612:
608:
605:
601:
593:
592:
591:
587:
584:
581:
573:
572:
571:
567:
564:
561:
553:
552:
551:
546:
543:
535:
534:
533:
532:
529:
525:
509:
472:one-party state
438:Prime Minister
432:
423:fresh elections
308:
301:
215:
170:
158:
148:
138:
115:
102:
91:
89:
67:
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2907:
2905:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2846:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2759:Zimbabwe House
2755:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2742:Patrick Zhuwao
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2702:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2675:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2638:As President (
2636:
2630:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2571:Hyperinflation
2568:
2563:
2558:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2457:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1764:
1758:
1745:
1739:
1722:
1716:
1692:
1686:
1669:
1663:
1650:
1644:
1627:
1621:
1608:
1602:
1589:
1583:
1570:
1564:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1530:|journal=
1490:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1446:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1316:
1314:, p. 103.
1304:
1302:, p. 388.
1292:
1277:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1234:, p. 386.
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1186:, p. 384.
1173:
1156:
1137:
1125:
1106:
1094:
1079:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1028:
1016:
1004:
992:
980:
968:
966:, p. 389.
943:
931:
929:, p. 383.
919:
898:
886:
884:, p. 385.
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
832:5 Brigade
768:
765:
698:
695:
634:
633:
625:
624:
617:
616:
604:
603:
602:
595:
594:
583:
582:
575:
574:
563:
562:
555:
554:
545:
544:
537:
536:
528:
527:
526:
519:
518:
512:
511:
510:
508:
505:
431:
428:
318:Following the
307:
302:
300:
297:
217:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
199:
198:
194:
193:
190:
187:
183:
182:
178:
177:
174:
171:
169:
168:
156:
146:
135:
132:
131:
127:
126:
113:
100:
86:
85:
81:
80:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
65:
63:
59:
58:
53:
45:
44:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2906:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2834:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2730:Sabina Mugabe
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2714:(second wife)
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2528:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2473:Revolutionary
2471:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2440:Robert Mugabe
2434:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:The Conquests
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1708:PublicAffairs
1704:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1676:. Cambridge:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1535:
1522:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1456:, p. 73.
1455:
1454:Meredith 2007
1450:
1447:
1444:, p. 77.
1443:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:Meredith 2007
1423:
1420:
1416:
1415:Meredith 2007
1411:
1408:
1405:, p. 78.
1404:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1381:, p. 87.
1380:
1375:
1372:
1369:, p. 81.
1368:
1363:
1360:
1357:, p. 50.
1356:
1351:
1348:
1345:, p. 63.
1344:
1339:
1336:
1333:, p. 79.
1332:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1284:
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1252:
1249:
1245:
1244:Meredith 2007
1240:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1222:, p. 80.
1221:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1208:Meredith 2007
1204:
1201:
1198:, p. 77.
1197:
1196:Meredith 2007
1192:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1171:, p. 61.
1170:
1169:Meredith 2007
1165:
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1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1144:
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1129:
1126:
1123:, p. 60.
1122:
1121:Meredith 2007
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1104:, p. 59.
1103:
1102:Meredith 2007
1098:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1062:, p. 63.
1061:
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1049:
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1032:
1029:
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1024:Meredith 2007
1020:
1017:
1013:
1012:Cilliers 1984
1008:
1005:
1001:
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948:
944:
940:
935:
932:
928:
923:
920:
917:, p. 62.
916:
915:Meredith 2007
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
899:
896:, p. 49.
895:
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440:Robert Mugabe
436:
429:
427:
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407:
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401:
395:
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392:Robert Mugabe
389:
385:
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202:None reported
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57:(4 days)
54:
51:
50:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2825:
2816:
2809:
2794:
2712:Grace Mugabe
2708:(first wife)
2706:Sally Mugabe
2685:
2678:
2553:
2549:Entumbane II
2548:
1768:
1749:
1726:
1706:. New York:
1701:
1673:
1654:
1636:Hoover Press
1631:
1612:
1593:
1574:
1551:
1543:Bibliography
1521:cite journal
1511:28 September
1509:. Retrieved
1502:the original
1484:28 September
1482:. Retrieved
1475:
1449:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1312:Stewart 2012
1307:
1295:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1152:Hawkins 1981
1128:
1097:
1055:
1048:Preston 2005
1043:
1031:
1019:
1007:
995:
983:
971:
934:
922:
889:
835:
829:
820:
810:
803:
799:
794:Joshua Nkomo
770:
761:
744:
736:
724:
712:
688:
683:British Army
675:
667:
648:
547:
476:
466:
464:
445:
404:
398:
396:
384:Matabeleland
376:Joshua Nkomo
317:
304:
293:Matabeleland
286:
283:
271:
231:Entumbane II
230:
226:
222:
220:
155:Mick McKenna
84:Belligerents
29:
2724:Bona Mugabe
2566:Land reform
2555:Gukurahundi
2544:Entumbane I
2464:(1987–2017)
2455:(1980–1987)
1403:Kriger 2003
1391:Kriger 2003
1331:Kriger 2003
1090:Kriger 2003
1075:Kriger 2003
1060:Kriger 2003
837:Gukurahundi
691:Lionel Dyck
610:(Esigodini)
465:Though the
388:Mashonaland
364:Warsaw Pact
288:Gukurahundi
166:Lionel Dyck
2848:Categories
2752:Residences
2726:(daughter)
2532:presidency
1300:Binda 2007
1288:Binda 2007
1273:Binda 2007
1256:Binda 2007
1232:Binda 2007
1220:Stiff 2000
1184:Binda 2007
1036:Binda 2008
964:Binda 2007
939:Binda 2007
927:Binda 2007
882:Binda 2007
849:References
479:Enos Nkala
467:Chimurenga
406:Chimurenga
299:Background
145:Mike Shute
2774:Blue Roof
2736:Tony Gara
2620:Elections
1840:Pre-1900s
1442:Hill 2005
1379:Alao 2012
1367:Alao 2012
1355:Alao 2012
1343:Alao 2012
1133:Hill 2005
1000:Wood 2005
976:Wood 2005
894:Alao 2012
767:Aftermath
671:the Alamo
606:Essexvale
565:Salisbury
548:Entumbane
496:Essexvale
336:Ian Smith
275:Essexvale
186:About 500
2874:Bulawayo
2832:Category
2744:(nephew)
2738:(cousin)
2732:(sister)
2475:activity
2171:Zimbabwe
2080:Rhodesia
1826:Zimbabwe
811:en masse
697:Uprising
655:Eland 90
569:(Harare)
530:Bulawayo
460:privates
411:Bush War
400:Umvukela
380:Bulawayo
324:Rhodesia
267:outbreak
247:Bush War
239:Zimbabwe
235:Bulawayo
181:Strength
125:elements
112:elements
98:Zimbabwe
62:Location
2783:Related
2672:culture
2670:Popular
716:BTR-152
589:(Gweru)
507:Prelude
492:BTR-152
490:tanks,
483:clashed
442:in 1982
360:Ndebele
208:Unknown
205:Unknown
176:Unknown
173:Unknown
2698:Family
1779:
1756:
1737:
1714:
1684:
1661:
1642:
1619:
1600:
1581:
1562:
752:FN MAG
352:Maoism
334:under
249:. The
95:
72:Result
2720:(son)
1855:1920s
1850:1910s
1845:1900s
1822:Years
1505:(PDF)
1498:(PDF)
732:RPG-7
678:Gwelo
585:Gwelo
348:Shona
123:ZANLA
110:ZIPRA
2660:2013
2655:2008
2650:2002
2645:1996
2640:1990
2633:1985
2628:1980
2460:2nd
2451:1st
2398:2024
2393:2023
2388:2022
2383:2021
2378:2020
2373:2019
2368:2018
2363:2017
2358:2016
2353:2015
2348:2014
2343:2013
2338:2012
2333:2011
2328:2010
2323:2009
2318:2008
2313:2007
2308:2006
2303:2005
2298:2004
2293:2003
2288:2002
2283:2001
2278:2000
2273:1999
2268:1998
2263:1997
2258:1996
2253:1995
2248:1994
2243:1993
2238:1992
2233:1991
2228:1990
2223:1989
2218:1988
2213:1987
2208:1986
2203:1985
2198:1984
2193:1983
2188:1982
2183:1981
2178:1980
2162:1979
2157:1978
2152:1977
2147:1976
2142:1975
2137:1974
2132:1973
2127:1972
2122:1971
2117:1970
2112:1969
2107:1968
2102:1967
2097:1966
2092:1965
2087:1964
2071:1963
2066:1962
2061:1961
2056:1960
2051:1959
2046:1958
2041:1957
2036:1956
2031:1955
2026:1954
2021:1953
2016:1952
2011:1951
2006:1950
2001:1949
1996:1948
1991:1947
1986:1946
1981:1945
1976:1944
1971:1943
1966:1942
1961:1941
1956:1940
1951:1939
1946:1938
1941:1937
1936:1936
1931:1935
1926:1934
1921:1933
1916:1932
1911:1931
1906:1930
1901:1929
1896:1928
1891:1927
1886:1926
1881:1925
1876:1924
1871:1923
1777:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1735:ISBN
1712:ISBN
1682:ISBN
1659:ISBN
1640:ISBN
1617:ISBN
1598:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1560:ISBN
1534:help
1513:2013
1486:2013
756:SNEB
748:Lynx
488:T-34
326:(or
221:The
52:Date
1824:in
382:in
229:or
2850::
1775:.
1733:.
1710:.
1680:.
1638:.
1558:.
1525::
1523:}}
1519:{{
1474:.
1434:^
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901:^
856:^
665:.
390:,
237:,
2662:)
2635:)
2432:e
2425:t
2418:v
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1667:.
1648:.
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1606:.
1587:.
1568:.
1536:)
1532:(
1515:.
1488:.
1154:.
403:/
20:)
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