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329:. As a revenge action, government units deployed into Hama and launched house-to-house searches, sealing off neighborhoods as street fighting erupted. A curfew was imposed and Syrian Army troops entered the city. Between Thursday 23 April 1981 and Sunday 26 April 1981, security forces killed scores to hundreds of residents - between 150 and "several hundred", according to
300:, a housing crisis deepened by refugees from Lebanon, official corruption, security forces from which no one felt safe, and the domination of the 'Alawis. Over four years unrest spread to every sector of Syrian society, and by the beginning of 1980 it seemed possible the regime would be overthrown.
312:"When I spent a night in the autumn of 1981 in the town’s only hotel.. A visit to the homes of three very frightened foreign aid workers – two Australians and an Indian – confirmed a popular rumour in Damascus: that Hama was in a state of near-revolt against Assad’s Baathist regime."
379:
and
Alawite militias loyal to Rifa'at al-Assad unleashed brutal attacks on the civilians of Hama; executing and torturing family members of those accused of collaborating with the opposition. Due to the extensive nature of the campaign, many Hamawi Christians were also targeted.
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chosen randomly among the male population over the age of 14. The killings were carried out by the government's "Protection
Brigades" (a palace guard commanded by the president's brother
37:
321:
The 1981 Hama massacre occurred after a failed attack around 21–22 April 1981 by armed
Islamist guerrillas (reports identify a security checkpoint or a spring festival) near an
554:
156:
276:-controlled government of Syria in what has been called a "long campaign of terror". In July 1980, the ratification of Law No. 49 made membership in the Muslim Brotherhood a
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described the incident as "believed to have been the bloodiest retribution so far in
President Hafez Assad's two-year crackdown on opponents to his rule". Syrian
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288:) called the period between 1976 and 1982 "The Great Repression." According to Middle East Watch,
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The
Patterns of Syrian Uprising: Comparing Hama in 1980–1982 and Homs in 2011
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593:
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Syria
Unmasked: The Suppression of Human Rights by the Assad Regime
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Syria
Unmasked: The Suppression of Human Rights by the Assad Regime
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442:." British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 44.1 (2017): 73–87.
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History of Syria § Syria under Hafez al-Assad (1970–2000)
333:, or at least 350, plus 600 injured, according to authors
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The Syrian Muslim
Brotherhood and the Spectacle of Hama
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Opposition exploded in the late 1970s, touched off by
509:(3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
296:. Public discontent fed on many grievances, rampant
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590:Les Frères musulmans: Egypte et Syrie (1928–1982)
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294:Assad's military intervention in Lebanon in 1976
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238:was an incident in which over 300 residents of
353:, an Alawite and Assad aide, according to the
555:Syrian Troops Massacre Scores Of Assad's Foes
246:, were killed by government security forces.
203:Syrian President assassination attempt (1980)
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8:
308:who was reporting from Hama in 1981 states:
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416:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
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465:. University of California Press, p. 335.
361:identified Syrian Special Forces and the
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538:. New Haven: Yale UP, 1991, pp. 17-18.
462:Asad, the Struggle for the Middle East
7:
588:Carré, Olivier and Gérard Michaud.
16:April 1981 massacre in Hama, Syria
14:
660:20th-century mass murder in Syria
579:Human Rights Watch, 1990, p.20-21
492:. New Haven: Yale UP, 1991, p.8.
218:Azbakiah bombing (November 1981)
64:
507:Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War
188:Aleppo Artillery School (1979)
1:
640:Political repression in Syria
208:Tadmor Prison massacre (1980)
655:Massacres committed by Syria
650:Violence against men in Asia
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645:Islamist uprising in Syria
411:List of massacres in Syria
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260:Islamist uprising in Syria
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175:Islamist uprising in Syria
54:Islamist uprising in Syria
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406:Black September in Jordan
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630:Military history of Hama
19:Not to be confused with
475:Human Rights Watch 1996
433:The Middle East Journal
193:Jisr al-Shughour (1980)
33:Infobox civilian attack
459:Seale, Patrick. 1989.
401:2004 al-Qamishli riots
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38:considered for merging
576:Human Rights in Syria
505:Fisk, Robert (2002).
435:70.2 (2016): 211–226.
349:commanded by General
347:Syrian Special Forces
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254:Further information:
223:Hama (February 1982)
596:, 1983: p. 148-151.
534:Middle East Watch.
488:Middle East Watch.
370:The Washington Post
331:The Washington Post
264:From 1976 to 1982,
635:Massacres in Syria
390:1982 Hama massacre
359:Human Rights Watch
286:Human Rights Watch
270:Muslim Brotherhood
236:1981 Hama massacre
93:Muslim Brotherhood
47:1981 Hama massacre
21:1982 Hama massacre
620:Massacres in 1981
615:Conflicts in 1981
365:'s 47th Brigade.
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127:Perpetrators
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306:Robert Fisk
304:Journalist
100:Attack type
27:‹ The
609:Categories
447:References
376:Mukhabarat
351:Ali Haidar
250:Background
84:April 1981
594:Gallimard
592:. Paris:
384:Aftermath
298:inflation
284:(part of
266:Islamists
114:350 - 400
105:Execution
36:is being
395:See also
357:, while
60:Location
52:Part of
40:. ›
29:template
323:Alawite
119:Injured
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345:, and
258:, and
111:Deaths
89:Target
244:Syria
75:Syria
511:ISBN
355:Post
337:and
327:Hama
240:Hama
234:The
81:Date
71:Hama
431:."
122:600
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165:e
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23:.
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