1985–1987 Watsonville Cannery strike

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function independently of either the IBT or the TDU. Regarding the creation of this group, Gloria Betancourt, one of the rank-and-file union members who was elected to the committee, said, "We didn't trust the union officials anymore. We felt as workers we had to form our own Strike Committee". This strike committee, composed of workers from both plants, handled the day-to-day operations of the strike, which included, among other things, 24-hour picketing and food distribution. The same month that the strike committee was formed, Watsonville Canning presented their final proposal to Local 912. The company offered a base hourly pay of $ 5.05, as well as a preference for the replacement workers over the striking workers. On October 28, 1985, union members voted 800–1 to reject this offer. On November 3, the strike committee called for another rally, which was again attended by about 3,000 supporters. The following month, Local 912 held officer elections in which the more moderate incumbent members of the union were challenged by more militant candidates, including Betancourt, who was the first Mexican women to run for president in the local's history. While several members of this slate were elected, Betancourt lost her bid. King, meanwhile, was not reelected as an officer of the union. This trend of more militant union members winning Local 912 elections continued in next December's elections, though again Betancourt lost her bid for president.

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still significantly lower than the previous industry standard. The agreement affected about 900 union employees of Shaw, who ultimately took a 17 percent pay cut. Additionally, the contract contained language that would allow the company and union to renegotiate wages if Watsonville Canning settled with their employees for a lower rate. According to Chavelo Moreno, a member of the Strike Committee, the agreement set a wage ceiling for industry, which made it more difficult for the Watsonville Canning employees to negotiate a higher rate. In July 1986, union employees at another Watsonville plant accepted a pay rate of $ 5.85 per hour, cementing that as the new industry standard. However, the language of this master agreement that the IBT had with the industry included a "me-too" clause that would not allow Watsonville Canning to undercut this rate. According to Local 912 President Leon Ellis, the local had agreed to the $ 1.21 pay cut after Shaw disclosed their financial information to the union that proved that the company was losing money. The local had also requested that Watsonville Canning disclose their private financial information as part of contract negotiations, but Verduzco stated that the company would only do so if the union paid a $ 500,000 fine. In an interview with the

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Canning were also part of this company. On February 28, 400 strikers elected a new negotiating committee to reach a deal with these new owners, and on Friday, March 6, a tentative agreement had been reached that would see an end to the strike. The deal would set hourly wages at $ 5.85, the industry standard, and was approved by both the negotiating committee and union leadership. However, many union members were opposed to the agreement because it would deny many of them medical benefits that they had had before the strike. Ultimately, the union members voted to wait one week before voting on whether or not to approve the contract. However, with the tentative agreement, the IBT announced that the strike was over, and as a result, they ended strike benefits, locked members who continued to strike out of the union hall, and stated that the union may go into

2067:, that dealt with the lack of Latino representation in Watsonville city politics. The court's decision led to an electoral district system that could better represent the ethnic demographics of the city, and in the following years, several Latinos were elected to city council and other government positions. In 1991, three Latinos were elected to the city council, and Oscar Rios, a union organizer from San Francisco who had moved to Watsonville during the strike, was later elected the city's first Latino mayor. Discussing the link between the strike and the shifting politics, Rios stated, "The strikers helped change the politics in our city and county". In 2017, some of the individuals who had been involved in the strike gathered at the Watsonville Public Library to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the strike. 1782: 1356:, "the bosses allowed the union officials a good deal of personal power, as long as they refrained from challenging the employer's prerogatives in production or encouraging workers to organize themselves". Some of the union leaders would socialize and play poker with cannery officials, and Richard King, who served as the secretary-treasurer for several years before becoming the local's president in 1967, was the father-in-law of a business partner at Richard A. Shaw. As the head of the local, he was generally uninvolved in union activities, rarely attending union meetings, and some rank and file union members were critical of his accommodationist approach to labor-management relations. 1976: 1019:. Around that same time, changes in the food processing industry caused the Watsonville plants to become less profitable, and in 1982, Watsonville Canning (the single-largest frozen food processor in the United States) negotiated an hourly wage decrease for their union employees from $ 7.06 to $ 6.66. In 1985, their labor contract had expired, and Watsonville Canning began pushing for further wage and employee benefits reductions. Richard A. Shaw Inc., another major food processing company in the city, similarly began requesting wage and benefits reductions, which were opposed by the 2005:

industry standard of $ 5.85, although an incentive pay plan could raise their hourly wages up to $ 6.61. Additionally, the contract allowed for negotiations on economic terms to start again in February 1988 and 1989. In celebration of the end of the strike, union members held a parade down Watsonville's Main Street. However, due to the wage reduction, many of the strikers viewed the outcome less as an outright victory and more as a compromise. According to Betancourt, "It was not what we wanted, but it was still a victory".

1542:. According to academic Margie Brown-Coronel, the strike was not only to oppose the company's wage decreases and benefits reductions, but "also ... to protest lack of leadership and support required of the Teamsters Union". The strike was somewhat unique in that rank and file members initiated the action, which was then supported by the international union. Meanwhile, other food processors in the area agreed to extend their $ 7.06 agreements with the union for another year in order to see the outcome of the labor dispute. 2187:, "the reported number of striking workers varied widely". Several sources state that the strike affected about 1,000 workers. However, this figure may only apply to workers from Watsonville Canning, as several sources report that that company employed about 1,000 people, while one source states that about 900 employees from Shaw went on strike. Other figures for the number of strikers involved include 1,100; 1,500; 1,600; 1,700; and 2,000. According to one source, the strike "at its height" involved about 1,700 workers. 1679:(TDU), a group within the IBT that had been formed in the 1970s with the intent to challenge the conservative old guard and push for more militant union with more of an emphasis on rank-and-file leadership. The TDU had become involved in Local 912 activities in the early 1980s when it campaigned for union meetings to be held in both English and Spanish Some TDU members in Local 912 were active in pushing for a strike in mid-1985, and at the start of the strike, the TDU chapter in Watsonville attempted to fill the 1446:

that the company was near bankruptcy and the cuts would allow the company to remain profitable. Additionally, the company agreed to restore the wages if business improved. The cuts gave Watsonville Canning a competitive edge over the other food processing plants in Watsonville, with the company seeing a five percent increase in business during 1985. Soon after these changes were implemented at Watsonville Canning, other food processors began requesting similar wage decreases from the union.

1112: 1894: 1518:, stated that the company had recently hired an anti-union law firm and, on their advice, were attempting to provoke a strike, hire permanent replacements, and decertify the union in a government-administered decertification election that would involve voting from those permanent replacements. Speaking about the policy changes and wage reductions, King said, "The companies are trying to break the union here and send us back into the 1950's". 935: 5580: 1773: 1728:" (the Spanish word for "scab"). Some violent outbreaks occurred in the first few months of the strike, including attacks on strikebreakers. Some of the strikebreakers' cars were vandalized, and strikebreakers used sand-filled socks to bust out the windows on the buses that carried the strikebreakers to and from the plants. Additionally, one striker was arrested for attempting to throw a 1015:, and by the mid-1900s, it had branded itself as the "frozen food capital of the world", with eight frozen food processing plants in the city. These plants were in an industry-wide labor contract with IBT Local 912, who represented several thousand employees in the city. By the 1980s, due to an increase in migration from Mexico, a large number of these food processing workers were 1420:, between 1983 and 1984, foreign imports of broccoli and cauliflower increased from 33 million lb (15 million kg) to 65 million lb (29 million kg) and 21 million lb (9.5 million kg) to 31 million lb (14 million kg), respectively. In addition to increased competition, the time period saw a change in 1881:. In May 1986, the IBT voted to pressure Wells Fargo, allowing Local 912 to campaign for northern California labor unions and groups to withdraw their funds from Wells Fargo if the strike did not end on terms favorable to the union. Despite this vote, the international union did little in active campaigning against Wells Fargo, and that same month, the IBT voted to "undertake 5604: 1593:, which decreased the number of pickets legally allowed around the property. Additionally, the company did not allow strikers to come into the plant to pick up their last paycheck, instead mailing it to them. On September 20, about 17 students from Watsonville High School were arrested after joining with picketers near the plant, and in the immediate aftermath, police in 1068:, but failed, and subsequently the company (which had taken on a large debt during this time) declared bankruptcy, with the plant being sold. A tentative contract was reached with the new owners in March 1987 that set wages to the industry standard but contained cuts to medical benefits. While the IBT declared the strike over, several workers continued the dispute as a 1917:

to return to Watsonville to vote against decertification. Console, meanwhile, hired additional strikebreakers, sometimes doubling the number of workers on a line and hiring many for four-hour shifts in order to bolster the non-union vote. In a narrow election, the union members won out over the non-union employees, with the decertification effort failing in a 914–848.

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the United States. Watsonville Canning, the larger of the two, was the largest frozen food processing company in the United States. It employed about 5,000 people and processed roughly half of the United States's supply of frozen vegetables. The company, which by the 1980s was owned by Watsonville native Mort Console, produced frozen vegetables for

388: 1836:, which was followed by a rally in Watsonville. Regarding the relationship-building with other striking workers, Betancourt stated, "we learned from them, what they did, what worked and didn't". On June 29, the Strike Committee held another large rally in Watsonville that drew over 4,000 attendees, with a significant number of supporters from 1326:, the FTA was expelled from the CIO, leading to the IBT becoming the dominant union in the industry. The IBT worked closely with business interests to create "sweetheart" contracts that were generally favorable to the companies, and in 1949, Edward T. Console, owner of Watsonville Canning, signed the first 1987:

to protest the lack of medical benefits. The next day, the new plant owners stated that seniority rights would be revoked for any employees not reporting to work that Monday, March 9. On March 9, several hundred strikers protested outside the plant, demanding a reinstatement of medical benefits. Only

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Local 912. A vote was scheduled that would include both striking union members and non-striking workers to decide whether Local 912 would continue to represent the workforce at Watsonville Canning. Local 912 began gathering union members, including those who had moved as far away as Texas and Mexico,

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In February 1986, after several months on strike, the workers from Richard A. Shaw settled with that company, ending their strike on February 14. As part of the agreement, the workers accepted an hourly pay rate of $ 5.85, which, while higher than the $ 5.05 Shaw had proposed prior to the strike, was

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In the aftermath of this, Wells Fargo sold the company, and new ownership of the plant was established in February 1987. The owner of this new company, named Norcal Frozen Foods, was a grower who was owed $ 5 million from Watsonville Canning, and 18 other growers who were owed money from Watsonville

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of $ 55. Strikers continued to pay union dues for the duration of the strike (which was equal to about twice what the workers earned in an hour of work), and the pay was a significant decrease from the $ 250 that most workers received in weekly pay. In addition to the lost income, strikers also lost

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against the strikers, which he granted at 8 p.m. that day, within 15 hours of the start of the strike. As part of the restraining order, there could be no more than four pickets within 20 feet (6.1 m) of each of Watsonville Canning's eight gates, pickets could not be within 10 feet (3.0 m)

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was held, with the local priest urging the strikers to continue the protest until their medical benefits were part of the contract. The pilgrimage was a tactic that had been used by UFW members during a strike about 15 years earlier. Later that night, contract negotiations between Local 912 and the

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announced that they were opening an investigation into Watsonville Canning. By this point, Wells Fargo had loaned the company $ 23 million, and Watsonville Canning owed the bank $ 18 million, in addition to $ 7 million it owed to its growers. In December 1986, saddled with this debt, Console closed

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Following the failed decertification vote, Console's financial situation deteriorated, and Watsonville Canning closed for 11 days before reopening with funding from a new $ 930,000 loan from Wells Fargo. By this point, Console was in excess of $ 30 million in debt. After this loan was approved, the

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increased during that time. Several homes were firebombed, and two fires at properties owned by Watsonville Canning resulted in about $ 1 million in damages. In total, four instances of arson resulted in damages of about $ 2 million. Despite this, no major injuries were reported from strike-related

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In 1952, with assistance from the owners of Watsonville Canning, IBT Local 912 was organized in Watsonville to represent cannery workers in the city, and by 1986, they represented almost all of the roughly 4,000 food processing workers in Watsonville. By the mid-1990s, roughly one out of every four

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during the strike, was elected as the city's first Latino mayor several years later, stating, "The strikers helped change the politics in our city and county". However, in the years following the strike, most of the major food processors relocated from the city, with only one frozen food plant left

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Sources vary considerably on the proposed wage reductions made by Watsonville Canning, with sources giving proposed hourly wages of $ 5.05, $ 4.75, $ 4.65, $ 4.45, and $ 4.25. Some sources expressed the wage decreases as a percentage of the workers' initial pay, with values of "almost 30 percent",

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composed of former strikers brought back on a seniority basis. While the owners of the plant provided their own produce for processing, other growers who had previously operated with Watsonville Canning had made deals with other plants during the strike, decreasing the overall output of the plant.

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by renegotiating labor contracts with Local 912. In 1982, Watsonville Canning negotiated an agreement with Local 912 wherein they would reduce their hourly wages from the industry standard of $ 7.06 to $ 6.66. The company argued that the pay cut was necessary due to a decline in business, claiming

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By the mid-1980s, the city's industry was dominated by two firms in particular: the Watsonville Canning Company and Richard A. Shaw Inc. Together, these two companies accounted for about 80 percent of Watsonville's frozen food output. These two firms were also the largest frozen food processors in

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noted it as one of the few exceptions to the trend of strike failures, and several sources noted that the solidarity of the strikers was crucial to the strike's victory. As multiple sources have noted, none of the strikers crossed the picket line for the duration of the strike. The strike is also

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On March 11, a new contract that preserved the workers' medical benefits was ratified, passing in a vote of 543–21. In addition to the medical benefits, the three-year contract workers maintained their seniority rights and received strike amnesty. With regards to pay, the workers accepted the new

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helped support many workers for the duration of the strike, and the strike received significant support from the local Mexican-American community. In several cases, strikers received extended credit from local grocers, and some had their rent payments delayed. Some supporters saw the strike as an

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On October 6, the Watsonville TDU helped to organize a "Solidarity Day" rally in Watsonville that included a march to the Watsonville Canning plant, with about 3,000 supporters participating. Several days later, on October 15, about 400 strikers met to elect their own Strike Committee that would

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Around the same time, Shaw also left the industry-wide agreement and began pushing for terms similar to what Watsonville Canning had. Shaw proposed a base hourly pay reduction from $ 7.06 to $ 6.66, with new hires earning $ 4.43 per hour. Additionally, the company was pushing for 25 takeaways in

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of Watsonville Canning products. In July 1986, Chavez met with strikers in Watsonville and pushed for a boycott against Wells Fargo. The Strike Committee's decision to meet with Chavez was against the wishes of the IBT, who were opposed to the UFW and had competed directly against that union in

1699:. For roughly the first two months of the strike, the plants operated with about 80 to 100 strikebreakers, whereas before the strike these plants operated with between 1,000 and 2,000 employees. As a result, the plants operated at a reduced production level. Through the strike, there was a high 1459:

that would see existing employees maintain their $ 6.66 hourly pay, while new hires would start at a base pay of $ 4.25. However, the union members voted to reject this proposal in August and instead requested that wages be restored to the original $ 7.06 rate. With the contract expired by this

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coverage from the local and the bureaucratic and parliamentarian nature of the meetings. Despite these issues, the local had managed to negotiate some of the highest wages for food processing workers in the country, with a base hourly pay up to $ 7.05 for most workers and up to $ 12 for machine

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of classes, demanding that more Latino teachers and employees be hired by the school. By 1985, the mayor, fire chief and police chief were all white, and only one member of the city council was Latino. Additionally, Watsonville Canning was white-owned. Regarding the economic disparities between

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In 1985, about 70 percent of Local 912's membership was Latino, and more Latinos voted in Teamsters elections than they did in municipal elections. However, the local was dominated by white Americans who were largely disconnected from these members' concerns. Union meetings were held only in

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The food processing workers began their strike on September 9, 1985. At 5 a.m. that Monday, union members met at the union hall and were given picket signs and sent to the gates of the two frozen food plants. At Watsonville Canning, the strikers formed a picket line that stretched for eight

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were supportive of the strikers, viewing the labor dispute as part of a larger struggle for civil rights for Latinos in the United States. Additional support came from organized labor activists in both northern California and nationwide, and the strike was characterized by its militancy and

1399:" on the processing of certain vegetables. However, the mid-197s through the 1980s saw a continuous decline in both employment and union membership. This was due primarily to increased competition in the food processing industry from firms outside of Watsonville. Primarily, imports from 1330:

between a Watsonville food processing company and the IBT, setting a wage pattern for the city's industry as a whole. Under these industry-wide agreements, the Watsonville canneries would pay the same wages and offer the same benefits. Due in large part to these favorable contracts and

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this food instead of canning, and soon the city was home to eight frozen food plants, earning it the nickname of the "frozen food capital of the world". By 1986, the city, with a population of about 27,000, was processing about 40 percent of the frozen broccoli, Brussels sprouts,

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in early 1985, this decision was postponed until peak season in order to most affect the companies. The following day, an informal group was organized amongst the union members to create a rudimentary plan for the strike, and Watsonville Canning and Richard A. Shaw were served

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called the event "one of the most important strikes against concessions" during that time. Moody also listed the strike as one of the decade's largest, occurring during a time when strikes were becoming more uncommon, but the length of strikes was increasing. Labor historian

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became involved, and by September, the company implemented a base hourly pay for existing employees of $ 4.75, with new hires earning $ 4.25. Additionally, the company took away 54 employee benefit items, including a reduction in healthcare, vacation benefits, and an end to

1639:, Mike Herald, the head of a group of several community churches that provided charitable services to the strikers, expressed this opinion, saying, "The city’s white power structure has lined up on one side and the strikers on the other". Within the first few weeks, two 1474:, as well as the firing of about 25 employees, many of whom had worked for the company for several years, for failing to meet these new standards. As part of these speedup policies, workers on the line were forbidden from using the restroom outside of their scheduled 1469:

automatically being pulled from employees' paychecks. In addition, Watsonville Canning instituted an increase in production quotas for broccoli processing, which was in violation of an agreement the company had with the union. The changes resulted in an increase in

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Around mid-1986, Local 912 began to focus its attention on Wells Fargo for its role as a major financial backer of Watsonville Canning. This idea to put pressure on Wells Fargo had initially been proposed in November 1985 by UFW president and civil rights activist

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also contributed to organizing the strike. On February 14, 1986, Shaw and Local 912 agreed to an hourly wage of $ 5.85, which soon became the industry standard. However, the strike continued against Watsonville Canning through 1986. In August, the company tried to

2051:. Within ten years of the strike, five of the city's eight frozen food plants had relocated, and by 2000, the former "frozen food capital of the world" was home to only one frozen food plant that employed about 400 people. As a result of the plant closures, the 1580:, with many in the department working twelve-hour shifts to ensure that at least twelve officers were at the scene of the picketing at all times. By 1 a.m. on September 10, the police had cleared the area around Watsonville Canning, and they issued their first 2115:

and the 1938 pecan shellers' strike in San Antonio. Speaking further of the relation between this strike and older strikes, labor historian Myrna Cherkoss Donahoe compared the militant nature of the rank-and-file Watsonville strikers to those of the

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Norcal Frozen Foods ultimately went out of business, and several hundred jobs were lost. In the years following the strike, more food processing plants in the city closed, with many of the companies relocating their operations to Mexico. In 1991,

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point, Watsonville Canning implemented this proposal as negotiations continued. Throughout negotiations, the company submitted 22 different offers, all of which containing rollbacks that would decrease wages and benefits. During negotiations, the

1525:. However, on Friday, September 6, at a meeting of 200 union members at the union hall, the union decided that a strike would commence. By this point, the workers had been without a contract for three months. While some workers had considered a 1926:

Strike Committee began to push for the IBT to withdraw all their assets from Wells Fargo and began pushing for other IBT members to cancel their Wells Fargo accounts. However, while the IBT was unwilling to do this, the Chicano activist group

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In total, the IBT spent roughly $ 5 million in strike benefits over the course of the strike. According to municipal officials, the strike cost the city government about $ 1 million in police overtime and lost sales. A 1986 article from the

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of each other, and only people going to work at the plant could congregate within 100 yards (91 m) of the plant. The restraining order significantly hampered the effectiveness of the strike, with each plant limited to only 60 pickets.

1433:, in the years leading up to 1985, "the global restructuring of agriculture ... prompted local farmers and processors to expand acreage in Mexico, grow new crops locally for the fresh market, and downsize food processing in Watsonville". 6434: 1588:

with a picket sign. By October, the police had arrested several strikers for violations of the restraining order. In an effort to further reduce the size of the picketing, Watsonville Canning replaced several of their gates with

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In early 1985, the union and Watsonville Canning entered into negotiations for a new labor contract, with the existing contract, including the wage reduction agreement, set to expire that June. The company proposed a

6538: 1759:, he said, "I don’t trust those hoodlums; they want to run this company out of business. We are a privately held corporation. Our financial statements are our financial statements; they don’t belong to the people". 1560:, while at Shaw, the line was a third of a mile long. Many of the picket signs were written in both English and Spanish, and many of the strikers brought their children with them. In response to the picketing, the 1295: 1992:, with more than 20 women and several men walking on their knees for four city blocks. The procession, which ended at St. Patrick's Catholic Church over 1 mile (1.6 km) from the plant, included prayers to 1538:. The strike would be Watsonville's first in 37 years. The strike would target both Watsonville Canning and Richard A. Shaw, affecting over 1,000 workers. Of these workers, about 85 percent were Latina, many 1428:

options. Between 1975 and 1983, over a dozen major canneries in California closed, leading to roughly 15,000 lost jobs, with only about 19,000 workers remaining in California canneries. According to academic

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such as Texas had seen a noted growth. This growth was primarily due to lower labor costs, as in the mid-1980s, the average Texas food processing worker had an hourly wage of $ 3.36, while in Mexico and some

1508:, union officials stated that the speedups and policy changes made during mid-1985 were intended to force a strike in sentiments that were echoed by Charles Craypo, head of the economics department at the 1318:(IBT) began to also organize workers in California, often in direct competition to union efforts from the FTA. The IBT's organization efforts were aided by the California Processors and Growers (CPG), an 2023:

stated that the strike had "devastated" Watsonville, highlighting the increased rates of violence and the impact on the local economy. That same article states that Watsonville had seen an uptick in

3133:, p. 220, "Watsonville's IBT Local 912 was formed in 1952 with the assistance of Watsonville Canning's owners, the Console family, and operated for all intents and purposes as a company union". 5636: 2111:

called the strike "one of the most important recent episodes in Chicana labor history", and it is seen as one of the major strikes in the American southwest that was led by Chicanos, alongside the

168: 1860:. While the IBT had been reluctant to allow Jackson to speak, the Strike Committee was in full support. Jackson was one of the most vocal national advocates for the strikers, and members of his 1389:

In 1973, Local 912 membership peaked at about 7,000 members, with peak season employment in the Watsonville canneries reaching about 10,000. During this time, California held what an article in

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These figures are given in several sources. Additionally, several sources state an hourly wage decrease of 40 cents. However, one source states that the wage decrease was from $ 7.75 to $ 6.66.

1824:, about the similarities between the two strikes. In addition to the Hormel strikers, Local 912 also tried to forge connections with other striking workers across the United States, including 1461: 5195: 1222:

population. Through the 1980s and 1990s, the city grew at an annual rate of about 38 percent, due in large part to Latino immigration, and many during this time were able to rise into the

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among the replacement workers, with many working only a few weeks before quitting. However, by September 1986, Watsonville Canning had about 900 replacement workers in their employment.

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employee benefits. As it became apparent that an agreement between Local 912 and both Watsonville Canning and Shaw was unlikely to be reached, the companies began preparing for possible

6558: 3145:, p. 446, "Similar to many Teamster locals, Local 912 was controlled by a corrupt leadership and not responsive to the needs of the workforce, especially immigrants and women". 6387: 912: 4638: 1075:

Labor historians note the significance of the strike as one of the few successful strikes in the United States during the 1980s, compared to other strikes of the time such as the

1291: 951: 6198: 802: 1512:, who said, "Companies today are taking the offensive, doing things to weaken unions and sometimes forcing them into strikes that they can’t win". Don McIntosh, editor of the 1372:. Additionally, while women made up the majority of Local 912 membership, they were not represented on the local leadership, and few attended union meetings due to a lack of 2092:. However, unlike many of the other long labor strikes that occurred during this time, the Watsonville strike was one of the only successful ones, with an article in the 1930:

began their own boycott of Wells Fargo, and in January 1987, eight Wells Fargo branches in northern California were targeted in a series of rallies, including one in the

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By this time, many of the strikers had taken on other jobs to support themselves, and some left Watsonville altogether. In August 1986, Console filed a petition with the

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Police accompanied the strikebreakers to and from the plants, as picketers would often intimidate them, sometimes spitting in their direction and yelling that they were "

6568: 5629: 5300:(2002). "Engendering Transnationalism in Food Processing: Peripheral Vision on Both Sides of the U.S.–Mexican Border". In Vélez-Ibáñez, Carlos G.; Sampaio, Anna (eds.). 161: 6464: 5730: 4696: 4945: 1299: 236: 6296: 1521:

In comparison to Watsonville Canning, Local 912 was unprepared for a strike. Leaders within the local were generally opposed to a strike, and the local lacked a

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Flores, William V. (1997). "Mujeres en Huelga: Cultural Citizenship and Gender Empowerment in a Cannery Strike". In Flores, William V.; Benmayor, Rina (eds.).

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a few dozen actually reported for work that day, effectively keeping the plant out of operation. The next day, the protesters outside of the plant began a

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reported that the pay decreases were approximately equal to a 30 perecent decrease for production workers and a 60 percent decrease for skilled workers.

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representing agricultural businesses in the state, who supported the comparatively conservative IBT over the FTA. In 1950, following the passage of the

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Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Domestic Marketing, Consumer Relations, and Nutrition of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives

1214:, to work in the Pajaro Valley. Watsonville's food processing industry provided many of these immigrants with more stable employment than that of 917: 484: 291: 4764: 2214:

Sources differ slightly, with one source stating he declined to run for reelection, one stating that he retired, and another stating he resigned.

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were well-represented. In a further show of solidarity among labor unions, on April 12, a representative of Local 912 spoke at a union rally in

1206:. However, as the agricultural industry in the region grew through the 1900s, more Mexican immigrants came to the area to find work through the 958: 6281: 5917: 1652: 1315: 1303: 1043: 1001: 887: 727: 261: 119: 6593: 6583: 6449: 6382: 5559: 5496: 5468: 5443: 5407: 5379: 5351: 5315: 5287: 5259: 5234: 5143: 5110: 5055: 5022: 4994: 4935: 4906: 4881: 4853: 4803: 4617: 4589: 4522: 4493: 4438: 4406: 4377: 4299: 4271: 4250: 907: 579: 6459: 5164: 4546: 2117: 1979:

On March 9, several strikers walked on their knees from the plant to St. Patrick's Catholic Church to protest the lack of medical benefits.

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rank-and-file leadership. The strikers elected their own Strike Committee that managed the overall daily operations of the strike, and the

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in the strike leadership. The TDU also pushed for weekly strike meetings and attempted to raise the weekly strike pay from $ 55 to $ 100.

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that lasted for about a week before the company agreed to include medical benefits, with the strike finally coming to an end on March 11.

1482:" on the workers. In defending the policy changes, Smiley Verduzco, an executive at Watsonville Canning, stated that there had been work 1149:

regions (which by the 1960s were responsible for about 80 percent of vegetable production in the United States), Watsonville was a major

6205: 6053: 4628: 2048: 2035:. With a reduced income, many of the strikers saw their savings decline significantly, and some permanently relocated from Watsonville. 1865: 809: 634: 4313: 6300: 6174: 5889: 2112: 1597:

dispersed the crowd that had gathered to protest the arrests. Around the same time, Judge Kelsay upgraded the restraining order to an

1076: 699: 584: 6314: 5533: 295: 273: 199: 6598: 6444: 6233: 1931: 1864:

participated in picketing and other forms of support for the strike. In 1988, Betancourt served as a delegate for Jackson at the

1676: 1565: 1060: 837: 454: 6212: 5956: 5518: 5272:(1997). "The Tables are Turned: Immigration, Poverty, and Social Conflict in California Communities". In Perea, Juan F. (ed.). 1845: 1134: 816: 761: 311: 305: 5435: 5226: 4430: 1909: 4714: 1732:

at one of these buses. During the strike, three cars that were owned by company executives were destroyed, and instances of

1695:

shortly after the strike began. These workers were paid slightly over $ 5 per hour, with no employee benefits or guaranteed

4963: 6454: 6407: 6361: 6159: 5863: 4599: 4541: 4536: 2170: 2047:

relocated their facilities from Watsonville to Mexico, and more companies moved during the 1990s after the passage of the

644: 324: 299: 5570: 2107:

seen as an important moment in the history of Latino relations in the United States. A 1996 book co-written by economist

5828: 5514: 1975: 1805: 1619: 1311: 654: 377: 1821: 1080: 102:

Union and companies agreed to new industry-wide labor contract that preserved employee benefits, but included wage cuts

6518: 6513: 6508: 6347: 5843: 5488: 5371: 4787: 4692: 4654: 4235:

Adams, Florence (2000). "The Beginning of the Push from At-Large to Single-Member Districts: Watsonville and Pomona".

1963:

if strike activities did not cease. Without IBT approval, the members of Local 912 continued their labor dispute as a

1853: 609: 434: 5735: 5120:

Takash, Paule Cruz (1997). "Breaking Barriers to Representation: Chicana/Latina Elected Officials in California". In

494: 2075:

The strike is noted for being one of the largest and most important in the United States during the 1980s. Academic

4827: 4676: 4633: 1319: 1275: 1093:". In Watsonville, the strike coincided with increased political activity from the Latino community. Oscar Rios, a 279: 267: 5066: 1226:. By the 1980s, Latinos made up a majority of the city's population, making it the first California city north of 6439: 6048: 5793: 5431:

Cannery Women, Cannery Lives: Mexican Women, Unionization, and the California Food Processing Industry, 1930–1950

5279: 5135: 4426: 1012: 614: 479: 285: 248: 2088:

stated that the strike was one of the "most important" strikes of the time, alongside the Hormel strike and the

414: 6375: 6043: 5755: 5551: 5526:

Ybarrolaza, Alex (October 1987). "Letter from Teamsters Local 70 on Advantages of a Cooperative Relationship".

4503:

Donahoe, Myrna Cherkoss (2009). "The Watsonville Cannery Strike, 1985–1987". In Brenner, Aaron; Day, Benjamin;

4398: 1509: 1494:. Watsonville Canning began to stockpile its product during mid-1985, and additionally secured $ 18 million in 1065: 996:, United States. The facilities were owned by Watsonville Canning and Richard A. Shaw Inc., two of the largest 604: 514: 5833: 5788: 5216: 4605:

Latinos in the American Political System: An Encyclopedia of Latinos as Voters, Candidates, and Office Holders

2136:

Multiple sources state that there were eight frozen food plants in Watsonville at the time. However, academic

659: 559: 6129: 5608: 5307: 5039: 5004: 1246: 1122: 993: 469: 429: 45: 1996:

and the leader of the procession chanting, "“As long as God is in Heaven, I will never give up". A special

1008:

912. The strike began on September 9, 1985, and completely ended about 18 months later, on March 11, 1987.

6354: 5978: 5940: 5923: 1813: 1365: 1302:(FTA), were largely responsible for these early efforts and led to large-scale strike actions such as the 1278:. These efforts primarily targeted Latina workers and involved high-ranking Latina labor leaders, such as 733: 599: 589: 4449: 4333: 1210:. Starting in the 1960s, the industry began recruiting female workers, primarily Mexican immigrants from 6543: 6429: 6424: 6247: 6184: 6164: 6033: 5894: 5335: 5092: 4759: 2103: 2094: 1993: 1913: 1857: 1700: 1514: 1085: 851: 788: 704: 489: 424: 356: 212: 6333: 1323: 1111: 4754: 6367: 6240: 6226: 5988: 5935: 5853: 5848: 5760: 5740: 5159: 4818: 2089: 1989: 1833: 1829: 1421: 1327: 939: 844: 830: 750: 619: 574: 519: 499: 6321: 6063: 5858: 5838: 5191: 5186: 2149:

Sources vary slightly on the population, with sources differing between 25,000, 27,000, and 28,000.

1841: 1837: 1656: 1408: 1283: 674: 624: 338: 5398:. Teaching materials by Kathy Emery and Ellen Reeves (Abridged Teaching ed.). New York City: 5047: 1030:

The strike received significant support from the local Latino community, with support coming from

6327: 6191: 6154: 5998: 5813: 5808: 5720: 5689: 5679: 5071: 4982:

St. James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide: Major Events in Labor History and Their Impact

4950: 4701: 4663: 4242: 1939: 1882: 1590: 1391: 1348:

was closely aligned with the local business interests, leading to some researchers calling it a "

1332: 1227: 795: 594: 569: 464: 409: 230: 193: 75: 5154: 4919:

From the Folks Who Brought You the Weekend: An Illustrated History of Labor in the United States

6254: 5983: 5750: 5745: 5649: 5584: 5555: 5492: 5478: 5464: 5439: 5403: 5375: 5364:(2020). "The Watsonville Cannery Strike, 1985–1987". In Berger, Dan; Hobson, Emily K. (eds.). 5347: 5311: 5306:. Latin American Perspectives in the Classroom. With Manolo González-Estay. Lanham, Maryland: 5283: 5255: 5230: 5139: 5106: 5051: 5018: 4990: 4955: 4931: 4902: 4877: 4849: 4799: 4741: 4706: 4668: 4613: 4585: 4550: 4518: 4489: 4454: 4434: 4402: 4373: 4338: 4295: 4267: 4246: 2052: 2024: 1948: 1817: 1581: 1577: 1569: 1561: 1504: 1378: 1331:

conservativeness of the IBT, the food processing industry in California would not see a major

1230:

to hold that distinction. Among frozen food workers in the city, nine out of ten were Latino.

1199: 858: 549: 509: 504: 344: 242: 6548: 6477: 6088: 6078: 6068: 6058: 5945: 5803: 5775: 5669: 5541: 5361: 5339: 5325: 5297: 5269: 5043: 4791: 4321: 2137: 1825: 1729: 1479: 1430: 1413: 1369: 1361: 1219: 1158: 755: 669: 5301: 4980: 2079:

called the strike "one of the most important labor campaigns of the 1980s", while activist

1717:

Gloria Betancourt, a strike leader, discussing instances of violence against strikebreakers

1262:

once referred to Watsonville as "a poor town with a large, struggling migrant population".

5905: 5765: 5725: 5715: 5460: 5251: 5102: 5010:

Brown Is the New White: How the Demographic Revolution Has Created a New American Majority

4986: 4873: 4736: 4485: 4369: 4329: 4291: 1942:" against Watsonville Canning's creditors for the past three months. That same month, the 1643:

were formed to assist the strike, and the strikers began receiving donations from various

1632: 1456: 1234: 1207: 1141:

center by the early 1900s. Due largely to its location near the agriculturally productive

1138: 1094: 989: 715: 524: 474: 459: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 1947:

the plant down for one month. Two months later, Wells Fargo declared that Console was in

5008: 4575: 6134: 6008: 5993: 5212: 5121: 4359: 4309: 4287:

Race, Gender, and Work: A Multi-cultural Economic History of Women in the United States

2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2085: 1997: 1964: 1808:(March 8), another rally was held that drew about 4,000 supporters. Political activist 1585: 1353: 1238: 1146: 1069: 404: 5614: 5545: 4985:. Vol. 2: N–Z. With introductions by Willie Thompson and Daniel Nelson. Detroit: 4917: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2205:

Sources vary on the exact hourly pay rate, with different values of $ 5.05 and $ 5.16.

1576:

Soon after the strike began, the Watsonville City Council increased funding for their

1478:. The changes were ill-received by the union members at large, with one calling it "a 1416:

countries like Guatemala, workers earned only a few dollars per day. According to the

1407:

and Mexico, were entering the United States market, and food processing operations in

1310:(CIO), which had been founded in the 1930s as an alternative to the more conservative 6497: 6219: 6144: 6124: 6028: 6003: 5425: 5399: 5275:

Immigrants Out!: The New Nativism and the Anti-Immigrant Impulse in the United States

5014: 4979:

Paulson, Linda Dailey (2004). "Watsonville Canning Strike". In Schlager, Neil (ed.).

4927: 4504: 4388: 2099: 2039: 1984: 1902: 1809: 1795: 1692: 1640: 1539: 1531: 1491: 1471: 1400: 1349: 1287: 1203: 1142: 1126: 1090: 1055: 823: 85: 5367:

Remaking Radicalism: A Grassroots Documentary Reader of the United States, 1973–2001

5331:

I'm Neither Here nor There: Mexicans' Quotidian Struggles with Migration and Poverty

5225:. With commentary from Merilee S. Grindle (Updated ed.). Berkeley, California: 4731: 4419:(2014). "The 1986 Watsonville Women's Strike: A Case of Mexicana/Chicana Activism". 6149: 6103: 6093: 6018: 6013: 4581: 4532: 4514: 4416: 4281: 2108: 2032: 1878: 1861: 1791: 1696: 1680: 1475: 1442: 1279: 1271: 1223: 1130: 1116: 1051: 1047: 985: 745: 554: 5096: 5035:

Rights Delayed: The American State and the Defeat of Progressive Unions, 1935–1950

1852:, again addressed the crowd, where he drew comparisons between the strike and the 1840:, including members of Chicano organizations, labor activists, and members of the 1772: 1691:

In order to continue operations during the strike, the two companies began hiring

5527: 5506: 5482: 5454: 5429: 5393: 5365: 5329: 5273: 5245: 5220: 5129: 5033: 4892: 4867: 4839: 4813: 4781: 4603: 4508: 4479: 4420: 4392: 4285: 4261: 4236: 2196:

Most sources state the value was $ 55, though one source gives the value as $ 50.

1000:

processors in the United States, while the workers were all union members of the

6023: 5950: 5899: 5596: 5389: 5125: 4898: 4845: 4558: 2044: 1898: 1535: 1522: 1499: 1345: 1215: 1211: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1020: 1005: 997: 709: 224: 6307: 5798: 4475: 4363: 2076: 2028: 1952: 1724: 1610: 1598: 1557: 1466: 1425: 1373: 1259: 664: 564: 419: 5098:

Subterranean Fire: A History of Working-Class Radicalism in the United States

4959: 4745: 4710: 4672: 4554: 2810:, p. 109, "the two largest frozen food companies in the United States"; 6108: 6083: 5547:

Women's Work and Chicano Families: Cannery Workers of the Santa Clara Valley

4923: 4863: 4835: 4629:"Leaders of Hormel Strike Arrested; International Holds Trusteeship Hearing" 4602:; Eldredge, Veronica (2019). "Gómez, Cruz". In Lavariega, Jessica L. (ed.). 2080: 1623: 1594: 1404: 1194:

In 1900, Watsonville had a population of 3,528, of which only 118 were from

1183: 1024: 80: 5879: 5783: 544: 5456:

Song of the Stubborn One Thousand: The Watsonville Canning Strike, 1985-87

5343: 4795: 3814: 3812: 2814:, "two of the largest packers of frozen vegetables in the United States"; 1893: 1832:. The Local 912 strikers held a joint rally with the flight attendants in 6139: 6038: 5694: 5484:

For Labor's Sake: Gains and Pains as Told by 28 Creative Inside Reformers

4609: 4450:"Canning Workers' Bitter Strike Devastates Lives, Economy of Watsonville" 1709: 1564:

and Console, who stated that he "feared for personal safety", requested

1483: 1396: 1154: 1035: 1023:. On September 9, union members from both companies began a strike, with 5603: 4869:

In Solidarity: Essays on Working-Class Organization in the United States

3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 6098: 6073: 5684: 5674: 5664: 5645: 4481:

The Visionary State: A Journey Through California's Spiritual Landscape

4238:

Latinos and Local Representation: Changing Realities, Emerging Theories

3464: 3462: 3460: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 1960: 1886: 1672: 1644: 1534:

that day. On September 8, some members met at the union hall to create

1526: 1364:

and, until the mid-1980s, only one person on the local's leadership, a

1352:" that "was controlled by a corrupt leadership". According to activist 1254: 1250: 1175: 1150: 1115:

Partial view of Watsonville and surrounding agricultural area near the

1031: 1016: 146: 90: 5591: 5247:

Class War, USA: Dispatches from Workers' Struggles in American History

5244:

Weber, Brandon (2018). "The Watsonville, California, Cannery Strike".

1885:" against Watsonville Canning but stopped short of calling for a full 6400: 5962: 5699: 5303:

Transnational Latina/o Communities: Politics, Processes, and Cultures

1983:

In defiance of the IBT, six women, including Betancourt, initiated a

1495: 1441:

Food processing companies in Watsonville responded to these changing

1195: 767: 1296:

United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing, and Allied Workers of America

1274:

began a concerted effort to unionize food processing workers in the

387: 4537:"California Teamsters election tests influence of women, Hispanics" 5182:"Watsonville canning strikers gather for 30th anniversary meeting" 4056: 4054: 1927: 1892: 1733: 1628: 1614:

employee benefits, and few received government assistance such as

639: 4577:

Latino Cultural Citizenship: Claiming Identity, Space, and Rights

2825:, p. 28, "two of the country's largest frozen-food plants"; 2398: 2396: 2394: 1237:

still held most of the economic and political power in the city.

6589:

Labor disputes led by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters

5823: 2055:

in Watsonville remained high compared to the rest of the state.

1812:

gave a speech at this event, and labor activist groups from the

649: 5618: 4026: 4024: 4022: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2829:, "the two largest frozen food companies in the United States". 1011:

The city of Watsonville has historically been a center for the

150: 4429:(20th Anniversary Updated ed.). Albuquerque, New Mexico: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 5529:

U.S. Labor Law and the Future of Labor-Management Cooperation

5507:"Changing Structure of the U.S. Fruit and Vegetable Industry" 3024: 3022: 3020: 6539:

Agriculture and forestry labor disputes in the United States

5481:, ed. (1995). "Part III: Better Use of Better Information". 4732:"Fire Against Ice: California Frozen Food Workers on Strike" 3865: 3863: 1872:

Local 912 targets Wells Fargo and company moves to decertify

1306:. Both the UCAPAWA and the FTA were affiliate unions of the 4133: 4131: 4129: 1631:

assault" on the Latino community, highlighted by the white

4783:

Consuming Mexican Labor: From the Bracero Program to NAFTA

4368:(Revised and Updated ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: 4263:

Viva la Raza: A History of Chicano Identity and Resistance

3343: 3341: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2818:, "two of the largest frozen food companies at the time"; 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 1971:

Hunger strike, religious pilgrimage, and end of the strike

1609:

To make up for the lost wages, strikers received a weekly

1198:. Many of the food processing workers in Watsonville were 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3595: 3593: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3114: 3112: 3099: 3097: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3007: 2974: 2972: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 5215:(2009). "Unions and Latinos: Mutual Transformation". In 4730:

Manning, Caitlin; Michaelson, Louis (Winter 1985–1986).

4041: 4039: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3818: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3559: 3557: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3153: 3151: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2903: 2901: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 1125:

is a city located about 80 miles (130 km) south of

4394:

Latinas in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia

4387:

Brown-Coronel, Margie (2006). "Watsonville Strike". In

2959: 2957: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2433: 2431: 2381: 2379: 2275: 2273: 4608:. Vol. I and II: A–Z. Santa Barbara, California: 3842: 3610: 3608: 3468: 3284: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 1635:

in the majority-Latino city. In an interview with the

1344:

Watsonville residents were members of Local 912. This

1245:

being a major issue. In 1969, some Latino students at

5568: 5517:, 2nd Session (Serial No. 100-73). Washington, D.C.: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 1137:

and European immigrants, the city had become a major

1133:

area. Founded in the mid-1800s by Americans from the

3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3240: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2140:

stated that there were eleven plants in Watsonville.

1921:

Console goes into default, sells Watsonville Canning

1663:(UCSC), also participated in supporting the strike. 57:

Disagreements over the terms of a new labor contract

6417: 6271: 6173: 6117: 5971: 5872: 5774: 5708: 5657: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 1368:who had been appointed by the local in 1968, spoke 1153:location for vegetables grown in the area, such as 106: 98: 69: 61: 53: 40: 30: 25: 5131:Women Transforming Politics: An Alternative Reader 4841:An Injury to All: The Decline of American Unionism 3686: 2819: 2261: 2098:calling it "a rare union victory during an era of 1671:One of the groups involved in the strike were the 1424:away from frozen or canned foods and towards more 1292:Cannery and Agricultural Workers' Industrial Union 1165:. By the 1950s, food processors in the city began 1089:calling it "a rare union victory during an era of 65:Union sought to prevent cuts in wages and benefits 4697:"Packing Plant Strike: Arduous Battle to Survive" 2185:St. James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide 1844:(UFW). Jackson, who by this time was seeking the 6465:List of Mexican-American political organizations 4897:(Revised and Expanded ed.). New York City: 4814:"Strike ends at canning and frozen food company" 4484:. Photographs by Michael Rauner. San Francisco: 4173: 4060: 3754: 2402: 2063:The strike coincided with a federal court case, 1241:against Latinos was common in Watsonville, with 4946:"Concessions at Issue in Strike of Food Plants" 4510:The Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History 1951:on his loans. At this point, in order to avoid 1706: 1300:Food, Tobacco, Agricultural, and Allied Workers 4780:Mize, Ronald L.; Swords, Alicia C. S. (2011). 1712:doesn’t mean you can’t throw rocks at scabs". 1655:. Activists from nearby universities, such as 6559:Food processing industry in the United States 5630: 4422:Massacre of the Dreamers: Essays on Xicanisma 4320:. Introduction by John Speyer. Archived from 4266:(First ed.). Seattle: Red Letter Press. 4217: 4185: 4030: 3766: 3762: 2892: 2600: 1944:California Department of Food and Agriculture 1233:However, despite the change in demographics, 959: 162: 8: 5163:. Additional reporting by Alonso Hernandez. 4894:Youth, Identity, Power: The Chicano Movement 4169: 4111:, "the longest national strike of its time". 3750: 3674: 3432: 2038:After the strike, the plant reopened with a 1850:1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries 1314:(AFL). In the mid-1940s, the AFL-affiliated 1218:, and the city became a center of a growing 36:(1 year, 6 months and 2 days) 6483:Category:American people of Mexican descent 1938:reported that the local had been waging a " 1798:were both vocal supporters of the strikers. 5637: 5623: 5615: 4334:"Ex-Teamster Leader Bolsters Union's Foes" 3830: 1568:Judge William Kelsay to issue a temporary 1462:Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service 966: 952: 368: 169: 155: 147: 22: 5048:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190250294.001.0001 4916:Murolo, Priscilla; Chitty, A. B. (2001). 3803: 3088: 2183:According to Linda Dailey Paulson of the 1820:, which was the site of the then-ongoing 1584:against a striker after someone struck a 6569:History of Santa Cruz County, California 4260:Alaniz, Yolanda; Cornish, Megan (2008). 4205: 4189: 3932: 3770: 3599: 3347: 2742: 2687: 2502: 2437: 2168:"40 percent", and "cut almost in half". 1974: 1955:, Console was forced to sell the plant. 1687:Strikebreakers and instances of violence 1649:League of United Latin American Citizens 1110: 1040:League of United Latin American Citizens 988:that involved over 1,000 workers at two 6435:U.S. communities with Hispanic majority 5819:Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts 5575: 5395:A People's History of the United States 4659:"Eating Patterns Affect Packers Strike" 4462:from the original on September 27, 2020 4193: 4181: 4177: 4161: 4149: 4084: 4072: 3992: 3758: 3713: 3701: 3682: 3678: 3662: 3643: 3391: 3303: 3142: 3118: 3103: 3047: 3028: 2978: 2931: 2865: 2807: 2795: 2670: 2645: 2577: 2546: 2529: 2227: 2129: 1107:Food processing industry in Watsonville 376: 372:This article is part of a series on the 5167:from the original on November 24, 2020 4641:from the original on November 25, 2021 4197: 4096: 4045: 4013: 3969: 3957: 3920: 3869: 3791: 3738: 3693: 3626: 3563: 3480: 3332: 3211: 3182: 3157: 3130: 3059: 3011: 2948: 2919: 2907: 2811: 2385: 2370: 2279: 1890:organizing farm workers in the 1970s. 1653:Mexican American Political Association 1316:International Brotherhood of Teamsters 1304:1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike 1044:Mexican American Political Association 1013:food processing industry in California 1002:International Brotherhood of Teamsters 120:International Brotherhood of Teamsters 6450:List of Hispanic and Latino Americans 5198:from the original on January 22, 2022 5180:Todd, Michael (September 11, 2018) . 4397:. Vol. 1. Bloomington, Indiana: 4346:from the original on January 22, 2022 4201: 4165: 4137: 4120: 4108: 3857:, pp. 518–519, 622–628, 712–716. 3854: 3697: 3548: 3529: 3492: 3451: 3374: 2963: 2815: 2059:Political developments in Watsonville 1437:Wage decreases at Watsonville Canning 1258:Latinos and white Americans, scholar 7: 6564:Hispanic and Latino American history 6460:List of Mexican-American communities 5885:1985–1987 Watsonville Cannery strike 5065:Shapiro, Peter (November 2, 2016a). 4547:Christian Science Publishing Society 4448:Corwin, Miles (September 14, 1986). 3881: 3819:Gutiérrez y Muhs & Eldredge 2019 3614: 3584: 2826: 1661:University of California, Santa Cruz 1418:United States Department of Commerce 1385:Changes in the industry in the 1980s 1308:Congress of Industrial Organizations 982:1985–1987 Watsonville Cannery strike 26:1985–1987 Watsonville Cannery strike 6579:Hunger strikes in the United States 6262:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal. 6206:Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co. 5532:. Vol. Second Interim Report. 5153:Tisbe, Allison (October 20, 2017). 4755:"Song of the Stubborn One Thousand" 4391:; Korrol, Virginia Sánchez (eds.). 2049:North American Free Trade Agreement 1866:1988 Democratic National Convention 866:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal. 810:Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co. 6504:1980s strikes in the United States 3843:Manning & Michaelson 1985–1986 3469:Manning & Michaelson 1985–1986 3285:Manning & Michaelson 1985–1986 2113:Arizona copper mine strike of 1983 1551:Early activities during the strike 1077:Arizona copper mine strike of 1983 1066:decertify the union in an election 34:September 9, 1985 – March 11, 1987 14: 5534:United States Department of Labor 4753:McIntosh, Don (January 3, 2017). 6574:History of the Monterey Bay Area 6054:Mexican-American women's fashion 5602: 5590: 5578: 5079:from the original on May 6, 2021 4954:. October 20, 1985. p. 28. 4767:from the original on May 7, 2021 1932:San Francisco Financial District 1780: 1771: 1677:Teamsters for a Democratic Union 1667:Teamsters for a Democratic Union 1605:Community support for the strike 1566:Santa Cruz County Superior Court 1186:and private supermarket brands. 1061:Teamsters for a Democratic Union 933: 386: 6534:1987 labor disputes and strikes 6529:1986 labor disputes and strikes 6524:1985 labor disputes and strikes 6199:San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez 5519:U.S. Government Printing Office 1846:presidency of the United States 1178:produced in the United States. 1027:commencing shortly thereafter. 803:San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez 485:California agricultural strikes 6554:Economic history of California 5436:University of New Mexico Press 5227:University of California Press 4431:University of New Mexico Press 1910:National Labor Relations Board 1622:. Extended families and local 1290:. Militant unions such as the 1: 5864:Occupation of Catalina Island 5839:Farm workers' rights campaign 4542:The Christian Science Monitor 4284:; Matthaei, Julie A. (1996). 2171:The Christian Science Monitor 1270:Through the 1930s and 1940s, 645:Occupation of Catalina Island 455:1913 El Paso smelters' strike 6594:History of Mexican Americans 6584:Labor disputes in California 5515:100th United States Congress 4290:(Revised ed.). Boston: 4174:Trumpbour & Bernard 2009 4061:Trumpbour & Bernard 2009 3755:Trumpbour & Bernard 2009 2403:Trumpbour & Bernard 2009 2065:Gomez v. City of Watsonville 2031:, as well as an increase in 1335:for the next three decades. 1312:American Federation of Labor 131:Richard A. Shaw Frozen Foods 5489:University Press of America 5434:. Albuquerque, New Mexico: 5372:University of Georgia Press 5219:; Páez, Mariela M. (eds.). 5032:Romney, Charles W. (2016). 4788:University of Toronto Press 4600:Gutiérrez y Muhs, Gabriella 1854:Selma to Montgomery marches 1828:who were on strike against 435:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 134:Watsonville Canning Company 6615: 5334:. Durham, North Carolina: 4891:Muñoz Jr., Carlos (2007). 4828:Bureau of Labor Statistics 4627:Kwik, Phil (May 1, 1986). 1862:National Rainbow Coalition 1750:Shaw settles with strikers 1276:southwestern United States 1038:organizations such as the 6473: 6049:Mexican-American folklore 5829:Plan Espiritual de Aztlán 5280:New York University Press 5222:Latinos: Remaking America 5217:Suárez-Orozco, Marcelo M. 5136:New York University Press 4218:Alaniz & Cornish 2008 4186:Amott & Matthaei 1996 3767:Amott & Matthaei 1996 2601:Amott & Matthaei 1996 2071:Later analysis and legacy 1806:International Women's Day 655:Plan Espiritual de Aztlán 480:Cantaloupe strike of 1928 237:northern Minnesota lumber 184: 111: 6044:Mexican-American cuisine 5552:Cornell University Press 5453:Shapiro, Peter (2016b). 5308:Rowman & Littlefield 4399:Indiana University Press 4170:Murolo & Chitty 2001 3751:Murolo & Chitty 2001 3675:Murolo & Chitty 2001 3433:Murolo & Chitty 2001 1510:University of Notre Dame 1502:. In an article for the 940:United States portal 695:1985–1987 cannery strike 6599:Watsonville, California 6234:Flores-Figueroa v. U.S. 6130:Coyolxauhqui imperative 5040:Oxford University Press 1822:1985–1986 Hormel strike 1790:Civil rights activists 1320:employers' organization 1247:Watsonville High School 1081:1985–1986 Hormel strike 994:Watsonville, California 838:Flores-Figueroa v. U.S. 292:California agricultural 46:Watsonville, California 16:California labor action 6213:U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce 5979:Anti-Mexican sentiment 5941:Killing of Adam Toledo 5924:Great American Boycott 5794:Centro de Arte Público 5124:; Jones, Kathleen B.; 4427:Clarissa Pinkola Estés 4332:(September 10, 1986). 3831:Mize & Swords 2011 2120:strikes of the 1930s. 2102:". Political activist 1980: 1905: 1814:San Francisco Bay Area 1714: 1486:prior to the changes. 1243:housing discrimination 1119: 817:U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce 734:Great American Boycott 615:Las Adelitas de Aztlán 585:Conferencia de Mujeres 274:Vacaville tree pruners 6248:Mendez v. Westminster 6185:Botiller v. Dominguez 6165:Youth control complex 6034:Estrada Courts murals 5895:2019 El Paso shooting 5873:Post-Chicano Movement 5834:Plan de Santa Bárbara 5789:Católicos por La Raza 5344:10.1515/9780822394259 5336:Duke University Press 4796:10.3138/9781442601598 4760:Northwest Labor Press 4561:on September 15, 2015 4535:(December 10, 1985). 4314:"The Workers, United" 2095:Northwest Labor Press 2014:Impact in Watsonville 1994:Our Lady of Guadalupe 1978: 1897:The headquarters for 1896: 1858:civil rights movement 1708:"Just because you’re 1515:Northwest Labor Press 1450:Contract negotiations 1114: 1098:in the city by 2000. 1086:Northwest Labor Press 852:Mendez v. Westminster 789:Botiller v. Dominguez 705:2019 El Paso shooting 688:Post-Chicano Movement 660:Plan de Santa Bárbara 560:Católicos por La Raza 490:Citrus Strike of 1936 425:San Elizario Salt War 398:Early-American period 380:and Mexican Americans 331:Puget Sound fishermen 6241:Leal Garcia v. Texas 5936:Justice for Janitors 5854:Los Siete de la Raza 5849:Colegio César Chávez 5741:Mexican Repatriation 5709:Pre-Chicano Movement 5550:. Ithaca, New York: 5487:. Lanham, Maryland: 5374:. pp. 109–111. 5310:. pp. 225–246. 5282:. pp. 136–162. 5229:. pp. 126–149. 5160:City on a Hill Press 5138:. pp. 412–434. 4989:. pp. 410–413. 4966:on November 21, 2017 4819:Monthly Labor Review 4695:(January 27, 1987). 4612:. pp. 208–210. 4584:. pp. 210–254. 4517:. pp. 444–448. 4513:. Armonk, New York: 4401:. pp. 805–806. 3242:Monthly Labor Review 2090:Pittston Coal strike 2009:Aftermath and legacy 1990:religious procession 1934:. By September, the 1834:San Jose, California 1830:Trans World Airlines 1546:Course of the strike 1457:two-tier wage system 1422:consumer preferences 1409:right-to-work states 845:Leal Garcia v. Texas 751:Justice for Janitors 620:Los Siete de la Raza 575:Colegio César Chávez 500:Mexican Repatriation 415:Mexican–American War 178:Agricultural strikes 6064:New Mexican cuisine 5890:1992 Drywall Strike 5859:Los Seis de Boulder 5844:Land grant struggle 5761:Sleepy Lagoon trial 5536:. pp. 104–105. 5370:. Athens, Georgia: 5192:Digital First Media 5187:Santa Cruz Sentinel 4922:. Illustrations by 4717:on November 2, 2017 4657:(January 1, 1986). 4324:on August 18, 2021. 4140:, pp. 249–250. 4099:, pp. 417–419. 3972:, pp. 228–229. 3872:, pp. 418–419. 3716:, pp. 109–110. 3483:, pp. 224–225. 3031:, pp. 444–445. 2934:, pp. 227–228. 2922:, pp. 214–215. 2027:cases and rates of 1842:United Farm Workers 1838:northern California 1657:Stanford University 1647:groups such as the 1618:and other forms of 1403:countries, such as 1298:(UCAPAWA), and the 1284:Manuela Solis Sager 1190:Latinos in the area 781:Supreme Court cases 700:1992 Drywall Strike 675:United Farm Workers 625:Los Seis de Boulder 610:Land grant struggle 600:Hijas de Cuauhtémoc 520:Sleepy Lagoon trial 378:History of Chicanos 351:Watsonville Cannery 268:Santa Clara cannery 249:Imperial cantaloupe 6519:1987 in California 6514:1986 in California 6509:1985 in California 6272:By city and region 6192:Hernandez v. Texas 6155:Spiritual activism 5999:Chicano literature 5814:Chicano Moratorium 5721:Bisbee Deportation 5491:. pp. 55–81. 5479:Shostak, Arthur B. 5155:"Leaving a Legacy" 4951:The New York Times 4702:The New York Times 4664:The New York Times 4433:. pp. 39–64. 4243:Garland Publishing 4031:Brown-Coronel 2006 3763:Brown-Coronel 2006 3688:The New York Times 2893:Brown-Coronel 2006 2821:The New York Times 2263:The New York Times 1981: 1940:corporate campaign 1906: 1883:economic sanctions 1591:chain-link fencing 1395:called a "virtual 1392:The New York Times 1333:industrial dispute 1120: 796:Hernandez v. Texas 595:East L.A. walkouts 570:Chicano Moratorium 465:Bisbee Deportation 410:Las Gorras Blancas 296:Santa Clara cherry 76:Corporate campaign 6491: 6490: 6440:Mexican Americans 6388:Dallas–Fort Worth 6255:Bernal v. Fainter 6227:Medellín v. Texas 5756:Porvenir Massacre 5751:Plan de San Diego 5746:Operation Wetback 5561:978-1-5017-2005-5 5542:Zavella, Patricia 5498:978-0-8191-9775-7 5470:978-1-60846-749-5 5445:978-0-8263-2469-6 5409:978-1-56584-826-9 5381:978-0-8203-5727-0 5362:Zavella, Patricia 5353:978-0-8223-5035-4 5326:Zavella, Patricia 5317:978-0-7425-1702-8 5298:Zavella, Patricia 5289:978-0-8147-6642-2 5278:. New York City: 5270:Zavella, Patricia 5261:978-1-60846-871-3 5236:978-0-520-25827-3 5211:Trumpbour, John; 5145:978-0-8147-1558-1 5134:. New York City: 5112:978-1-60846-918-5 5067:"Nothing to Lose" 5057:978-0-19-025029-4 5024:978-1-62097-325-7 5013:. New York City: 4996:978-1-55862-561-7 4937:978-1-62097-449-0 4926:. New York City: 4908:978-1-84467-142-7 4883:978-1-60846-458-6 4855:978-1-78478-783-7 4844:. New York City: 4805:978-1-4426-0157-4 4619:978-1-4408-5347-0 4591:978-0-8070-4635-7 4524:978-1-317-45707-7 4495:978-0-8118-4835-0 4455:Los Angeles Times 4440:978-0-8263-5359-7 4408:978-0-253-11169-2 4379:978-1-62963-808-9 4339:Los Angeles Times 4301:978-0-89608-537-4 4273:978-0-932323-28-6 4252:978-1-317-77629-1 4241:. New York City: 2053:unemployment rate 2025:domestic violence 2021:Los Angeles Times 2001:company resumed. 1936:Los Angeles Times 1826:flight attendants 1818:Austin, Minnesota 1757:Los Angeles Times 1637:Los Angeles Times 1578:police department 1570:restraining order 1562:district attorney 1505:Los Angeles Times 1379:employee benefits 976: 975: 913:Dallas–Fort Worth 859:Bernal v. Fainter 831:Medellín v. Texas 550:Black-brown unity 515:Porvenir Massacre 510:Plan de San Diego 505:Operation Wetback 366: 365: 219:Seattle fishermen 145: 144: 141: 140: 6606: 6478:Category:Chicano 6408:Salt Lake Valley 6118:Chicana/o Theory 6089:Teatro Campesino 6079:Regional Mexican 6069:New Mexico music 6059:Mexican muralism 5946:Murder of Selena 5809:Chicano Blowouts 5804:Chicana feminism 5776:Chicano Movement 5670:Mexican American 5650:Mexican American 5639: 5632: 5625: 5616: 5609:Organized labour 5607: 5606: 5595: 5594: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5574: 5565: 5537: 5522: 5502: 5474: 5449: 5413: 5385: 5357: 5321: 5293: 5265: 5240: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5149: 5116: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5061: 5028: 5000: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4962:. Archived from 4941: 4912: 4887: 4859: 4831: 4830:: 58. June 1987. 4809: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4749: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4713:. Archived from 4688: 4686: 4684: 4675:. Archived from 4650: 4648: 4646: 4623: 4595: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4557:. Archived from 4528: 4499: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4444: 4412: 4383: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4330:Bernstein, Harry 4325: 4312:(October 1995). 4305: 4282:Amott, Teresa L. 4277: 4256: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4049: 4043: 4034: 4028: 4017: 4011: 3996: 3990: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3774: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3647: 3641: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3603: 3597: 3588: 3582: 3567: 3561: 3552: 3546: 3533: 3527: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3455: 3449: 3436: 3430: 3395: 3389: 3378: 3372: 3351: 3345: 3336: 3330: 3307: 3301: 3288: 3282: 3247: 3238: 3215: 3209: 3186: 3180: 3161: 3155: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3107: 3101: 3092: 3086: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3032: 3026: 3015: 3009: 2982: 2976: 2967: 2961: 2952: 2946: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2896: 2890: 2869: 2863: 2830: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2746: 2740: 2691: 2685: 2674: 2668: 2649: 2643: 2604: 2598: 2581: 2575: 2550: 2544: 2533: 2527: 2506: 2500: 2441: 2435: 2406: 2400: 2389: 2383: 2374: 2368: 2283: 2277: 2268: 2259: 2215: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2197: 2194: 2188: 2181: 2175: 2165: 2159: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2141: 2138:Patricia Zavella 2134: 1784: 1775: 1730:Molotov cocktail 1718: 1480:terrorist attack 1431:Patricia Zavella 1414:Central American 1377:operators, plus 1324:Taft–Hartley Act 1159:Brussels sprouts 1046:. Additionally, 968: 961: 954: 938: 937: 936: 756:Murder of Selena 670:Raza Unida Party 538:Chicano Movement 470:Bloody Christmas 390: 369: 312:Stockton cannery 262:Imperial lettuce 179: 171: 164: 157: 148: 113: 112: 23: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6494: 6493: 6492: 6487: 6469: 6413: 6267: 6169: 6113: 6099:Tex-Mex cuisine 5967: 5957:Proposition 187 5906:Arizona SB 1070 5868: 5770: 5766:Zoot Suit Riots 5726:Bracero program 5716:1917 Bath riots 5704: 5653: 5643: 5613: 5601: 5589: 5579: 5577: 5569: 5562: 5540: 5525: 5521:. May 10, 1988. 5505: 5499: 5477: 5471: 5461:Haymarket Books 5452: 5446: 5424: 5421: 5419:Further reading 5416: 5410: 5388: 5382: 5360: 5354: 5324: 5318: 5296: 5290: 5268: 5262: 5252:Haymarket Books 5243: 5237: 5213:Bernard, Elaine 5210: 5201: 5199: 5179: 5170: 5168: 5152: 5146: 5126:Tronto, Joan C. 5122:Cohen, Cathy J. 5119: 5113: 5103:Haymarket Books 5091: 5082: 5080: 5064: 5058: 5031: 5025: 5005:Phillips, Steve 5003: 4997: 4987:St. James Press 4978: 4969: 4967: 4944: 4938: 4915: 4909: 4890: 4884: 4874:Haymarket Books 4862: 4856: 4834: 4812: 4806: 4779: 4770: 4768: 4752: 4737:Processed World 4729: 4720: 4718: 4693:Lindsey, Robert 4691: 4682: 4680: 4679:on May 24, 2015 4655:Lindsey, Robert 4653: 4644: 4642: 4626: 4620: 4598: 4592: 4573: 4564: 4562: 4531: 4525: 4502: 4496: 4486:Chronicle Books 4474: 4465: 4463: 4447: 4441: 4415: 4409: 4386: 4380: 4370:South End Press 4360:Brecher, Jeremy 4358: 4349: 4347: 4328: 4310:Bardacke, Frank 4308: 4302: 4292:South End Press 4280: 4274: 4259: 4253: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4184:, p. 110; 4180:, p. 102; 4176:, p. 133; 4172:, p. 294; 4168:, p. 249; 4164:, p. 330; 4160: 4156: 4148: 4144: 4136: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4059: 4052: 4044: 4037: 4029: 4020: 4012: 3999: 3991: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3956: 3939: 3935:, p. xiii. 3931: 3927: 3919: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3817: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3777: 3765:, p. 805; 3761:, p. 102; 3757:, p. 133; 3753:, p. 294; 3749: 3745: 3737: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3681:, p. 109; 3677:, p. 294; 3673: 3669: 3661: 3650: 3642: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3606: 3598: 3591: 3583: 3570: 3562: 3555: 3547: 3536: 3528: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3467: 3458: 3450: 3439: 3431: 3398: 3390: 3381: 3373: 3354: 3346: 3339: 3331: 3310: 3302: 3291: 3283: 3250: 3239: 3218: 3210: 3189: 3181: 3164: 3156: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3117: 3110: 3102: 3095: 3087: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3035: 3027: 3018: 3010: 2985: 2977: 2970: 2962: 2955: 2947: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2899: 2891: 2872: 2864: 2833: 2806: 2802: 2794: 2749: 2741: 2694: 2686: 2677: 2669: 2652: 2644: 2607: 2599: 2584: 2576: 2553: 2545: 2536: 2528: 2509: 2501: 2444: 2436: 2409: 2401: 2392: 2384: 2377: 2369: 2286: 2278: 2271: 2260: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2182: 2178: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2073: 2061: 2016: 2011: 1973: 1923: 1874: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1777: 1776: 1765: 1752: 1743: 1720: 1716: 1689: 1669: 1633:power structure 1607: 1553: 1548: 1452: 1439: 1387: 1341: 1268: 1235:white Americans 1208:Bracero program 1192: 1139:food processing 1109: 1104: 1095:union organizer 990:food processing 978: 977: 972: 934: 932: 925: 924: 882: 881: 872: 871: 783: 782: 773: 772: 762:Proposition 187 716:Arizona SB 1070 690: 689: 680: 679: 540: 539: 530: 529: 525:Zoot Suit Riots 475:Bracero program 460:1917 Bath riots 450: 449: 440: 439: 400: 399: 379: 367: 362: 194:Thibodaux sugar 180: 177: 175: 137: 125: 49: 48:, United States 35: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6612: 6610: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6496: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6480: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6404: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6370: 6365: 6358: 6355:Nuevomexicanos 6351: 6344: 6337: 6330: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6188: 6180: 6178: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6135:Gringo justice 6132: 6127: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6009:Chicano poetry 6006: 6001: 5996: 5994:Chicano cinema 5991: 5986: 5981: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5926: 5921: 5914: 5909: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5780: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5634: 5627: 5619: 5612: 5611: 5599: 5587: 5567: 5566: 5560: 5538: 5523: 5503: 5497: 5475: 5469: 5450: 5444: 5426:Ruiz, Vicki L. 5420: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5408: 5386: 5380: 5358: 5352: 5322: 5316: 5294: 5288: 5266: 5260: 5241: 5235: 5208: 5177: 5150: 5144: 5117: 5111: 5089: 5062: 5056: 5029: 5023: 5001: 4995: 4976: 4942: 4936: 4913: 4907: 4888: 4882: 4860: 4854: 4832: 4810: 4804: 4777: 4750: 4727: 4705:. p. 14. 4689: 4651: 4624: 4618: 4596: 4590: 4571: 4529: 4523: 4505:Ness, Immanuel 4500: 4494: 4472: 4445: 4439: 4425:. Foreword by 4413: 4407: 4389:Ruiz, Vicki L. 4384: 4378: 4356: 4326: 4306: 4300: 4278: 4272: 4257: 4251: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4220:, p. 248. 4210: 4196:, p. 14; 4188:, p. 90; 4154: 4152:, p. 326. 4142: 4125: 4113: 4101: 4089: 4087:, p. 229. 4077: 4075:, p. 145. 4065: 4063:, p. 134. 4050: 4048:, p. 216. 4035: 4033:, p. 806. 4018: 4016:, p. 230. 3997: 3995:, p. 331. 3974: 3962: 3960:, p. 228. 3937: 3925: 3923:, p. 229. 3886: 3874: 3859: 3847: 3835: 3823: 3821:, p. 209. 3808: 3806:, p. 218. 3804:Muñoz Jr. 2007 3796: 3794:, p. 227. 3775: 3769:, p. 90; 3743: 3741:, p. 226. 3718: 3706: 3704:, p. 410. 3692:, p. 28; 3667: 3665:, p. 102. 3648: 3646:, p. 447. 3631: 3629:, p. 213. 3619: 3617:, p. 453. 3604: 3589: 3568: 3566:, p. 418. 3553: 3534: 3497: 3495:, p. 249. 3485: 3473: 3456: 3437: 3435:, p. 294. 3396: 3394:, p. 330. 3379: 3352: 3350:, p. 164. 3337: 3335:, p. 225. 3308: 3306:, p. 109. 3289: 3248: 3216: 3214:, p. 224. 3187: 3162: 3160:, p. 221. 3147: 3135: 3123: 3121:, p. 228. 3108: 3106:, p. 410. 3093: 3089:Bernstein 1986 3064: 3062:, p. 109. 3052: 3050:, p. 445. 3033: 3016: 3014:, p. 220. 2983: 2981:, p. 444. 2968: 2966:, p. 218. 2953: 2951:, p. 217. 2936: 2924: 2912: 2910:, p. 214. 2897: 2895:, p. 805. 2870: 2868:, p. 412. 2831: 2800: 2798:, p. 411. 2747: 2692: 2675: 2650: 2605: 2582: 2580:, p. 110. 2551: 2549:, p. 101. 2534: 2532:, p. 446. 2507: 2442: 2407: 2405:, p. 133. 2390: 2388:, p. 215. 2375: 2284: 2282:, p. 417. 2269: 2226: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2207: 2198: 2189: 2176: 2160: 2151: 2142: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2086:Jeremy Brecher 2072: 2069: 2060: 2057: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 1972: 1969: 1965:wildcat strike 1922: 1919: 1873: 1870: 1789: 1788: 1779: 1778: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1751: 1748: 1742: 1739: 1705: 1693:strikebreakers 1688: 1685: 1668: 1665: 1641:support groups 1606: 1603: 1586:delivery truck 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1540:single mothers 1532:strike notices 1472:work accidents 1451: 1448: 1438: 1435: 1401:Latin American 1386: 1383: 1366:business agent 1354:Frank Bardacke 1340: 1337: 1328:labor contract 1267: 1266:Union activity 1264: 1239:Discrimination 1191: 1188: 1147:Salinas Valley 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1070:wildcat strike 992:facilities in 974: 973: 971: 970: 963: 956: 948: 945: 944: 943: 942: 927: 926: 923: 922: 921: 920: 915: 905: 898: 891: 883: 879: 878: 877: 874: 873: 870: 869: 862: 855: 848: 841: 834: 827: 820: 813: 806: 799: 792: 784: 780: 779: 778: 775: 774: 771: 770: 765: 758: 753: 748: 743: 736: 731: 724: 719: 712: 707: 702: 697: 691: 687: 686: 685: 682: 681: 678: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 605:Huelga schools 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 541: 537: 536: 535: 532: 531: 528: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 451: 447: 446: 445: 442: 441: 438: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 405:Josefa Segovia 401: 397: 396: 395: 392: 391: 383: 382: 374: 373: 364: 363: 361: 360: 354: 348: 342: 335: 334: 328: 325:Hawaiian sugar 321: 320: 316: 315: 309: 303: 300:El Monte berry 289: 283: 280:Wisconsin milk 277: 271: 265: 258: 257: 253: 252: 246: 243:Hanapepe sugar 240: 234: 231:Wheatland hops 228: 222: 216: 209: 208: 204: 203: 200:Cotton pickers 197: 190: 189: 185: 182: 181: 176: 174: 173: 166: 159: 151: 143: 142: 139: 138: 136: 135: 132: 128: 126: 124: 123: 116: 109: 108: 104: 103: 100: 96: 95: 94: 93: 88: 83: 78: 71: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 55: 51: 50: 44: 42: 38: 37: 32: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6611: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6472: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6430:Chicano poets 6428: 6426: 6425:Chicano films 6423: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6372:Pennsylvania 6371: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6362:New York City 6359: 6356: 6352: 6349: 6345: 6342: 6338: 6335: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6305: 6302: 6298: 6297:San Francisco 6294: 6290: 6287: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6220:Plyler v. Doe 6217: 6215: 6214: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6196: 6194: 6193: 6189: 6187: 6186: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6175:Supreme Court 6172: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6145:New tribalism 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6125:Barrioization 6123: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6029:Cinco de Mayo 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6004:Chicano names 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5651: 5647: 5640: 5635: 5633: 5628: 5626: 5621: 5620: 5617: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5586: 5576: 5572: 5563: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5405: 5401: 5400:The New Press 5397: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5248: 5242: 5238: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5166: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5093:Smith, Sharon 5090: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5036: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5015:The New Press 5012: 5011: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4983: 4977: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4929: 4928:The New Press 4925: 4921: 4920: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4778: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4740:(15): 23–28. 4739: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4667:. p. 6. 4666: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4640: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4572: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4533:Erlich, Reese 4530: 4526: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4461: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4417:Castillo, Ana 4414: 4410: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4219: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4206:Shapiro 2016a 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4190:Bardacke 1995 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3933:Phillips 2016 3929: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3875: 3871: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3848: 3845:, p. 27. 3844: 3839: 3836: 3833:, p. 70. 3832: 3827: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3771:Bardacke 1995 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3689: 3685:, p. 6; 3684: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3602:, p. 53. 3601: 3600:Castillo 2014 3596: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3474: 3471:, p. 25. 3470: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3348:Phillips 2016 3344: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3287:, p. 24. 3286: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3246:, p. 58. 3245: 3243: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2743:Shapiro 2016a 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2690:, p. 41. 2689: 2688:Castillo 2014 2684: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2673:, p. 14. 2672: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2606: 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Chicago: 5250:. Chicago: 5202:January 20, 5171:January 20, 5101:. Chicago: 5083:January 20, 4970:January 20, 4899:Verso Books 4872:. Chicago: 4846:Verso Books 4786:. Toronto: 4771:January 21, 4721:January 20, 4683:January 20, 4645:January 21, 4634:Labor Notes 4565:January 20, 4476:Davis, Erik 4466:January 20, 4350:January 20, 4198:Corwin 1986 4097:Takash 1997 4046:Flores 1997 4014:Flores 1997 3970:Flores 1997 3958:Flores 1997 3921:Flores 1997 3870:Takash 1997 3792:Flores 1997 3739:Flores 1997 3694:Corwin 1986 3627:Flores 1997 3564:Takash 1997 3481:Flores 1997 3333:Flores 1997 3212:Flores 1997 3183:Erlich 1985 3158:Flores 1997 3131:Flores 1997 3060:Romney 2016 3012:Flores 1997 2949:Flores 1997 2920:Flores 1997 2908:Flores 1997 2812:Erlich 1985 2386:Flores 1997 2371:Corwin 1986 2280:Takash 1997 2045:Green Giant 1961:trusteeship 1899:Wells Fargo 1856:during the 1794:(left) and 1616:food stamps 1558:city blocks 1523:strike fund 1500:Wells Fargo 1346:local union 1216:farmworkers 1212:South Texas 1163:cauliflower 1123:Watsonville 1083:, with the 1021:local union 998:frozen food 895:Los Angeles 722:Castro 2020 710:Abolish ICE 353:(1985–1987) 341:(1965–1970) 286:Yakima hops 207:1900s–1920s 99:Resulted in 6498:Categories 6360:New York ( 6346:Nebraska ( 6339:Michigan ( 6332:Maryland ( 6320:Illinois ( 6313:Colorado ( 6289:California 5799:Chicanismo 5736:La Matanza 5731:Korean War 5585:California 5038:. Oxford: 4864:Moody, Kim 4836:Moody, Kim 4580:. Boston: 4202:Moody 1988 4166:Smith 2006 4138:Smith 2006 4121:Moody 2014 4109:Tisbe 2017 3855:Moody 1988 3698:Moody 1988 3549:Weber 2018 3530:Moody 1988 3493:Smith 2006 3452:Adams 2000 3375:Tisbe 2017 2964:Davis 2006 2816:Tisbe 2017 2222:References 2077:Erik Davis 2029:alcoholism 1953:bankruptcy 1912:(NLRB) to 1763:Early 1986 1725:esquiroles 1624:food banks 1611:strike pay 1599:injunction 1467:union dues 1426:fresh food 1374:child care 1260:Erik Davis 1200:Portuguese 1135:east coast 1102:Background 900:Michigan ( 665:Quinto Sol 565:Chicanismo 495:La Matanza 430:Sonoratown 420:Mutualista 345:Salad Bowl 6334:Baltimore 6301:San Diego 6160:Vergüenza 6109:Zoot suit 6084:Skull art 4960:0362-4331 4924:Joe Sacco 4746:0735-9381 4711:0362-4331 4673:0362-4331 4555:0882-7729 3882:Kwik 1986 3615:Zinn 2003 3585:Todd 2018 2827:Todd 2018 2081:Kim Moody 1914:decertify 1741:Late 1985 1595:riot gear 1484:slowdowns 1405:Guatemala 1339:Local 912 1184:Birds Eye 1129:, in the 1025:picketing 886:Arizona ( 880:by region 448:Juan Crow 357:Frito-Lay 239:1916–1917 122:Local 912 81:Picketing 54:Caused by 6368:Oklahoma 6278:Arizona 6140:Nepantla 6039:Lowrider 5695:Blaxican 5544:(1987). 5428:(1987). 5392:(2003). 5328:(2011). 5196:Archived 5165:Archived 5128:(eds.). 5095:(2006). 5077:Archived 5007:(2016). 4866:(2014). 4838:(1988). 4765:Archived 4639:Archived 4610:ABC-Clio 4507:(eds.). 4478:(2006). 4460:Archived 4362:(1997). 4344:Archived 4318:El Andar 1710:Catholic 1659:and the 1651:and the 1582:citation 1397:monopoly 1167:freezing 1155:broccoli 1079:and the 1050:leaders 1042:and the 1036:Hispanic 41:Location 6549:Chicano 6445:Writers 6401:Tejanos 6399:Texas ( 6393:Houston 6341:Detroit 6322:Chicago 5972:Culture 5685:Pachuco 5675:La Raza 5665:Chicano 5646:Chicano 5571:Portals 5072:Jacobin 4365:Strike! 4228:Sources 1949:default 1887:boycott 1848:in the 1675:-based 1673:Detroit 1645:Chicano 1620:welfare 1527:walkout 1370:Spanish 1362:English 1255:boycott 1251:walkout 1249:held a 1176:spinach 1151:canning 1032:Chicano 1017:Latinos 918:Houston 902:Detroit 107:Parties 91:Walkout 70:Methods 6406:Utah ( 6328:Kansas 6315:Denver 6282:Tucson 5963:Xicanx 5880:Aztlán 5784:Aztlán 5700:Xicanx 5652:topics 5558: 5495: 5467: 5442: 5406: 5378: 5350: 5314: 5286: 5258: 5233: 5142: 5109: 5054: 5021: 4993: 4958: 4934: 4905: 4880: 4852: 4802: 4744: 4709: 4671: 4616: 4588: 4553: 4521: 4492: 4437: 4405: 4376: 4298: 4270: 4249: 1496:credit 1476:breaks 1286:, and 1228:Fresno 1220:Latino 1204:Slavic 1196:Mexico 1174:, and 1161:, and 1004:(IBT) 984:was a 888:Tucson 768:Xicanx 545:Aztlán 302:) 1933 213:Oxnard 6418:Lists 6383:Texas 6348:Omaha 6177:cases 5690:Pinto 5680:Cholo 5658:Terms 4826:(6). 2124:Notes 1928:MEChA 1734:arson 1629:Anglo 1498:from 1006:Local 908:Texas 640:MEChA 256:1930s 188:1800s 62:Goals 6074:Paño 5984:Caló 5930:IRCA 5918:DACA 5824:PCUN 5648:and 5597:Food 5556:ISBN 5493:ISBN 5465:ISBN 5440:ISBN 5404:ISBN 5376:ISBN 5348:ISBN 5312:ISBN 5284:ISBN 5256:ISBN 5231:ISBN 5204:2022 5173:2022 5140:ISBN 5107:ISBN 5085:2022 5052:ISBN 5019:ISBN 4991:ISBN 4972:2022 4956:ISSN 4932:ISBN 4903:ISBN 4878:ISBN 4850:ISBN 4800:ISBN 4773:2022 4742:ISSN 4723:2022 4707:ISSN 4685:2022 4669:ISSN 4647:2022 4614:ISBN 4586:ISBN 4567:2022 4551:ISSN 4519:ISBN 4490:ISBN 4468:2022 4435:ISBN 4403:ISBN 4374:ISBN 4352:2022 4296:ISBN 4268:ISBN 4247:ISBN 3690:1985 3244:1987 2823:1985 2265:1985 1998:mass 1253:and 1145:and 1054:and 1034:and 980:The 740:IRCA 728:DACA 650:PCUN 635:MAYO 630:MANA 580:CFMN 359:2021 347:1970 333:1949 327:1946 314:1937 308:1935 288:1933 282:1933 276:1932 270:1931 264:1930 251:1928 245:1924 233:1913 227:1912 221:1912 215:1903 202:1891 196:1887 31:Date 5340:doi 5044:doi 4824:110 4792:doi 2118:CIO 1901:in 1804:On 1202:or 590:CRP 6500:: 6299:• 6295:• 5554:. 5513:. 5509:. 5463:. 5438:. 5402:. 5346:. 5338:. 5254:. 5194:. 5190:. 5184:. 5157:. 5105:. 5075:. 5069:. 5050:. 5042:. 5017:. 4948:. 4930:. 4901:. 4876:. 4848:. 4822:. 4816:. 4798:. 4790:. 4763:. 4757:. 4734:. 4699:. 4661:. 4637:. 4631:. 4549:. 4545:. 4539:. 4488:. 4458:. 4452:. 4372:. 4342:. 4336:. 4316:. 4294:. 4245:. 4204:; 4200:; 4192:; 4128:^ 4053:^ 4038:^ 4021:^ 4000:^ 3977:^ 3940:^ 3889:^ 3862:^ 3811:^ 3778:^ 3721:^ 3700:; 3696:; 3651:^ 3634:^ 3607:^ 3592:^ 3571:^ 3556:^ 3537:^ 3500:^ 3459:^ 3440:^ 3399:^ 3382:^ 3355:^ 3340:^ 3311:^ 3292:^ 3251:^ 3219:^ 3190:^ 3165:^ 3150:^ 3111:^ 3096:^ 3067:^ 3036:^ 3019:^ 2986:^ 2971:^ 2956:^ 2939:^ 2900:^ 2873:^ 2834:^ 2750:^ 2695:^ 2678:^ 2653:^ 2608:^ 2585:^ 2554:^ 2537:^ 2510:^ 2445:^ 2410:^ 2393:^ 2378:^ 2287:^ 2272:^ 2230:^ 1967:. 1868:. 1601:. 1381:. 1282:, 1157:, 298:, 6410:) 6403:) 6364:) 6357:) 6350:) 6343:) 6336:) 6324:) 6317:) 6310:) 6303:) 6291:( 5638:e 5631:t 5624:v 5573:: 5564:. 5501:. 5473:. 5448:. 5412:. 5384:. 5356:. 5342:: 5320:. 5292:. 5264:. 5239:. 5206:. 5175:. 5148:. 5115:. 5087:. 5060:. 5046:: 5027:. 4999:. 4974:. 4940:. 4911:. 4886:. 4858:. 4808:. 4794:: 4775:. 4748:. 4725:. 4687:. 4649:. 4622:. 4594:. 4569:. 4527:. 4498:. 4470:. 4443:. 4411:. 4382:. 4354:. 4304:. 4276:. 4255:. 4208:. 4123:. 3884:. 3773:. 3587:. 3551:. 3532:. 3454:. 3377:. 3185:. 3091:. 2745:. 2505:. 2440:. 2373:. 1627:" 967:e 960:t 953:v 904:) 897:) 890:) 294:( 170:e 163:t 156:v

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Knowledge (XXG)

1985–1987 Watsonville Cannery strike

Index