1101:(ICJ) to force Senegal to either extradite Habré to Belgium or to proceed with the trial. The ICJ declined to force extradition, finding that prosecution is an international obligation the violation of which is a wrongful act engaging the responsibility of the State, while extradition is an option offered to the State. Senegal was found to have failed international obligations by 1.) failing to make immediately a preliminary inquiry into the fact relating to the alleged crimes; and 2.) failing to submit the case to its competent authorities for prosecution (obligations according to UN Convention on Torture and Other Cruel, inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984) that Senegal had bound itself to). The ICJ rejected Senegal Defenses of insufficient funds and opposition by domestic law, instead unanimously ordering Senegal to submit the case to authorities for prosecution or extradite him without delay.
775:
1174:-backed court convicted a former ruler for human-rights abuses and the first time that the courts of one country have prosecuted the former ruler of another country for crimes against humanity. In May 2017, Judge Ougadeye Wafi upheld Habre's life sentence and all convictions against him, except rape. The court emphasized this was a procedural matter, as the facts the victim offered during her testimony came too late in the proceedings to be included within charges of mass sexual violence committed by his security agents, the convictions for which were upheld. On 7 April 2020, a judge in Senegal granted Habre two months' leave from prison, as the jail is being used to hold new detainees in
887:, a Zaghawa former army commander who had participated in a plot against Habré in 1989 and subsequently fled to Sudan, defeated Habré's forces. The French chose not to assist Habré on this occasion, allowing him to be ousted; it is possible that they actively aided Déby. Explanation and speculation regarding the reasons for France's abandonment of Habré include the adoption of a policy of non-interference in intra-Chadian conflicts, dissatisfaction with Habré's unwillingness to move towards multiparty democracy, and favoritism by Habré towards U.S. rather than French companies with regard to oil development. Habré fled to
53:
1019:) allowing the most serious violations of human rights to be tried in national as well as international courts, without any direct connection to the country of the alleged perpetrator, the victims or where the crimes took place. Despite the repeal of the legislation, investigations against Habré went ahead and in September 2005 he was indicted for crimes against humanity, torture, war crimes, and other human rights violations. Senegal, where Habré had been in exile for 17 years, had Habré under nominal house arrest in
738:, a development worker. Staewen was released on 11 June 1974 after significant payments by West German officials. Combe escaped in 1975, but despite the intervention of the French Government, Claustre (whose husband was a senior French government official) was not released until 1 February 1977. Habré split with Oueddei, partly over this hostage-taking incident (which became known as the "Claustre affair" in France).
3318:
3227:
315:
762:. The fighting effectively left Chad without a national government. Several attempts were made by other nations to resolve the crisis, resulting in a new national government in November 1979 in which Habré was appointed Minister of Defense. However, fighting resumed within a matter of weeks. In December 1980 Habré was driven into exile in
992:. Habre would personally sign death warrants and oversee torture sessions, and was accused of personally participating in torture and rape. According to some leading experts, the tribunal that judges him constituted an "internationalized tribunal", even if it is the most 'national' within this category".
875:
was soon assisting the government forces, under
Goukouni, and ousted FAN from much of northern Chad, including N'Djamena on 15 December. Libyan troops withdrew in November 1981. Without their support, Goukouni's government troops were weakened and Habré capitalized on this and his FAN militia entered
1087:
for war crimes and crimes against humanity in connection with allegations that he had worked with rebels inside Chad to oust Déby. François Serres, a lawyer for Habré, criticized this trial on 22 August for unfairness and secrecy. According to Serres, the accusation on which the trial was based was
1042:
expressed its approval of the decision. If he had been turned over, he would have become the first former dictator to be extradited by a third-party country to stand trial for human rights abuses. In 2007, Senegal set up its own special war-crimes court to try Habré under pressure from the
African
907:
In the 1980s, the United States was pivotal in bringing Hissène Habré to power, seeing him as a stalwart defense against expansion by Libya's
Muammar Qaddafi, and therefore provided critical military support to his insurgency and then to his government, even as it committed widespread and systematic
1153:
On 20 July 2015 the trial started. Waiting for the trial to open, Habré shouted: "Down with imperialists. is a farce by rotten
Senegalese politicians. African traitors. Valet of America". After that Habré was taken out of the courtroom and the trial began without him. On 21 July 2015 Habré's trial
1142:
On 30 June 2013, Habré was arrested in
Senegal by the Senegalese police. Chadian President Idriss Déby said of his arrest that it was a step towards "an Africa free of all evil, an Africa stripped of all dictatorships." Senegal's court, set up with the African Union, charged him with crimes against
948:
show that the United States provided Habré's DDS with training, intelligence, arms, and other support despite knowledge of its atrocities. Records discovered in the DDS' meticulous archives describe training programs by U.S. instructors for DDS agents and officials, including a course in the United
803:
force known as the
Documentation and Security Directorate (DDS), under which his opponents were tortured and executed. Some methods of torture commonly used by the DDS included burning the body of the detainee with incandescent objects, spraying gas into their eyes, ears and nose, forced swallowing
827:
Habré fled, with $ 11 million of public money, to
Senegal after being overthrown in 1990. He was placed under house arrest in 2005 until his arrest in 2013. He was accused of war crimes and torture during his eight years in power in Chad, where rights groups say that some 40,000 people were killed
1115:
Senegal changed their position again however, walking out during discussions on establishing the court on 30 May 2011 without explanation. The
African union commission on Habré, in preparation for their next summit on 30 June, published a report which urged pressing Senegal to extradite Habré to
1096:
The
Senegalese government added an amendment in 2008, which would allow Habré to be tried in court. Senegal later changed their position, however, requesting 27 million euros in funding from the international community before going through with the trial. This prompted Belgium to pressure the
933:
paramilitary support to help Habré take power and remained one of Habré's strongest allies throughout his rule, providing his regime with massive amounts of military aid. The United States also used a clandestine base in Chad to train captured Libyan soldiers whom it was organizing into an
1055:
voted in July 2008 to approve a bill empowering
Senegalese courts to try people for crimes committed in other countries and for crimes that were committed more than ten years beforehand; this made it constitutionally possible to try Habré. Senegalese Minister of Justice
678:
in Paris. He completed a university degree in political science in Paris, and returned to Chad in 1971. He also obtained several other degrees and earned his Doctorate from the Institute. After a further brief period of government service as a deputy prefect, he visited
3587:
953:, the United States also provided the DDS with monthly infusions of monetary aid and financed a regional network of intelligence networks code-named "Mosaic" that Chad used to pursue suspected opponents of Habré's regime even after they fled the country.
963:"Habré was a remarkably able man with a brilliant sense of how to play the outside world," a former senior U.S. official said. "He was also a bloodthirsty tyrant and torturer. It is fair to say we knew who and what he was and chose to turn a blind eye."
1470:"Entführung: Bedenkliches Zugeständnis aus Bonn: Diplomatische Beziehungen abgebrochen – Dr. Staewen berichtet über Gefangenschait im Tschad (Abduction: dubious sanction from Bonn: Diplomatic relations broken off – Dr. Staewen reported hostage in Chad)"
1108:(ECOWAS) ruled that Senegal could not hold trial in the matter through local court only, and asked for the creation of a special tribunal on the matter of Habré's prosecution. In April 2011, after initial reticence, Senegal agreed to the creation of an
832:
claims that 1,200 were killed and 12,000 were tortured, and a domestic Chadian commission of inquiry claims that as many as 40,000 were killed and that more than 200,000 were subjected to torture. Human Rights Watch later dubbed Habré "Africa's
2595:
638:, and ordering the killing of 40,000 people, and sentenced to life in prison. He was the first former head of state to be convicted for human rights abuses in the court of another nation. He died on 24 August 2021, after testing positive for
870:
In 1980, the unity government signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation with Libya. The treaty allowed the Chadian government to call on Libya for assistance if Chad's independence or internal security was threatened. The
598:
notorious for widespread human rights abuses. He was brought to power with the support of France and the United States, who provided training, arms, and financing throughout his rule due to his opposition to Libyan leader
1119:
On 8 July 2011, Senegal officials announced that Habré would be extradited to Chad on 11 July, but this was subsequently halted. In July 2012, the ICJ ruled that Senegal must start Habré's trial "without delay".
3562:
1088:
previously unknown and Habré had not received any notification of the trial. 14 victims filed new complaints with a Senegalese prosecutor on 16 September, accusing Habré of crimes against humanity and torture.
1039:
2605:
976:
Human rights groups hold Habré responsible for the killing of thousands of people, but the exact number is unknown. Killings included massacres against ethnic groups in the south (1984), against the
3592:
3507:
3522:
3552:
674:
ethnic group. After primary schooling, he obtained a post in the French colonial administration, where he impressed his superiors and gained a scholarship to study in France at the
2840:
3542:
2526:
2909:
1280:
2398:
2373:
956:
In the summer of 1983, when Libya invaded northern Chad and threatened to topple Habré, France sent paratroops with air support, while the Reagan administration provided two
792:
was characterized by widespread human rights abuses and atrocities. He denied killing and torturing tens of thousands of his opponents, although in 2012 the United Nations'
1128:(ICC) was ruled out, because the crimes took place before the ICC was fully established in 2002, and its jurisdiction is limited to events that took place after that date.
3265:
3028:
1166:
found Habré guilty of rape, sexual slavery, and ordering the killing of 40,000 people during his tenure as Chadian president and sentenced him to life in prison in the
3517:
696:
584:
3091:
1051:
to clear the way for Habré to be prosecuted in Senegal; Ibrahima Gueye was appointed trial coordinator in May 2008. A joint session of the National Assembly and the
2316:
3577:
595:
245:
3532:
1656:
274:
1976:
1330:
583:'s government against Oueddei before turning against Malloum, who resigned in 1979. Habré was then given the position of Minister of Defense under Chad's new
3151:
2764:
3582:
695:
assumed the leadership of FROLINAT, the Second Liberation Army, first under Oueddei's command and then under Habré's, split from FROLINAT and became the
3056:
1190:. He had fallen ill while in jail a week earlier. In a statement, Habré's wife, Fatimé Raymonne Habré, confirmed that he had COVID-19. He is buried in
774:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3567:
3512:
1105:
726:, on 21 April 1974, and took three Europeans hostage, with the intention of ransoming them for money and arms. The captives were a German physician,
675:
941:, U.S. ambassador to Chad from 1979 to 1981. "But there was no debate on the policy and virtually no discussion of the wisdom of doing what we did."
2865:
1632:"Chad: Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Crimes and Misappropriations Committed by Ex-president Habré, His Accomplices and/or Associates"
284:
3622:
1384:
1226:
1135:
passed a law allowing for the creation of an international tribunal in Senegal to try Habre. The judges of the tribunal would be appointed by the
1150:
for crimes against humanity by a Chadian court. The Tribunal that judged Hissène Habré in Sénégal is said to have a huge range of specificities.
852:
3258:
2791:
2975:
2348:"Latest developments | Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) | International Court of Justice"
3547:
2085:
1750:
876:
N'Djamena on 7 June 1982. In 1983, Libyan troops returned to Chad and remained in the country, supporting Goukouni's militia, until 1988.
766:. In 1982 he resumed his fight against the Chadian government. FAN won control of N'Djamena in June and appointed Habré as head of state.
2124:
758:. However, the power-sharing alliance did not last long. In February 1979 Habré's forces and the national army under Malloum fought in
3003:
957:
855:
Idriss Deby, Habré's successor, who served as a commander during the Chadian-Libyan war, was killed four months before Habre's death.
3627:
3572:
1568:
2895:
2402:
2003:
3602:
3502:
3251:
3144:
2653:
1903:
2927:
1186:
Habré died in Senegal on 24 August 2021, a week after his 79th birthday, after being hospitalized in Dakar's main hospital with
863:. The United States and France responded by aiding Chad in an attempt to contain Libya's regional ambitions under Libyan leader
3557:
3497:
3274:
1441:
1001:
Commission of Inquiry into the Crimes and Misappropriations Committed by Ex-President Habré, His Accomplices and/or Accessories
3160:
1163:
1098:
793:
631:
2492:
616:
3085:
568:
3537:
3382:
2324:
1187:
1125:
1044:
2737:
1124:
called on Senegal to abide by the ICJ's ruling, calling it "a victory for victims that's long overdue". A trial by the
846:
349:
3137:
937:"The CIA was so deeply involved in bringing Habré to power I can't conceive they didn't know what was going on," said
824:, killing and arresting group members en masse when it was perceived that their leaders posed a threat to the regime.
2226:
921:
The United States and France supported Habré, seeing him as a bulwark against the Gaddafi government in neighboring
3372:
3033:
1631:
2374:"Bringing Hissène Habré to Justice: Senegal to Create a Special Tribunal in Compliance with ECOWAS Court Judgment"
1842:"Les Chambres africaines extraordinaires au sein des tribunaux sénégalais : quoi de si extraordinaire ?"
984:(1989). Human Rights Watch charged him with having authorized tens of thousands of political murders and physical
2768:
2711:
1358:
576:
2302:
1775:
52:
3103:
2196:""The Dictator Hunter": Victims of US-Allied Chadian Dictator Hissene Habre Lead Quest to Bring Him to Justice"
1016:
655:
198:
3436:
1883:
1030:
demanded that Senegal turn over Habré to Belgium to be tried. Senegal did not comply, and it at first refused
788:
Habré seized power in Chad and ruled from 1982 until he was deposed in 1990 by Idriss Déby. Habré's one-party
708:
700:
587:, with Oueddei as President. Their alliance quickly collapsed, and Habré's forces overthrew Oueddei in 1982.
3527:
3431:
3357:
3347:
3180:
2698:
The trial has been suspended until 7 September after Mr Habre and his lawyers refused to speak to the judge.
1048:
1000:
950:
604:
391:
359:
279:
91:
2172:
1724:
3597:
3307:
3175:
2942:
2195:
1167:
1012:
1003:
in 1990, which reported that 40,000 people had been killed, but did not follow up on its recommendations.
900:
751:
747:
486:
147:
124:
2910:"Chad.- El expresidente de Chad Hissne Habré vuelve a prisión en Senegal tras el permiso por la COVID-19"
2150:
908:
human rights violations—violations of which, as this report shows, many in the US government were aware.
1132:
1121:
3297:
2551:
731:
612:
3117:
891:, and the rebels entered N'Djamena on 2 December 1990; Habré subsequently went into exile in Senegal.
3492:
3487:
3416:
2817:
1841:
1072:
328:
3118:"From U.S. Ally to Convicted War Criminal: Inside Chad's Hissène Habré's Close Ties to Reagan Admin"
2128:
1112:
tribunal in collaboration with the African Union, the Chadian state and with international funding.
3426:
2600:
1057:
1027:
3402:
3111:
2742:
1776:
U.S.-Backed Chadian Dictator Hissène Habré Faces War Crimes Trial in Historic Win for His Victims
1754:
1469:
1175:
1144:
945:
914:
864:
829:
727:
414:
1248:
960:
electronic surveillance planes to coordinate air cover. By 1987 Gaddafi's forces had retreated.
735:
718:
Habré first came to international attention when a group under his command attacked the town of
3317:
3226:
2082:
3421:
3367:
3302:
3196:
3057:"Sénégal : Hissène Habré enterré en l'absence de représentants officiels – Jeune Afrique"
2950:
2869:
2500:
1861:
1564:
1252:
1147:
1064:
1052:
938:
557:
443:
420:
68:
1736:
Bernard Lanne, "Chad: Regime Change, Increased Insecurity, and Blockage of Further Reforms",
571:
against the southern-dominated Chadian government. Due to a rift with fellow rebel commander
3387:
3201:
3191:
3186:
1853:
989:
834:
809:
755:
688:
572:
104:
3459:
3407:
3377:
3362:
3292:
3107:
3095:
2873:
2089:
879:
Despite this victory, Habré's government was weak, and strongly opposed by members of the
600:
591:
544:
535:
3454:
3216:
2057:
719:
17:
988:. Habré had been called "the African Pinochet," in reference to former Chilean dictator
851:
3211:
3122:
1780:
1331:"Chad's former president has been found guilty of crimes against humanity. Who's next?"
996:
981:
884:
880:
821:
680:
635:
620:
527:
116:
1516:
1490:
1154:
was postponed to 7 September 2015, after his lawyers refused to participate in court.
3481:
3449:
3392:
1557:
1335:
1203:
1171:
1136:
1035:
949:
States that was attended by some of the DDS' most feared torturers. According to the
926:
805:
800:
796:(ICJ) ordered Senegal to put him on trial or extradite him to face justice overseas.
778:
671:
667:
663:
580:
2227:"Habré's legal defence dubs Chadian court "underground, unfair" over death sentence"
2469:
2446:
2424:
2281:
1981:
1977:"'I told my story face to face with Habré': courageous rape survivors make history"
1584:
692:
651:
553:
190:
759:
2681:
2627:
2572:
2102:
2032:
1953:
1931:
1609:
1305:
687:
where he became a commander in the Second Liberation Army of FROLINAT along with
3397:
2255:
2230:
1703:
1681:
1031:
872:
860:
813:
782:
194:
151:
3588:
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by international courts and tribunals
1879:
608:
385:
354:
266:
2954:
2504:
1865:
699:(CCFAN). In 1976 Oueddei and Habré quarreled and Habré split his newly named
2896:"Sénégal : le Tchadien Hissène Habré regagne sa prison – Jeune Afrique"
2841:"Hissène Habré's rape acquittal must not be quietly airbrushed from history"
2658:
659:
2317:"ICJ denies Belgium request to force extraditon of Chad ex-president Habre"
1751:"Enabling a Dictator: The United States and Chad's Hissène Habré 1982-1990"
1657:"Former Chad President Hissene Habre detained, may face war crimes charges"
3243:
3129:
2980:
2685:
2631:
2125:"Sénégal: les députés modifient la Constitution pour juger Hissène Habré"
1227:"Chad's former President Habre, convicted of war crimes, dies in Senegal"
977:
888:
817:
730:(whose wife Elfriede was killed in the attack), and two French citizens,
684:
639:
564:
239:
2596:"'African traitors!' Chad dictator trial in Senegal has a chaotic start"
808:
of running automobiles. Habré's government also periodically engaged in
2943:"Hissène Habré, Ex-President of Chad Jailed for War Crimes, Dies at 79"
2765:"Prison du Cap Manuel - La santé de Hissène Habré inquiète - MaderPost"
2715:
985:
723:
624:
429:
408:
2470:"Hissene Habre: ICJ rules Senegal must try ex-Chad leader immediately"
2347:
1857:
2573:"Hissene Habre: Chad's ex-ruler convicted of crimes against humanity"
1932:"Hissene Habre: Chad's ex-ruler convicted of crimes against humanity"
1385:"Décès en prison au Sénégal de l'ex-président tchadien Hissène Habré"
1306:"Hissene Habre: Chad's ex-ruler convicted of crimes against humanity"
514:
297:
1954:"Chad's Hissene Habre: Battle to bring 'Africa's Pinochet' to court"
1797:
1178:. After finishing his home freedom he returned to prison on 7 June.
2866:"Chad: Ex-president temporarily released from jail due to COVID-19"
883:
ethnic group. A rebel offensive in November 1990, which was led by
1449:(Second ed.). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.
1020:
922:
850:
773:
763:
214:
1040:
Chadian Association for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights
3278:
3164:
3100:
1191:
225:
3247:
3133:
2127:(in French). Agence France-Presse. 8 April 2008. Archived from
2792:"Hissène Habré trial provides model for international justice"
2712:"Trial of Chad's Habre suspended after boycott by his lawyers"
2493:"Hissène Habré, Ex-President of Chad, Convicted of War Crimes"
1904:"Hissène Habré, Ex-President of Chad, Convicted of War Crimes"
930:
3004:"Chad's former President Hissene Habre dies of COVID aged 79"
1740:(1997), ed. Clark and Gardinier, page 274 (see also note 26).
1725:"Africa's Pinochet" or the beginning of "Africa's solutions"?
2654:"Trial of Chad's ex-dictator Habré adjourned to September 7"
2229:. Agence de Presse Africaine. 22 August 2008. Archived from
2103:"Chad: European Parliament Calls for Trial of Hissène Habré"
1559:
The Fate of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence
1459:
R. Buijtenhuijs, "Le FROLINAT à l'épreuve du pouvoir", p. 19
1083:
On 15 August 2008, a Chadian court sentenced Habré to death
1075:
and Reed Brody who led the efforts to bring Habré to trial.
859:
Libya invaded Chad in July 1980, occupying and annexing the
1411:
Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad
590:
Having become the country's new president, Habré created a
3563:
National Union for Independence and Revolution politicians
2928:"Former Chadian strongman Hissene Habre returns to prison"
1880:"Senegal: US Urges Action on Chadian Ex-Dictator's Trial"
1835:
804:
of water, and forcing the mouths of detainees around the
2425:"Senegal urged to halt ex-Chad leader Habre extradition"
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1585:"Senegal police arrest Chad former leader Hissene Habre"
2447:"Senegal suspends Hissene Habre's repatriation to Chad"
1798:"The Case Against Hissène Habré, an "African Pinochet""
1359:"Sénégal : Hissène Habré est mort – Jeune Afrique"
2282:"Hissene Habre: Senegal MPs pass law to form tribunal"
2033:"Convicted ex-Chadian leader Hissène Habré dies at 79"
1060:
appointed four investigative judges on this occasion.
3101:
The Case against Hissène Habré, an "African Pinochet"
3029:"L'ancien président tchadien Hissène Habré est mort"
3593:
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Senegal
3508:
Chadian people convicted of crimes against humanity
3325:
3285:
2818:"Ex-Chad dictator sentenced to life for war crimes"
482:
472:
462:
454:
449:
439:
383:
374:
342:
334:
324:
308:
303:
293:
265:
255:
232:
221:
204:
177:
172:
158:
141:
122:
110:
98:
85:
66:
34:
2976:"Chad's former president Hissène Habré dies at 79"
1556:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1038:which arose after Belgium asked to try Habré. The
707:from Goukouni's followers who adopted the name of
2628:"Chad's Hissene Habre removed from Senegal court"
2399:"African Union: Press Senegal to Extradite Habré"
2275:
2273:
1170:in Senegal. The verdict marked the first time an
548:; 13 August 1942 – 24 August 2021), also spelled
57:Habré during a visit to the United States in 1987
3523:Chadian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
2682:"Chad's Hissene Habre forced to appear in court"
697:Command Council of the Armed Forces of the North
1325:
1323:
905:
2941:Maclean, Ruth; Camara, Mady (24 August 2021).
2194:Amy Goodman and Juan González (12 June 2008).
1637:. United States Institute of Peace. 7 May 1992
1604:
1602:
1281:"Chad's Torture Victims Pursue Habre in Court"
1104:In November 2010, the court of justice of the
670:ethnic group, which is itself a branch of the
596:National Union for Independence and Revolution
3553:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
3259:
3145:
2401:. vadvert.co.uk. 29 June 2011. Archived from
2303:"African Union: Press Senegal on Habré Trial"
1158:Conviction by the Special Tribunal in Senegal
615:. He was overthrown three years later in the
27:Chadian politician and convicted war criminal
8:
3543:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal
2816:Dewan, Angela; Swails, Brent (30 May 2016).
2250:
2248:
2052:
2050:
1143:humanity and torture. That year he was also
799:Following his rise to power Habré created a
746:In August 1978 Habré was given the posts of
685:National Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINAT)
518:
1926:
1924:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
3266:
3252:
3244:
3152:
3138:
3130:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1792:
1790:
1563:(1st ed.). New York: Public Affairs.
630:In May 2016, Habré was found guilty by an
563:A Muslim from northern Chad, Habré joined
51:
31:
2153:. News 24. Associated Press. 9 April 2008
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1221:
1219:
1106:Economic Community of West African States
676:Institute of Higher International Studies
552:, was a Chadian politician and convicted
2552:"Ex-Chad leader charged over war crimes"
634:of human-rights abuses, including rape,
560:from 1982 until he was deposed in 1990.
275:École nationale de la France d'Outre-Mer
3518:Chadian politicians convicted of crimes
2738:"For Hissène Habré, a Trial by Refusal"
2221:
2219:
2217:
1215:
419:(4) systematic and massive practice of
402:
137:29 August 1978 – 23 March 1979
2527:"Senegal Detains Ex-President of Chad"
1738:Political Reform in Francophone Africa
972:Allegations of crimes against humanity
81:7 June 1982 – 1 December 1990
3578:People sentenced to death in absentia
2305:, Human Rights Watch, 28 January 2009
1139:, and come from elsewhere in Africa.
543:
534:
458:>40,000 alleged Chadian dissidents
285:University of Paris II Panthéon-Assas
7:
2372:Christopher Tansey (25 April 2011).
2101:Human Rights Watch (16 March 2006).
1479:(in German). 6 July 1974. p. 5.
607:, culminating in victory during the
2839:Seelinger, Kim Thuy (10 May 2017).
2736:Thierry Cruvellier (27 July 2015).
2256:"Chad ex-leader sentenced to death"
1975:Maclean, Ruth (18 September 2016).
1704:"France to help try Chad ex-leader"
1071:, tells the story of the activists
1011:Between 1993 and 2003, Belgium had
519:
3583:Prisoners and detainees of Senegal
2767:. 12 November 2019. Archived from
1886:from the original on 22 July 2011.
1279:Douglas Farah (27 November 2000).
25:
2280:Thomas Fessy (19 December 2012).
754:as part of an alliance with Gen.
632:international tribunal in Senegal
585:transitional coalition government
3618:21st-century Chadian politicians
3613:20th-century Chadian politicians
3608:Prisoners who died from COVID-19
3568:Chadian people convicted of rape
3533:People of the Chadian–Libyan War
3513:Chadian people imprisoned abroad
3316:
3225:
3087:Belgium v. Senegal Hissene Habre
2175:. News 24. Reuters. 24 July 2008
929:, the United States gave covert
603:. He led the country during the
313:
2525:Nossiter, Adam (30 June 2013).
2491:Searcey, Dionne (30 May 2016).
2173:"Senegal may finally try Habre"
1902:Searcey, Dionne (30 May 2016).
1682:"Profile: Chad's Hissene Habre"
1610:"Profile: Chad's Hissene Habre"
579:rebel army briefly defected to
3623:Leaders who took power by coup
2594:Aislinn Laing (20 July 2015).
1523:(in German). 15 September 1975
1440:Collelo, Thomas, ed. (1990) .
1164:Extraordinary African Chambers
1099:International Court of Justice
895:Support of the U.S. and France
794:International Court of Justice
1:
2315:Andrew Morgan (28 May 2009).
2151:"Senegal amends constitution"
2916:. Europa Press. 8 June 2020.
2790:Burke, Jason (30 May 2016).
2058:"How the mighty are falling"
2004:"Decree No. 014 /P.CE/CJ/90"
1126:International Criminal Court
1047:voted to amend the nation's
1045:National Assembly of Senegal
1043:Union. On 8 April 2008, the
3548:Heads of government of Chad
3063:(in French). 27 August 2021
1391:(in French). 24 August 2021
1365:(in French). 24 August 2021
812:against groups such as the
701:Armed Forces of the North (
3644:
3034:Radio France International
2710:Diadie Ba (21 July 2015).
2258:. BBC News. 15 August 2008
2035:. BBC News. 24 August 2021
1840:Savadogo, Raymond (2014).
898:
844:
650:Habré was born in 1942 in
3468:
3314:
3234:
3223:
3171:
1555:Meredith, Martin (2005).
1497:(in German). 17 June 1974
1491:"Deutscher Rebellen-Funk"
1229:. Reuters. 24 August 2021
1063:A 2007 movie by director
1015:legislation (the Belgian
662:. He was a member of the
577:Armed Forces of the North
504:
500:
496:
492:
425:(5) kidnapping of people
379:
370:
168:
130:
74:
62:
50:
41:
18:1989 Chadian coup attempt
3628:Leaders ousted by a coup
3573:People from Faya-Largeau
3106:24 November 2010 at the
3089:Case of 19 February 2009
2449:. BBC News. 10 July 2011
2427:. BBC News. 10 July 2011
2088:21 November 2005 at the
1956:. BBC News. 20 July 2015
1706:. BBC News. 27 July 2007
1587:. BBC News. 30 June 2013
980:(1987), and against the
951:Chadian Truth Commission
713:Forces Armées Populaires
654:, northern Chad, then a
617:1990 Chadian coup d'état
199:French Equatorial Africa
42:
3603:Vice presidents of Chad
3503:Chadian anti-communists
3442:post abolished, 2018–21
3353:post abolished, 1982–91
3343:post abolished, 1979–82
3333:post abolished, 1960–78
2575:. BBC News. 30 May 2016
1934:. BBC News. 30 May 2016
1684:. BBC News. 3 July 2006
1612:. BBC News. 30 May 2016
1308:. BBC News. 30 May 2016
1249:"Hissène Habré is dead"
847:Chadian–Libyan conflict
734:, an archeologist, and
623:and fled into exile in
611:from 1986 to 1987 with
605:Libyan-Chadian conflict
392:Crimes against humanity
360:First Chadian Civil War
350:Chadian–Libyan conflict
280:Aosta Valley University
164:Djidingar Dono Ngardoum
92:Djidingar Dono Ngardoum
3558:Heads of state of Chad
3498:20th-century criminals
2468:Staff (20 July 2012).
2378:The Human Rights Brief
1882:. Human Rights Watch.
1846:Études internationales
1131:In December 2012, the
1026:On 17 March 2006, the
1013:universal jurisdiction
1007:Initial trial attempts
944:Documents obtained by
910:
901:CIA activities in Chad
856:
785:
752:Vice President of Chad
748:Prime Minister of Chad
592:one-party dictatorship
556:who served as the 5th
536:[hiˈsɛnˈhabre]
125:Prime Minister of Chad
3094:4 August 2016 at the
1443:A Country Study: Chad
1133:Parliament of Senegal
1122:Amnesty International
854:
777:
709:People's Armed Forces
703:Forces Armées du Nord
541:French pronunciation:
335:Years of service
1800:. Human Rights Watch
1409:Sam C. Nolutshungu,
1168:Prison du Cap Manuel
1162:On 30 May 2016, the
1073:Souleymane Guengueng
934:anti-Qaddafi force.
567:rebels in the first
487:Prison du Cap Manuel
329:Chadian Armed Forces
3538:Critics of Islamism
2601:The Daily Telegraph
2327:on 1 September 2012
2233:on 21 February 2013
1477:Das Ostpreußenblatt
1285:The Washington Post
1176:COVID-19 quarantine
1069:The Dictator Hunter
1028:European Parliament
666:branch of the Daza
658:, into a family of
464:Span of crimes
259:Fatime Hachem Habré
148:François Tombalbaye
3112:Human Rights Watch
2947:The New York Times
2914:www.notimerica.com
2743:The New York Times
2531:The New York Times
2497:The New York Times
2131:on 24 January 2013
2013:. 29 December 1990
1908:The New York Times
1755:Human Rights Watch
1145:sentenced to death
995:The government of
946:Human Rights Watch
925:. Under President
915:Human Rights Watch
865:Muammar al-Gaddafi
857:
830:Human Rights Watch
786:
781:with Habré at the
732:Françoise Claustre
545:[isɛnabʁe]
483:Imprisoned at
432:and inhumane acts
421:summary executions
415:voluntary homicide
3475:
3474:
3241:
3240:
3008:www.aljazeera.com
1858:10.7202/1025119ar
1413:(1996), page 110.
1253:The Africa Report
1194:Muslim cemetery.
1065:Klaartje Quirijns
1034:demands from the
967:Legal proceedings
728:Christoph Staewen
569:Chadian Civil War
558:president of Chad
508:
507:
444:Life imprisonment
375:Criminal details
69:President of Chad
16:(Redirected from
3635:
3320:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3245:
3229:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3131:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3061:JeuneAfrique.com
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3037:. 24 August 2021
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2984:. 24 August 2021
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2938:
2932:
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2669:
2667:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2604:. Archived from
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2548:
2542:
2541:
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2456:
2454:
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2437:
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2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2405:on 15 March 2012
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2323:. Archived from
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2277:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2252:
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2029:
2023:
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2020:
2018:
2008:
2000:
1994:
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1991:
1989:
1972:
1966:
1965:
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1961:
1950:
1944:
1943:
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1928:
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1914:
1899:
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1876:
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1810:
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1794:
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1487:
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1437:
1414:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1363:JeuneAfrique.com
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1276:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1255:. 24 August 2021
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1223:
1092:Trial in Senegal
990:Augusto Pinochet
917:
828:under his rule.
810:ethnic cleansing
689:Goukouni Oueddei
656:colony of France
575:, Habré and his
573:Goukouni Oueddei
547:
542:
538:
533:
522:
521:
478:15 November 2005
474:Date apprehended
440:Criminal penalty
388:
319:
317:
316:
304:Military service
211:
187:
185:
173:Personal details
161:
144:
135:
113:
105:Goukouni Oueddei
101:
88:
79:
55:
45:
32:
21:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3464:
3321:
3312:
3281:
3275:Prime ministers
3272:
3242:
3237:
3230:
3221:
3167:
3158:
3108:Wayback Machine
3096:Wayback Machine
3082:
3077:
3076:
3066:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3040:
3038:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3012:
3010:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2987:
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2926:
2925:
2921:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2874:AFP news agency
2864:
2863:
2859:
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2847:
2838:
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2833:
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2815:
2814:
2810:
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2665:
2663:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2608:on 20 July 2015
2593:
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2397:
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2371:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2352:www.icj-cij.org
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2193:
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2156:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2105:. allafrica.com
2100:
2099:
2095:
2090:Wayback Machine
2083:The Independent
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1900:
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1878:
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1813:
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1094:
1081:
1009:
974:
969:
919:
912:
903:
897:
849:
843:
772:
744:
683:and joined the
648:
601:Muammar Gaddafi
540:
531:
475:
465:
435:
401:
400:
384:
366:
314:
312:
289:
261:Fatime Raymonde
260:
251:
233:Political party
228:Muslim cemetery
213:
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159:
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111:
99:
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58:
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3535:
3530:
3528:Chadian rebels
3525:
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3515:
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3505:
3500:
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3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3161:Heads of state
3159:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3123:Democracy Now!
3115:
3098:
3081:
3080:External links
3078:
3075:
3074:
3048:
3020:
2995:
2967:
2933:
2930:. 7 June 2020.
2919:
2901:
2898:. 7 June 2020.
2887:
2876:. 7 April 2020
2857:
2831:
2808:
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2728:
2702:
2688:. 21 July 2015
2673:
2662:. 21 July 2015
2645:
2634:. 20 July 2015
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2200:Democracy Now!
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2116:
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2075:
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2024:
1995:
1967:
1945:
1920:
1889:
1871:
1852:(1): 105–127.
1811:
1786:
1781:Democracy Now!
1768:
1757:. 28 June 2016
1742:
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1017:War Crimes Law
1008:
1005:
999:established a
973:
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939:Donald Norland
904:
896:
893:
845:Main article:
842:
841:War with Libya
839:
771:
768:
743:
740:
647:
644:
636:sexual slavery
613:French support
528:Chadian Arabic
506:
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331:
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325:Branch/service
322:
321:
310:
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243:
236:
234:
230:
229:
223:
219:
218:
212:(aged 79)
208:24 August 2021
206:
202:
201:
188:13 August 1942
179:
175:
174:
170:
169:
166:
165:
162:
156:
155:
145:
139:
138:
128:
127:
120:
119:
114:
108:
107:
102:
96:
95:
89:
87:Prime Minister
83:
82:
72:
71:
64:
63:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3640:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3598:Toubou people
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
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3328:
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3309:
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3257:
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3250:
3249:
3246:
3233:
3228:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
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3190:
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3182:
3179:
3177:
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3170:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3141:
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3125:
3124:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3105:
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3079:
3062:
3058:
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3009:
3005:
2999:
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2897:
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2875:
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2858:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2819:
2812:
2809:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2783:
2771:on 4 May 2021
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2732:
2729:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2687:
2683:
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2661:
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2655:
2649:
2646:
2633:
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2623:
2620:
2607:
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2597:
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2222:
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2214:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2064:. 5 July 2007
2063:
2062:The Economist
2059:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:(in French).
1847:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1799:
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1782:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1756:
1752:
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1733:
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1721:
1718:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1662:
1658:
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1649:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1570:9781586482466
1566:
1561:
1560:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1496:
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1483:
1478:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1339:. 1 June 2016
1338:
1337:
1336:The Economist
1332:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1205:
1204:Rose Lokissim
1202:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1172:African Union
1169:
1165:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1137:African Union
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1079:Trial in Chad
1078:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1058:Madicke Niang
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1036:African Union
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
971:
966:
964:
961:
959:
954:
952:
947:
942:
940:
935:
932:
928:
927:Ronald Reagan
924:
918:
916:
909:
902:
894:
892:
890:
886:
882:
877:
874:
868:
866:
862:
853:
848:
840:
838:
836:
831:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:exhaust pipes
802:
801:secret police
797:
795:
791:
784:
780:
779:Ronald Reagan
776:
769:
767:
765:
761:
757:
756:Félix Malloum
753:
749:
742:Rise to power
741:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
710:
706:
704:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
645:
643:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
597:
594:ruled by his
593:
588:
586:
582:
581:Felix Malloum
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
546:
537:
529:
525:
516:
512:
511:Hissène Habré
503:
499:
495:
491:
488:
485:
481:
477:
471:
467:
461:
457:
453:
448:
445:
442:
438:
431:
427:
424:
422:
418:
416:
412:
410:
406:
403:
399:
393:
390:
387:
386:Conviction(s)
382:
378:
373:
369:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
351:
348:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
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311:
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296:
292:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
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272:
270:
268:
264:
258:
254:
247:
244:
241:
238:
237:
235:
231:
227:
224:
222:Resting place
220:
216:
207:
203:
200:
196:
192:
180:
176:
171:
167:
163:
157:
153:
149:
146:
140:
134:
129:
126:
121:
118:
115:
109:
106:
103:
97:
93:
90:
84:
78:
73:
70:
65:
61:
54:
49:
40:
36:Hissène Habré
33:
30:
19:
3441:
3352:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3206:
3126:31 May 2016.
3121:
3086:
3065:. Retrieved
3060:
3051:
3039:. Retrieved
3032:
3023:
3011:. Retrieved
3007:
2998:
2986:. Retrieved
2979:
2970:
2958:. Retrieved
2946:
2936:
2922:
2913:
2904:
2890:
2878:. Retrieved
2860:
2848:. Retrieved
2845:The Guardian
2844:
2834:
2822:. Retrieved
2811:
2799:. Retrieved
2796:The Guardian
2795:
2785:
2773:. Retrieved
2769:the original
2759:
2747:. Retrieved
2741:
2731:
2719:. Retrieved
2705:
2697:
2690:. Retrieved
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2657:
2648:
2636:. Retrieved
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2606:the original
2599:
2589:
2577:. Retrieved
2567:
2555:. Retrieved
2546:
2534:. Retrieved
2530:
2520:
2508:. Retrieved
2496:
2486:
2474:. Retrieved
2463:
2451:. Retrieved
2441:
2429:. Retrieved
2419:
2407:. Retrieved
2403:the original
2393:
2381:. Retrieved
2377:
2367:
2355:. Retrieved
2351:
2342:
2329:. Retrieved
2325:the original
2320:
2310:
2298:
2286:. Retrieved
2260:. Retrieved
2235:. Retrieved
2231:the original
2203:. Retrieved
2199:
2189:
2177:. Retrieved
2167:
2155:. Retrieved
2145:
2133:. Retrieved
2129:the original
2119:
2107:. Retrieved
2096:
2078:
2066:. Retrieved
2061:
2037:. Retrieved
2027:
2015:. Retrieved
2010:
1998:
1986:. Retrieved
1982:The Guardian
1980:
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1911:. Retrieved
1907:
1874:
1849:
1845:
1802:. Retrieved
1784:2 July 2013.
1779:
1771:
1759:. Retrieved
1745:
1737:
1732:
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1676:
1664:. Retrieved
1660:
1651:
1639:. Retrieved
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1589:. Retrieved
1579:
1558:
1525:. Retrieved
1520:
1517:"Zum Weinen"
1511:
1499:. Retrieved
1494:
1485:
1476:
1464:
1455:
1442:
1410:
1405:
1393:. Retrieved
1388:
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1362:
1353:
1341:. Retrieved
1334:
1310:. Retrieved
1300:
1288:. Retrieved
1284:
1257:. Retrieved
1243:
1231:. Retrieved
1185:
1161:
1152:
1141:
1130:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1095:
1084:
1082:
1068:
1062:
1049:constitution
1025:
1010:
994:
975:
962:
955:
943:
936:
920:
911:
906:
878:
869:
858:
826:
798:
789:
787:
745:
717:
712:
702:
693:Abba Siddick
652:Faya-Largeau
649:
629:
589:
562:
554:war criminal
550:Hissen Habré
549:
524:Ḥusaīn Ḥabrī
523:
510:
509:
397:
343:Battles/wars
210:(2021-08-24)
191:Faya-Largeau
160:Succeeded by
132:
112:Succeeded by
76:
29:
3493:2021 deaths
3488:1942 births
3403:Yoadimnadji
3326:Independent
3303:Koulamallah
3041:3 September
2850:10 December
2288:19 December
1988:10 December
1761:10 December
1521:Der Spiegel
1495:Der Spiegel
1148:in absentia
1085:in absentia
1032:extradition
997:Idriss Déby
885:Idriss Déby
873:Libyan army
861:Aozou Strip
783:White House
621:Idriss Déby
407:(2) Forced
248:(1984–1990)
242:(1972–1984)
195:French Chad
152:French Chad
143:Preceded by
117:Idriss Déby
100:Preceded by
3482:Categories
3308:Tombalbaye
3176:Tombalbaye
2870:Al Jazeera
2472:. BBC News
2284:. BBC News
1727:Al Jazeera
1661:GlobalPost
1210:References
899:See also:
736:Marc Combe
646:Early life
609:Toyota War
532:pronounced
355:Toyota War
309:Allegiance
267:Alma mater
184:1942-08-13
3413:Koumakoye
3408:Younousmi
3388:Yamassoum
3373:Koumakoye
3067:30 August
3013:24 August
2988:24 August
2960:25 August
2955:0362-4331
2659:France 24
2505:0362-4331
2357:8 October
2039:25 August
2017:25 August
1866:0014-2123
1395:24 August
1389:Le Figaro
1369:24 August
1259:25 August
1233:24 August
1116:Belgium.
760:N'Djamena
715:or FAP).
660:shepherds
520:حسين حبري
468:1982–1990
404:(1) Rape
338:1972–1990
256:Spouse(s)
217:, Senegal
133:In office
77:In office
44:حسين حبري
3427:Dadnadji
3422:Nadingar
3378:Djimasta
3363:Yodoyman
3348:Ngardoum
3298:Sahoulba
3286:Colonial
3104:Archived
3092:Archived
2981:France24
2686:BBC News
2632:BBC News
2086:Archived
2011:usip.org
1884:Archived
1312:27 March
1198:See also
1188:COVID-19
978:Hadjerai
889:Cameroon
835:Pinochet
820:and the
818:Hadjerai
691:. After
640:COVID-19
565:FROLINAT
398:See list
294:Religion
240:FROLINAT
123:1st
67:5th
3470:*acting
3450:Kebzabo
3446:Padacké
3437:Padacké
3368:Moungar
3358:Bawoyeu
3293:Lisette
3236:*acting
3217:M. Déby
3212:I. Déby
3202:Oueddei
3192:Oueddei
3187:Malloum
3181:Odingar
2880:7 April
2749:28 July
2721:24 July
2716:Reuters
2692:24 July
2666:24 July
2638:20 July
2612:20 July
2557:8 March
2536:30 June
2476:20 July
1666:8 March
1591:8 March
986:torture
982:Zaghawa
881:Zaghawa
822:Zaghawa
724:Tibesti
705:or FAN)
681:Tripoli
668:Gourane
664:Anakaza
625:Senegal
526:,
455:Victims
450:Details
430:Torture
409:slavery
3460:Halina
3432:Deubet
3393:Kabadi
3383:Ouaido
2953:
2824:30 May
2801:30 May
2579:30 May
2510:30 May
2503:
2453:3 July
2431:3 July
2409:3 July
2383:3 July
2331:3 July
2321:Jurist
2262:3 July
2237:3 July
2205:3 July
2179:3 July
2157:3 July
2135:3 July
2109:3 July
2068:3 July
1960:30 May
1938:30 May
1913:30 May
1864:
1804:3 July
1710:3 July
1688:3 July
1641:3 July
1616:31 May
1567:
1527:3 July
1501:3 July
1343:2 June
1290:3 July
1110:ad hoc
1053:Senate
790:régime
720:Bardaï
672:Toubou
515:Arabic
318:
298:Muslim
94:(1982)
3455:Masra
3417:Abbas
3338:Habré
3207:Habré
3197:Choua
2820:. CNN
2775:2 May
2007:(PDF)
1635:(PDF)
1473:(PDF)
1447:(PDF)
1182:Death
1021:Dakar
958:AWACS
923:Libya
764:Sudan
215:Dakar
3398:Faki
3279:Chad
3165:Chad
3069:2021
3043:2021
3015:2021
2990:2021
2962:2021
2951:ISSN
2882:2020
2852:2019
2826:2016
2803:2016
2777:2021
2751:2015
2723:2015
2694:2015
2668:2015
2640:2015
2614:2015
2581:2016
2559:2015
2538:2013
2512:2016
2501:ISSN
2478:2012
2455:2012
2433:2012
2411:2012
2385:2012
2359:2019
2333:2012
2290:2012
2264:2012
2239:2012
2207:2012
2181:2012
2159:2012
2137:2012
2111:2012
2070:2012
2041:2021
2019:2021
1990:2019
1962:2016
1940:2016
1915:2016
1862:ISSN
1806:2012
1763:2019
1712:2012
1690:2012
1668:2015
1643:2012
1618:2016
1593:2015
1565:ISBN
1529:2012
1503:2012
1397:2021
1371:2021
1345:2016
1314:2017
1292:2012
1261:2021
1235:2021
1192:Yoff
814:Sara
770:Rule
750:and
428:(6)
413:(3)
320:Chad
246:UNIR
226:Yoff
205:Died
178:Born
150:(of
3277:of
3163:of
1854:doi
931:CIA
837:."
722:in
619:by
3484::
3120:.
3110:,
3059:.
3031:.
3006:.
2978:.
2949:.
2945:.
2912:.
2872:.
2868:.
2843:.
2794:.
2740:.
2714:.
2696:.
2684:.
2656:.
2630:.
2598:.
2529:.
2499:.
2495:.
2376:.
2350:.
2319:.
2272:^
2247:^
2216:^
2198:.
2060:.
2049:^
2009:.
1979:.
1923:^
1906:.
1892:^
1860:.
1850:45
1844:.
1814:^
1789:^
1778:.
1753:.
1659:.
1601:^
1537:^
1519:.
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