145:
391:
75:
97:
327:, who sponsored the amendment in the legislature, wrote that "it's terrible that it's on the books and used in a court case as reflecting on the attitude of the people of Arkansas", and strongly urged its repeal. The amendment had been ignored by state officials since its passing in 1956.
308:
246:
laws. Amendment 44 had previously been overturned in 1989 by a federal court, but was still part of the state constitution. The ballot measure passed with 50.96% of the vote, repealing
Amendment 44.
356:
endorsed the amendment, writing that it deserves passage "even if some may only see it as a symbolic gesture". The strongest opposition came from John Norman
Warnock of
364:
throughout the 1960s and 1970s, aired ads in the week leading up to the election urging voters to reject
Amendment 3, as well as the other statewide ballot measures.
707:
473:
243:
692:
239:
697:
300:
to voters, who approved it in 1956 by 56% to 44%. It was therefore incorporated into the
Arkansas constitution, as Amendment 44.
626:
481:
277:
223:
702:
144:
260:
673:
595:
629:
320:
281:
564:
296:
any federally-mandated racial integration, thereby preventing it from occurring in the state. The amendment was
285:
511:
289:
235:
642:
486:
440:
Amendment 3 passed narrowly with 50.96% of the vote. The amendment's narrow margin was attributed both to
297:
273:
647:
600:
569:
352:
312:
265:
448:
444:
390:
605:
357:
323:
referred
Amendment 3 to the 1990 ballot, to remove the outdated text from the constitution.
316:
255:
543:
441:
324:
269:
361:
686:
293:
627:
HJR1003 - PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO THE ARKANSAS CONSTITUTION TO REPEAL AMENDMENT 44
234:
was a ballot measure on the
November 6, 1990, general election ballot to amend the
677:
516:
547:
447:
and general unfamiliarity with the measure, as it failed in some majority
350:
There was no significant campaign either for or against the amendment.
309:
United States
District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas
238:
to repeal
Amendment 44, which was intended to allow the state to
315:
ruled the amendment unconstitutional, because it violated the
340:
Amendment 44 to the
Arkansas Constitution is hereby repealed.
150:
590:
588:
512:"Arkansas Interposition, Proposed Amendment 47 (1956)"
558:
556:
303:Amendment 44 was challenged in the 1989 legal case
276:began requiring states to racially integrate their
50:
335:The amendment appeared on the ballot as follows:
337:
468:
466:
464:
8:
319:of the US Constitution. Following this, the
21:
292:. The amendment stated that Arkansas can
371:
56:
460:
20:
565:"Bulletin Editorial: For Amendment 3"
7:
708:U.S. state constitutional amendments
373:Proposed Constitutional Amendment 3
280:. In opposition to this ruling, the
641:Barnes, Steve (November 10, 1990).
22:Proposed Constitutional Amendment 3
643:"The progressive spirit prevailed"
14:
563:Qualls, Bob (November 2, 1990).
474:"Arkansas Election Results 1990"
420:
389:
143:
95:
73:
16:Referendum on racial integration
596:"Amendment 3 holds narrow lead"
608:. November 7, 1990. p. 7A
482:Secretary of State of Arkansas
224:Secretary of State of Arkansas
1:
360:. Warnock, who was an active
264:that state laws preventing
261:Brown v. Board of Education
724:
305:Dietz v. State of Arkansas
286:1956 Arkansas Amendment 47
268:are incompatible with the
674:1990 Arkansas Amendment 3
630:Arkansas General Assembly
383:
380:
377:
321:Arkansas General Assembly
307:, which was heard in the
232:1990 Arkansas Amendment 3
221:
142:
133:
67:
64:
55:
26:
693:Arkansas ballot measures
290:Constitution of Arkansas
278:public education systems
236:Constitution of Arkansas
698:1990 Arkansas elections
544:709 F.Supp. 902
284:proposed an amendment,
282:legislature of Arkansas
346:Support and opposition
343:
298:legislatively referred
274:US federal government
703:1990 ballot measures
368:Results and analysis
648:The Baxter Bulletin
601:The Baxter Bulletin
570:The Baxter Bulletin
492:on October 18, 2022
374:
353:The Baxter Bulletin
272:. In response, the
23:
372:
266:racial integration
445:racial resentment
438:
437:
229:
228:
215:
214:
129:
128:
41:
40:
715:
661:
660:
658:
656:
638:
632:
624:
618:
617:
615:
613:
606:Associated Press
592:
583:
582:
580:
578:
560:
551:
541:
535:
529:
528:
526:
524:
508:
502:
501:
499:
497:
491:
485:. Archived from
478:
470:
393:
375:
358:Camden, Arkansas
317:Supremacy Clause
256:US Supreme Court
206:
193:
187:
181:
168:
162:
151:
147:
138:
137:
99:
98:
77:
76:
57:
46:
45:
34:November 6, 1990
28:
27:
24:
723:
722:
718:
717:
716:
714:
713:
712:
683:
682:
670:
665:
664:
654:
652:
640:
639:
635:
625:
621:
611:
609:
594:
593:
586:
576:
574:
562:
561:
554:
537:
536:
532:
522:
520:
510:
509:
505:
495:
493:
489:
476:
472:
471:
462:
457:
370:
348:
333:
325:Lloyd R. George
270:US Constitution
252:
217:
216:
208:
204:
195:
191:
189:
185:
183:
179:
170:
166:
164:
160:
136:
135:
134:
96:
74:
62:
44:
43:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
721:
719:
711:
710:
705:
700:
695:
685:
684:
681:
680:
669:
668:External links
666:
663:
662:
633:
619:
584:
552:
539:Dietz v. State
530:
503:
459:
458:
456:
453:
436:
435:
430:
425:
419:
418:
415:
412:
408:
407:
402:
397:
386:
385:
382:
379:
369:
366:
362:segregationist
347:
344:
332:
329:
251:
248:
227:
226:
219:
218:
213:
212:
207: No data
203:
196:
190:
184:
178:
171:
165:
159:
149:
148:
140:
139:
131:
130:
127:
126:
121:
116:
110:
109:
106:
103:
92:
91:
86:
81:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
53:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
36:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
720:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
688:
679:
675:
672:
671:
667:
650:
649:
644:
637:
634:
631:
628:
623:
620:
607:
603:
602:
597:
591:
589:
585:
572:
571:
566:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
534:
531:
519:
518:
513:
507:
504:
488:
484:
483:
475:
469:
467:
465:
461:
454:
452:
450:
446:
443:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
416:
413:
410:
409:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
392:
388:
387:
376:
367:
365:
363:
359:
355:
354:
345:
342:
341:
336:
330:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:
257:
254:In 1954, the
249:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
225:
220:
211:
202:
201:
197:
194: 50–60%
188: 60–70%
182: 70–80%
177:
176:
172:
169: 50–60%
163: 60–70%
158:
157:
153:
152:
146:
141:
132:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
107:
104:
102:
94:
93:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
72:
71:
59:
58:
54:
49:
37:
35:
32:
30:
29:
25:
19:
653:. Retrieved
646:
636:
622:
610:. Retrieved
599:
575:. Retrieved
573:. p. 4A
568:
538:
533:
521:. Retrieved
515:
506:
494:. Retrieved
487:the original
480:
439:
432:
427:
422:
404:
399:
394:
351:
349:
339:
338:
334:
304:
302:
259:
253:
231:
230:
209:
199:
198:
174:
173:
155:
154:
123:
118:
113:
100:
88:
83:
78:
33:
18:
678:Ballotpedia
655:November 2,
651:. p. 4
612:November 2,
577:November 2,
550: 1989).
523:November 2,
517:Ballotpedia
496:November 2,
451:precincts.
423:Total votes
313:Henry Woods
244:integration
114:Total votes
687:Categories
455:References
250:Background
548:E.D. Ark.
294:interpose
288:, to the
258:ruled in
414:263,261
331:Contents
311:. Judge
242:federal
222:Source:
105:263,261
428:536,788
400:273,527
378:Choice
240:nullify
200:No data
124:100.00%
119:536,788
108:49.04%
84:273,527
51:Results
546: (
542:,
433:100.00
417:49.04
381:Votes
210:
205:
192:
186:
180:
167:
161:
89:50.96%
65:Votes
61:Choice
490:(PDF)
477:(PDF)
449:black
442:white
405:50.96
657:2022
614:2022
579:2022
525:2022
498:2022
676:at
411:No
395:Yes
156:Yes
79:Yes
689::
645:.
604:.
598:.
587:^
567:.
555:^
514:.
479:.
463:^
384:%
175:No
101:No
68:%
659:.
616:.
581:.
527:.
500:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
