68:
176:
1296:
678:
27:
955:
I am not, I can not be a servant of parties, party interests. In my whole life, within and outside party, I served and I will serve for national independence, freedom of thought, freedom of faith in the idea of free homeland, and social justice with human rights without discrimination and exclusion."
787:
was the most popular
Hungarian politician in those months. The MSZMP leaders presumed Pozsgay, a leader of the Communists' radical reformer faction, would win. The smaller opposition parties wanted a parliamentary system, proportional representation, and a weak presidency. However, they too believed
828:, Antall concluded pact with SZDSZ, under which the liberal opposition party could nominee a candidate for the position of President of Hungary, in exchange for contribution to the constitutional amendments. According to some opinions, the pact concluded specifically for the person of Árpád Göncz.
835:, but this failed due to a turnout of just 14%. Instead of a Communist candidate chosen in direct elections before the election of a new parliament, the parliamentary parties unanimously nominated SZDSZ politician and notable anti-communist Árpád Göncz to the position of President of Hungary.
811:
In the end, the implicit deal on the presidency (the only place where the
Communists appeared to have gotten the upper hand) reached in the Round Table Talks was reversed: when the MSZMP dissolved itself in early October and became the
956:
He also added, "I would like to serve the unprotected, the defenceless people, those, who lacked the means to protect themselves both in the «feudal crane feather world» and in the «world of more equals among equals» ."
946:
Parliamentary speaker and, consequently, acting head of state Árpád Göncz was elected for a full term as president by the
National Assembly by 295 votes to 13. After taking the oath before the new legislative speaker
1284:
816:(MSZP), a majority of members as well as MPs failed to join the new party, and Pozsgay was not elected its leader. The Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) won the first democratically free
283:
656:
821:
307:
832:
1277:
801:
775:. The question of the post-communist presidential position was one of the most problematic disputes between the parties. The MSZMP suggested a directly elected
718:
472:
467:
462:
748:
1398:
1262:
804:, the remaining five opposition groups and the MSZMP accepted and signed the proposal. However, following collecting signatures by Fidesz and SZDSZ, a
1270:
808:
was held on 26 November 1989, where the voters chose "yes" for the question of "Should the president be elected after parliamentary elections?"
1413:
1253:
820:
in March 1990, while SZDSZ came to the second place with 92 MPs. József Antall became Prime
Minister and entered coalition with FKGP and the
817:
768:
406:
401:
396:
643:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
428:
423:
418:
294:
47:
1122:
648:
571:
771:(MSZMP) on 26 June 1989. The ruling communist party began discussions with the opposition groups within the framework of the so-called
736:
250:
1403:
1234:
1215:
1188:
1165:
711:
223:
359:
201:
825:
661:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
450:
445:
440:
344:
196:
628:
613:
1319:
1314:
1157:
638:
623:
704:
691:
606:
633:
618:
1096:
772:
278:
1207:
869:
793:
744:
588:
96:
1306:
813:
805:
337:
323:
246:
241:
1408:
1329:
776:
800:
with indirect elections by the parliament, but the first election by the people). Excluding SZDSZ, Fidesz and
287:
189:
831:
The
Socialist Party themselves used the initiative to force a vote on direct election of the president on
797:
593:
367:
236:
759:
During the era of transition from communist one-party system into multi-party democracy, reburial of
578:
506:
385:
330:
219:
864:
740:
145:
81:
583:
166:
764:
1249:
1230:
1211:
1184:
1161:
515:
497:
351:
948:
789:
67:
1227:
Redeeming the
Communist Past: The Regeneration of Communist Parties in East Central Europe
256:
229:
175:
1200:
1150:
682:
767:
was outranked by a four-member collective presidency of the reformist wing within the
1392:
779:, however this proposal was strongly refused by the sharply anti-communist SZDSZ and
1084:
784:
1180:
760:
1123:"Két Göncz Árpád-idézet, amelyet minden magyar polgárnak meg kéne tanulnia"
751:
and acting head of state, was elected
President with an absolute majority.
488:
1295:
732:
780:
316:
300:
149:
1152:
Referendums Around the World: The
Growing Use of Direct Democracy
1032:
1030:
1266:
824:(KDNP). As there were several two-thirds laws according to the
1097:"Árpád Göncz, 1st freely elected president, dies aged 93"
788:
that
Pozsgay would be elected president. In August 1989,
1177:
Comrades No More: The Seeds of Change in
Eastern Europe
731:
The first indirect presidential election was held in
1328:
1305:
1198:Elster, Jon; Offe, Claus; Preuss, Ulrich K (1998),
1199:
1149:
951:(MDF), Göncz stated in his inaugural speech that:
1085:Az Országgyűlés ünnepi ülése 1990. augusztus 3-án
1202:Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies
1036:
134:
953:
985:
1278:
763:proved to be a catalyst event; the hard-line
712:
8:
1072:
657:Timeline of Hungary–European Union relations
18:
1285:
1271:
1263:
719:
705:
493:
161:
17:
1021:
842:
966:
514:
496:
164:
1148:Butler, David; Ranney, Austin (1994),
844:Hungarian presidential election, 1990
7:
19:1990 Hungarian presidential election
1225:Grzymała-Busse, Anna Maria (2002),
1060:
1048:
1009:
997:
973:
822:Christian Democratic People's Party
737:transition to multi-party democracy
769:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
14:
1399:Presidential elections in Hungary
1300:Presidential elections in Hungary
783:, because the reformer communist
1294:
1246:Göncz Árpád – Politikai életrajz
796:(MDF) presented a new proposal (
749:Speaker of the National Assembly
735:on 3 August 1990, following the
676:
644:Hungary–United Kingdom relations
338:Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP)
174:
66:
25:
649:Hungary–United States relations
324:Politics Can Be Different (LMP)
1248:(in Hungarian). Scolar Kiadó.
1229:, Cambridge University Press,
1037:Elster, Offe & Preuss 1998
798:ceremonial presidential system
662:Politics of the European Union
1:
1158:American Enterprise Institute
308:Christian Democratic People's
1414:August 1990 events in Europe
360:Everybody's Hungary Movement
1430:
1208:Cambridge University Press
794:Hungarian Democratic Forum
1175:De Nevers, Renée (2003),
1101:Budapest Business Journal
928:
917:
906:
895:
814:Hungarian Socialist Party
629:Germany–Hungary relations
614:Austria–Hungary relations
345:Democratic Coalition (DK)
331:Dialogue for Hungary (PM)
132:
58:
35:
23:
1404:1990 elections in Europe
1073:Butler & Ranney 1994
777:semi-presidential system
639:Hungary–Russia relations
624:France–Hungary relations
572:Administrative divisions
634:Hungary–Italy relations
619:China–Hungary relations
1244:Kim, Dae Soon (2012).
958:
826:Hungarian Constitution
818:parliamentary election
368:Our Homeland Movement
806:four-part referendum
202:Constitutional Court
105:Electoral vote
986:Grzymała-Busse 2002
845:
167:Politics of Hungary
20:
843:
683:Hungary portal
1386:
1385:
1255:978-963-244-348-5
988:, pp. 108–9.
939:
938:
852:Nominating Party
773:Round Table Talks
729:
728:
607:Foreign relations
562:
561:
516:Mayoral elections
507:Gergely Karácsony
498:Mayor of Budapest
352:Momentum Movement
295:Political parties
279:National Assembly
197:1949 Constitution
160:
159:
156:
155:
141:Elected President
128:
127:
54:
53:
1421:
1299:
1298:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1264:
1259:
1239:
1220:
1205:
1193:
1170:
1155:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1125:. 6 October 2015
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1103:. 6 October 2015
1093:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
846:
792:, leader of the
721:
714:
707:
685:
681:
680:
679:
494:
371:
363:
355:
347:
340:
333:
326:
319:
303:
178:
162:
135:
70:
60:
59:
37:
36:
30:
29:
28:
21:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1409:1990 in Hungary
1389:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1324:
1307:Second Republic
1301:
1293:
1291:
1256:
1243:
1237:
1224:
1218:
1197:
1191:
1174:
1168:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
996:
992:
984:
980:
972:
968:
963:
944:
841:
757:
725:
696:
692:Other countries
677:
675:
674:
667:
666:
653:
609:
599:
598:
574:
564:
563:
491:
481:
480:
477:
455:
433:
411:
395:Parliamentary:
388:
377:
376:
366:
358:
350:
343:
336:
329:
322:
315:
312:
309:
299:
274:
266:
265:
242:Current cabinet
215:
207:
206:
192:
169:
148:
143:
133:
31:
26:
24:
12:
11:
5:
1427:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1330:Third Republic
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1241:
1235:
1222:
1216:
1195:
1189:
1172:
1166:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1114:
1088:
1077:
1075:, p. 186.
1065:
1063:, p. 120.
1053:
1051:, p. 114.
1041:
1026:
1024:, p. 130.
1022:De Nevers 2003
1014:
1012:, p. 111.
1002:
1000:, p. 109.
990:
978:
976:, p. 108.
965:
964:
962:
959:
943:
940:
937:
936:
933:
930:
926:
925:
922:
919:
915:
914:
911:
908:
907:Invalid votes
904:
903:
900:
897:
893:
892:
889:
886:
883:
882:Against Göncz
879:
878:
875:
872:
867:
860:
859:
856:
853:
850:
840:
837:
756:
753:
727:
726:
724:
723:
716:
709:
701:
698:
697:
695:
694:
688:
687:
686:
669:
668:
665:
664:
659:
652:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
610:
605:
604:
601:
600:
597:
596:
591:
586:
581:
575:
570:
569:
566:
565:
560:
559:
558:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
519:
518:
512:
511:
510:
509:
501:
500:
492:
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
476:
475:
470:
465:
458:
456:
454:
453:
448:
443:
436:
434:
432:
431:
426:
421:
417:Presidential:
414:
412:
410:
409:
404:
399:
392:
389:
383:
382:
379:
378:
375:
374:
373:
372:
364:
356:
348:
341:
334:
327:
320:
313:
306:
304:
292:
291:
290:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
264:
263:
262:
261:
260:
259:
247:Prime Minister
244:
234:
233:
232:
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:
205:
204:
199:
193:
188:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
171:
170:
165:
158:
157:
154:
153:
138:
130:
129:
126:
125:
123:
118:
114:
113:
111:
106:
102:
101:
99:
94:
90:
89:
87:
85:
78:
74:
73:
71:
64:
56:
55:
52:
51:
45:
40:
33:
32:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1426:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1236:0-521-00146-3
1232:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1217:0-521-47931-2
1213:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1192:
1190:0-262-54129-7
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1167:0-8447-3853-0
1163:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1039:, p. 67.
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1003:
999:
994:
991:
987:
982:
979:
975:
970:
967:
960:
957:
952:
950:
949:György Szabad
941:
934:
931:
927:
923:
920:
916:
912:
909:
905:
901:
898:
896:Did not vote
894:
890:
887:
884:
881:
880:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
862:
861:
857:
854:
851:
848:
847:
838:
836:
834:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:József Antall
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
754:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
722:
717:
715:
710:
708:
703:
702:
700:
699:
693:
690:
689:
684:
673:
672:
671:
670:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
608:
603:
602:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
576:
573:
568:
567:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
521:
520:
517:
513:
508:
505:
504:
503:
502:
499:
495:
490:
485:
484:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
460:
459:
457:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
438:
437:
435:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
416:
415:
413:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
394:
393:
391:
390:
387:
381:
380:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
346:
342:
339:
335:
332:
328:
325:
321:
318:
314:
311:
305:
302:
298:
297:
296:
293:
289:
285:
282:
281:
280:
277:
276:
270:
269:
258:
255:
254:
252:
248:
245:
243:
240:
239:
238:
235:
231:
228:
227:
225:
221:
218:
217:
211:
210:
203:
200:
198:
195:
194:
191:
186:
185:
182:
181:
177:
173:
172:
168:
163:
152:
151:
147:
142:
139:
137:
136:
131:
124:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
86:
84:
83:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
50: →
49:
46:
44:
43:3 August 1990
41:
39:
38:
34:
22:
16:
1337:
1245:
1226:
1201:
1176:
1151:
1127:. Retrieved
1117:
1105:. Retrieved
1100:
1091:
1080:
1068:
1056:
1044:
1017:
1005:
993:
981:
969:
954:
945:
929:Total seats
918:Total votes
863:In favor of
833:29 July 1990
830:
810:
785:Imre Pozsgay
765:Károly Grósz
758:
730:
310:Party (KDNP)
288:László Kövér
257:Viktor Orbán
230:Tamás Sulyok
190:Constitution
144:
140:
120:
108:
80:
42:
15:
865:Árpád Göncz
741:Árpád Göncz
146:Árpád Göncz
117:Percentage
82:Árpád Göncz
1393:Categories
1129:11 October
1107:10 October
961:References
849:Candidate
755:Background
594:Subregions
461:European:
273:Parliament
237:Government
1181:MIT Press
942:Aftermath
761:Imre Nagy
579:Districts
386:elections
220:President
214:Executive
1061:Kim 2012
1049:Kim 2012
1010:Kim 2012
998:Kim 2012
974:Kim 2012
584:Counties
489:Budapest
77:Nominee
1142:Sources
935:100.00
839:Results
733:Hungary
589:Regions
439:Local:
384:Recent
284:Speaker
63:
1252:
1233:
1214:
1187:
1164:
924:80.31
902:19.69
877:76.42
855:Votes
781:Fidesz
317:Jobbik
301:Fidesz
121:76,42%
93:Party
913:0.52
891:3.37
870:SZDSZ
745:SZDSZ
362:(MMM)
150:SZDSZ
97:SZDSZ
1378:2024
1373:2022
1368:2017
1363:2012
1358:2010
1353:2005
1348:2000
1343:1995
1338:1990
1320:1948
1315:1946
1250:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1212:ISBN
1185:ISBN
1162:ISBN
1131:2015
1109:2015
932:386
921:310
874:295
802:LIGA
555:2019
550:2014
545:2010
540:2006
535:2002
530:1998
525:1994
473:2024
468:2019
463:2014
451:2024
446:2019
441:2014
429:2024
424:2022
419:2017
407:2022
402:2018
397:2014
370:(MH)
251:list
224:list
48:1995
899:76
888:13
747:),
354:(M)
109:295
1395::
1210:,
1206:,
1183:,
1179:,
1160:,
1156:,
1099:.
1029:^
910:2
885:–
858:%
739:.
286::
253:)
226:)
1286:e
1279:t
1272:v
1258:.
1240:.
1221:.
1194:.
1171:.
1133:.
1111:.
743:(
720:e
713:t
706:v
249:(
222:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
