443:
1805:
573:, leaders of the navy, gendarmerie and security services. They agreed that the FIS's path to victory should be blocked by using constitutional mechanisms rather than by physical force. They also decided that president Chadli Bendjedid had to resign because this would force the suspension of the second round of the election.
645:; that after its massive 1990 municipal elections victory, the FIS was praised for its virtue in governance, but the solutions it offered to Algeria's problems -- forced hijab, separate swimming areas, banning French culture and any use of the French language, liquor stores, video shops, enforcing
649:
law in general -- however popular, were unlikely to be much help against
Algeria's long-term problems; that while the Islamists were very much in favor of the opportunity to gain power through democratic elections, that doesn't mean they would have surrendered power after elections later on, and
634:
According to John
Enteils, "the Arab world had never before experienced such a genuinely populist expression of democratic aspirations… Yet when the army overturned the whole democratic experiment in January 1992, the United States willingly accepted the results… In short, a democratically elected
585:
to resign. Chadli appeared on national television and announced his resignation in a quiet voice: "Given the difficulty and gravity of the current situation, I consider my resignation necessary to protect the unity of the people and the security of the country". He was replaced with a
553:, condemning them as unpatriotic and pro-French, as well as financially corrupt. Additionally, FIS leadership was at best divided on the desirability of democracy, and some Algerian non-Islamists expressed fears that a FIS government would be, as U.S. Assistant Secretary of State
520:
Preceding the coup were social-political-economic problems such as a 1986 collapse of oil prices (at the time 95% of
Algerian exports and 60% of the government budget came from petroleum), a population explosion without jobs or housing to accommodate it, rhetoric of
525:
solidarity by the party and government masking "corruption on a grand scale" (and discrediting the "vocabulary of socialism"), a concentration of power and resources by the military and FLN party elite originating from the east-side of
Algeria. The ruling FLN
594:
the next day as tanks and troops guarded important locations in the city, and suspended the electoral process. The High
Council of State announced the appointment of a HCE as a collective successor to Chadli, comprising
530:) "banned all opposition" but the oil money used to pacify the population had been decimated. On 4 October 1988, massive riots and destruction by the urban poor was met with "ruthless" police response killing hundreds.
507:
to serve as the new president. The military argued that they had done this to "safeguard
Algeria's republican institutions from political and radical Islamists" and to prevent Algeria from turning into a
638:
Arguments against this line include that
Washington's influence was likely limited with Algeria's ruling party, the anti-capitalist, anti-secular, anti-European culture, pro-Islamic identity
134:
618:
after an official absence of 28 years in exile. He was chosen to give the regime a fresh image and an enhanced sense of legitimacy to attract popular support for the regime, but was
650:
statements by its leaders before the coup, as well as the killings of hundreds of civilians, foreign and domestic, by
Islamist guerillas in the subsequent bloody and destructive
1830:
1757:
1400:
367:
1712:
1375:
1214:
1355:
372:
1700:
1695:
1016:
1850:
1335:
1051:
1046:
541:
and quickly gained popularity in
Algeria. It won control of many local governments in the June 1990 municipal elections, and won the first round of the
197:
1094:
622:
several months later in June. The army then rounded up tens of thousands of
Muslims who supported the FIS and put them in camps in the middle of the
948:
1199:
120:
1315:
410:
1727:
1601:
1144:
1107:
1102:
815:
788:
754:
682:
1129:
312:
1680:
1526:
1370:
1395:
642:
546:
527:
400:
565:
A secret meeting was held in December 1991 to discuss the options available to the military, attended by all senior generals including
1845:
1154:
716:
542:
488:
307:
172:
100:
75:
1455:
1420:
1149:
322:
1606:
1300:
127:
1519:
1279:
1259:
1254:
1234:
619:
277:
182:
1809:
1752:
1717:
1707:
1501:
1269:
1041:
587:
1737:
1732:
1685:
1621:
1551:
1486:
1470:
1415:
1274:
1239:
1174:
1009:
272:
1747:
1742:
1596:
1586:
1465:
1350:
1667:
1652:
1460:
1390:
1284:
1189:
1184:
1089:
1074:
1662:
1642:
1514:
1506:
1440:
1360:
1310:
1249:
1209:
1204:
1069:
635:
Islamist government hostile to American hegemonic aspirations in the region… was considered unacceptable in Washington."
192:
162:
1491:
1340:
1305:
1224:
234:
1410:
1840:
1581:
1325:
1164:
224:
1566:
1430:
1079:
922:
1762:
1657:
1626:
1616:
1531:
1496:
1435:
1385:
1194:
1179:
1139:
1122:
1002:
859:"Algeria and the Paradox of Democracy: The 1992 Coup, its Consequences and the Contemporary Crisis – Algeria-Watch"
831:
425:
1722:
1591:
1571:
1561:
1546:
1536:
1425:
1380:
1345:
1330:
1320:
1264:
1219:
1835:
1576:
1556:
1244:
1159:
1084:
420:
292:
1672:
1647:
1541:
1229:
1117:
534:
484:
347:
1445:
1169:
382:
244:
229:
960:
1611:
639:
522:
362:
342:
219:
209:
187:
254:
1450:
1405:
570:
282:
259:
105:
994:
442:
405:
377:
357:
317:
249:
651:
538:
415:
302:
144:
82:
25:
430:
1793:
1784:
1025:
811:
784:
750:
678:
352:
332:
805:
744:
672:
582:
554:
500:
387:
327:
69:
623:
608:
504:
297:
287:
491:, the army took action and cancelled the electoral process to prevent the forming of an
1365:
214:
167:
1824:
807:
Algeria: Struggle for Truth and Justice: A Personal View of 50 Years of Military Rule
596:
566:
492:
337:
239:
778:
746:
Danger and Opportunity: An American Ambassador's Journey Through the Middle East
654:
do not inspire confidence that it would have, if the coup had never happened.
604:
614:
Mohamed Boudiaf was appointed the new president of Algeria. He arrived from
1797:
1776:
1029:
717:"Remembering Algeria 1992: The first Arab spring that never became a summer"
509:
600:
615:
591:
496:
52:
48:
646:
112:
858:
923:"Algerians Shed Few Tears for Deceased President Chadli Bendjedid"
441:
832:"Algeria - Civil war: the Islamists versus the army | Britannica"
998:
116:
581:
On 11 January 1992, the army took power and forced president
545:
in December 1991 with twice as many votes as the ruling
780:
The Islamist Challenge in Algeria: A Political History
483:
took place on 11 January 1992. Concerned by the FIS (
1635:
1479:
1293:
1062:
549:. The FIS had made open threats against the ruling
949:"Alternative Lessons from the 'Algerian Scenario'"
674:Algeria since 1989: Between Terror and Democracy
18:
743:Djerejian, Edward P.; Martin, William (2008).
738:
736:
1010:
128:
8:
698:
696:
694:
1017:
1003:
995:
590:. The army then moved onto the streets of
557:put it, "one person, one vote, one time."
135:
121:
113:
15:
909:Jihad : the Trail of Political Islam
896:Jihad : the Trail of Political Islam
883:Jihad : the Trail of Political Islam
704:Jihad : the Trail of Political Islam
1758:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024)
1401:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004)
663:
537:was founded. It was influenced by the
411:1999 Algerian Civil Concord referendum
266:Massacres and reconciliation 1996–1999
7:
1831:1990s coups d'état and coup attempts
853:
851:
772:
770:
768:
766:
503:to resign and brought in the exiled
487:) victory in the first round of the
528:National Liberation Front (Algeria)
416:Assassination of Abdelkader Hachani
749:. Simon and Schuster. p. 22.
489:1991 Algerian legislative election
76:1991 Algerian legislative election
14:
1851:Algiers in the Algerian Civil War
671:Sueur, James D. Le (2013-04-04).
1804:
1803:
1032:, and attempted coups since 1991
777:Willis, Michael (1 March 1999).
183:Assassination of Mohamed Boudiaf
1648:Central African Republic (2021)
1542:Central African Republic (2013)
1356:Central African Republic (2003)
1336:Central African Republic (2001)
1042:List of coups and coup attempts
981:
921:Prince, Rob (16 October 2012).
804:Goldsmith, Roger (2020-09-15).
783:. NYU Press. pp. 247–252.
101:Algerian People's National Army
1:
947:Cavatorta, Francesco (2008).
543:Algerian legislative election
198:Assassinations of journalists
163:1990 Algerian local elections
1713:São Tomé and Príncipe (2022)
1376:São Tomé and Príncipe (2003)
1215:São Tomé and Príncipe (1995)
810:. Troubador Publishing Ltd.
499:. The army forced president
394:Defeat of the GIA 1999–2002
1867:
401:1999 presidential election
308:1997 legislative elections
173:1991 legislative elections
157:Beginning of war 1991–1994
1846:Military coups in Algeria
1771:
1037:
953:Perspectives on Terrorism
911:, Harvard, 2002, p.170-71
885:, Harvard, 2002, p.162-63
706:, Harvard, 2002, p.160-61
481:1992 Algerian coup d'état
154:
94:
31:
23:
19:1992 Algerian coup d'état
1396:Equatorial Guinea (2004)
421:Killing of Antar Zouabri
323:Oued El-Had and Mezouara
927:Foreign Policy in Focus
485:Islamic Salvation Front
474: No data available
1810:Plots and conspiracies
1316:Solomon Islands (2000)
898:, Harvard, 2002, p.170
476:
462: non-FIS majority
230:Air France Flight 8969
1180:Bophuthatswana (1994)
640:third world socialist
588:High Council of State
523:Third World socialism
445:
1753:Guinea-Bissau (2023)
1708:Guinea-Bissau (2022)
1692:Burkina Faso (2022)
1527:Guinea-Bissau (2012)
1502:Guinea-Bissau (2011)
1371:Guinea-Bissau (2003)
1346:Côte d'Ivoire (2002)
1321:Côte d'Ivoire (2001)
1285:Côte d'Ivoire (1999)
1270:Guinea-Bissau (1998)
571:Abdelmalek Guenaizia
204:Escalation 1994–1996
106:President of Algeria
1748:Sierra Leone (2023)
1743:Burkina Faso (2023)
1597:Burkina Faso (2016)
1587:Burkina Faso (2015)
1351:Burkina Faso (2003)
1130:Sierra Leone (1992)
1095:Georgia (1991–1992)
1085:Soviet Union (1991)
963:on 19 February 2018
959:(1). Archived from
450: FIS plurality
1841:Algerian Civil War
1446:Philippines (2007)
1366:Philippines (2003)
836:www.britannica.com
539:Muslim Brotherhood
477:
456: FIS majority
146:Algerian Civil War
83:Algerian Civil War
72:ousted from office
26:Algerian Civil War
1818:
1817:
1507:Bangladesh (2011)
1492:Madagascar (2010)
1466:Madagascar (2009)
1456:Mauritania (2008)
1436:Madagascar (2006)
1421:Mauritania (2005)
1361:Mauritania (2003)
1250:Bangladesh (1996)
1205:Azerbaijan (1995)
1150:Azerbaijan (1993)
1099:Venezuela (1992)
863:algeria-watch.org
817:978-1-83859-480-0
790:978-0-8147-9329-9
756:978-1-4391-1412-4
684:978-1-84813-610-6
677:. Zed Books Ltd.
603:, Tijani Haddam,
439:
438:
333:Beni Ali massacre
111:
110:
90:
89:
1858:
1807:
1806:
1341:Venezuela (2002)
1170:Lithuania (1993)
1145:Guatemala (1993)
1019:
1012:
1005:
996:
989:
979:
973:
972:
970:
968:
944:
938:
937:
935:
933:
918:
912:
905:
899:
892:
886:
879:
873:
872:
870:
869:
855:
846:
845:
843:
842:
828:
822:
821:
801:
795:
794:
774:
761:
760:
740:
731:
730:
728:
727:
713:
707:
700:
689:
688:
668:
583:Chadli Bendjedid
555:Edward Djerejian
501:Chadli Bendjedid
473:
467:
461:
455:
449:
149:
147:
137:
130:
123:
114:
70:Chadli Bendjedid
33:
32:
16:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1836:1992 in Algeria
1821:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1801:
1767:
1631:
1627:Ethiopia (2019)
1607:Zimbabwe (2017)
1577:Yemen (2014–15)
1567:Thailand (2014)
1475:
1471:Honduras (2009)
1431:Thailand (2006)
1306:Paraguay (2000)
1289:
1280:Pakistan (1999)
1255:Cambodia (1997)
1225:Paraguay (1996)
1200:Cambodia (1994)
1080:Thailand (1991)
1058:
1033:
1023:
993:
992:
980:
976:
966:
964:
946:
945:
941:
931:
929:
920:
919:
915:
907:Kepel, Gilles,
906:
902:
894:Kepel, Gilles,
893:
889:
881:Kepel, Gilles,
880:
876:
867:
865:
857:
856:
849:
840:
838:
830:
829:
825:
818:
803:
802:
798:
791:
776:
775:
764:
757:
742:
741:
734:
725:
723:
721:Middle East Eye
715:
714:
710:
702:Kepel, Gilles,
701:
692:
685:
670:
669:
665:
660:
632:
624:Algerian Desert
609:Mohamed Boudiaf
579:
563:
518:
505:Mohamed Boudiaf
475:
471:
469:
468: Undecided
465:
463:
459:
457:
453:
451:
447:
440:
435:
396:
293:Haouch Khemisti
268:
159:
150:
145:
143:
141:
64:Coup succeeded
55:
39:11 January 1992
12:
11:
5:
1864:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1789:
1781:
1779:or its attempt
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1763:Bolivia (2024)
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1675:
1673:Tunisia (2021)
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1653:Myanmar (2021)
1650:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1582:Burundi (2015)
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1537:Eritrea (2013)
1534:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1326:Burundi (2001)
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1301:Ecuador (2000)
1297:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1235:Burundi (1996)
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1195:Liberia (1994)
1192:
1190:Lesotho (1994)
1187:
1182:
1177:
1175:Nigeria (1993)
1172:
1167:
1165:Burundi (1993)
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1135:Algeria (1992)
1132:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1075:Lesotho (1991)
1072:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1007:
999:
991:
990:
974:
939:
913:
900:
887:
874:
847:
823:
816:
796:
789:
762:
755:
732:
708:
690:
683:
662:
661:
659:
656:
631:
628:
578:
575:
562:
559:
517:
514:
470:
464:
458:
452:
446:
437:
436:
434:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
391:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
348:Guelb El-Kebir
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
263:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
201:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
155:
152:
151:
142:
140:
139:
132:
125:
117:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
92:
91:
88:
87:
86:
85:
79:
73:
61:
57:
56:
47:
45:
41:
40:
37:
29:
28:
21:
20:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1863:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1811:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1723:Gambia (2022)
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:Sudan (2021)
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1668:Guinea (2021)
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:Turkey (2016)
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:Gambia (2014)
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1461:Guinea (2008)
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1265:Zambia (1997)
1263:
1261:
1260:Turkey (1997)
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1220:Guinea (1996)
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
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597:Khaled Nezzar
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567:Khaled Nezzar
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533:In 1989, the
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81:Start of the
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1791:
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1738:Gabon (2023)
1733:Niger (2023)
1728:Sudan (2023)
1658:Niger (2021)
1622:Sudan (2019)
1617:Gabon (2019)
1612:Yemen (2018)
1602:Libya (2016)
1562:Libya (2014)
1557:Libya (2013)
1552:Egypt (2013)
1532:Sudan (2012)
1511:Mali (2012)
1497:Niger (2011)
1487:Niger (2010)
1451:Sudan (2008)
1411:Nepal (2005)
1391:Haiti (2004)
1386:Sudan (2004)
1331:Haiti (2001)
1275:Niger (1999)
1245:Qatar (1996)
1240:Niger (1996)
1210:Qatar (1995)
1160:Libya (1993)
1140:Sudan (1992)
1134:
1114:Peru (1992)
1090:Haiti (1991)
983:
977:
965:. Retrieved
961:the original
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930:. Retrieved
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866:. Retrieved
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839:. Retrieved
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724:. Retrieved
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620:assassinated
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373:2nd Relizane
368:1st Relizane
363:Sid El-Antri
343:Beni Messous
265:
264:
203:
202:
177:
156:
95:Belligerents
63:
1792:Successful
1718:Peru (2022)
1663:Mali (2021)
1643:Mali (2020)
1547:Chad (2013)
1441:Fiji (2006)
1426:Chad (2006)
1416:Togo (2005)
1406:Peru (2005)
1381:Chad (2004)
1311:Fiji (2000)
1230:Iraq (1996)
1070:Mali (1991)
225:Berrouaghia
1825:Categories
1802:See also:
1052:since 2010
1047:by country
1030:self-coups
868:2023-03-05
841:2023-03-05
726:2023-03-05
658:References
605:Ali Haroun
516:Background
510:theocratic
406:Beni Ounif
378:Sidi-Hamed
358:Sidi Daoud
318:Si Zerrouk
283:Tamesguida
68:President
1798:self-coup
1777:Self-coup
1701:September
1681:September
652:civil war
303:Chouardia
278:Tibhirine
250:Ain Defla
220:Ain Allah
178:1992 coup
78:cancelled
1123:November
1108:November
1103:February
630:Reaction
601:Ali Kafi
353:Bentalha
255:Ghardaïa
245:Serkadji
44:Location
24:Part of
1787:attempt
1696:January
1686:October
988:: p.254
982:Kepel,
967:14 June
932:17 June
616:Morocco
592:Algiers
551:pouvoir
512:state.
497:Algeria
388:Tadjena
328:Souhane
273:Algiers
235:Algiers
210:Tazoult
188:Algiers
168:Guemmar
53:Algeria
49:Algiers
1808:
986:, 2002
814:
787:
753:
681:
647:sharia
472:
466:
460:
454:
448:
426:Sahara
313:M'sila
298:Omaria
288:Thalit
260:France
240:Sundus
60:Result
1636:2020s
1520:April
1515:March
1480:2010s
1294:2000s
1118:April
1063:1990s
1026:Coups
984:Jihad
431:Sétif
215:Tenes
193:Blida
1794:coup
1785:Coup
969:2015
934:2015
812:ISBN
785:ISBN
751:ISBN
679:ISBN
607:and
577:Coup
561:Plot
479:The
338:Rais
36:Date
1796:or
643:FLN
626:.
611:.
547:FLN
535:FIS
495:in
1827::
1028:,
955:.
951:.
925:.
861:.
850:^
834:.
765:^
735:^
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693:^
599:,
569:,
51:,
1018:e
1011:t
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957:2
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871:.
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820:.
793:.
759:.
729:.
687:.
526:(
136:e
129:t
122:v
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