391:, county health officials could not reach the child's parents during the workday. Both of the first boy's parents worked at Jack in the Box, where they regularly fed their son hamburgers. Riley, on the other hand, had never eaten a hamburger. Some experts speculate that, while most media coverage focused on the company and the government – treating the affected as faceless and nameless statistics – the interaction of Riley Detwiler's parents with President
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periods of time. Foodmaker Inc., officials defended themselves and their brand by taking the blame away from their cooking practices because they believed they had not caused the outbreak. However, the Health
Department would find that their burgers were undercooked under state-approved regulations. The officials would then issue their apology regarding their part in starting the outbreak.
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it as fair and equitable. However, another
Foodmaker official, Robert Nugent was not pleased and viewed the lawsuits as poor settlements with the franchisees as a whole. The main argument made against Foodmaker Inc. in these lawsuits were that they had failed to check the meat supply to deem it safe to eat and that they withheld information for their benefit of the company.
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269:. Tarr contacted John Kobayashi, the Washington State Epidemiologist, who started the epidemiological trace-back, linking these cases to undercooked hamburger patties. Dr. Kobayashi recalled the conversation in an interview: "I knew that, when Phil called me,...for him to say, 'this is something that I've never seen before,' that was a big red flag."
459:
293:). The storm ravaged the area, knocking out power for thousands of residents across three counties, with some living in the dark for five days. The power outage impacted restaurants' proper cooking temperatures and safe refrigeration temperatures and even hindered thorough hand-washing – all critical factors in preventing foodborne illnesses.
443:
The irresponsibility shown by Jack in the Box was seen when they covered their bases by shifting the blame to others involved such as
Foodmaker Inc and the cooks at the Jack In the Box location. The chairman of Jack in the Box, Jack Goodall publicly announced in hopes to make the company look better
438:
Victims of the Jack in the Box E. Coli crisis sued
Foodmaker Inc. because they were responsible for supplying the meat for Jack in the Box Restaurants. Sheree Zizzi was a spokesperson for Foodmaker when the lawsuit of Riley Detwiler was settled, she had a positive view on the lawsuit by referring to
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related events that are reported by the media outlets, often cite the Jack in the Box example because of its significance with its brand and the people. The repetition of negative media on a restaurant tarnishes its history because the consumers of the media will uphold that negative image for long
579:(FSIS) introduced safe food-handling labels for packaged raw meat and poultry retailed in supermarkets, alongside an education campaign alerting consumers to the risks associated with undercooked hamburgers. The labels and the education campaign came with criticism and objection from the industry.
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fast food restaurants' "Monster Burger" which had been on a special promotion (using the slogan "So good it's scary!") and sold at a discounted price. The ensuing high demand "overwhelmed" the restaurants' food-safety protocols, such that the patties were not cooked long enough or at a high enough
280:
On Monday, January 18, 1993, DOH officials went public with an announcement about the source of the O157 outbreak at the state lab. After that press conference, Jack in the Box agreed to stop serving hamburgers and to quarantine the meat patties. Two days later, on the same day of
President
629:(formerly Safe Tables Our Priority, or S.T.O.P.), a national non-profit organization dedicated "to prevent Americans from becoming ill and dying from foodborne illness" by advocating for sound public policy, building public awareness, and assisting those impacted by foodborne illness.
407:. Jim Marsden, AMI's vice president for scientific and technical affairs, started off the meeting by informing the group that "Riley Detwiler, the 17-month-old son of the parents who you just saw featured at the town meeting with President Clinton, died last Saturday."
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199:, and has been described as "far and away the most infamous food poison outbreak in contemporary history." The majority of the affected were under 10 years old. Four children died and 178 others were left with permanent injury including kidney and brain damage.
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in the United States and one in Canada as "the likely sources of ... the contaminated lots of meat." In
February 1998, Foodmaker agreed to accept $ 58.5 million from Vons and eight other beef suppliers to settle the lawsuit, which had been initiated in 1993.
317:. Instead, it adhered to the federal standard of 140 °F (60 °C). Had Jack in the Box followed the state cooking standard, the outbreak would have been prevented, according to court documents and experts from the Washington State Health Department.
544:(NCBA), said that the outbreak was "significant to the industry" and "the initiative that moved us further down the road and still drives us today." David Acheson, a former U.S. Food and Drug Administration Associate Commissioner for Foods, in 2015 told
681:
Due to this crisis, Jack in the Box as a whole would have to face the accusations of being irresponsible for their actions and ignoring safety regulations that are set in place, as well as having poor communication when addressing the crisis to their
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that "Jack in the Box was a wakeup call to many, including the regulators. You go in for a hamburger with the kids and you could die. It changed consumers' perceptions and it absolutely changed the behaviors of the industry."
688:
was a 2011 book by Jeff
Benedict that followed the events of the outbreak and the development of Bill Marler, an attorney who fought against Jack in the Box. The book later became the basis of the 2023 Netflix documentary,
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during the outbreak, later served as a regulatory policy advisor to the USDA for meat and poultry inspection. Detwiler became a professor of Food Policy and the
Director of Regulatory Affairs of Food and Food Industry at
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epidemic. However, the Jack in the Box fast-food chain knew about but disregarded
Washington state laws which required burgers to be cooked to 155 °F (68 °C), the temperature necessary to completely kill
434:
represented hundreds of other victims of the outbreak in a class-action suit against Jack in the Box, settling for over $ 50 million. At the time, it was the largest-ever payout related to foodborne illness.
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that the company shared their sympathy and prayers to the families of the victims of the crisis. He added that Jack in the Box would pay the hospital bills for the all the customers affected with E. Coli.
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Two-year-old
Michael Nole of Tacoma, Washington, who died on January 22, 1993, at Children's Hospital Medical Center in Seattle of heart failure stemming from kidney failure caused by the bacteria
226:
outbreak. The wide media coverage and scale of the outbreak were responsible for "bringing the exotic-sounding bacterium out of the lab and into the public consciousness," but it was not the first
526:
short film dated May 10, 2015, discussing the Jack in the Box outbreak and how it led to major changes in industry practices and government oversight of the food supply. (Duration: 11 mins 8 secs)
2136:
Golan, Elise; Roberts, Tanya; Salay, Elisabete; Caswell, Julie; Ollinger, Michael; Moore, Danna (April 2004). "Food Safety Innovation in the United States: Evidence from the Meat Industry".
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A total of 171 people required hospitalization. The majority of those who presented symptoms and were clinically diagnosed (but not hospitalized) were children under 10 years old.
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on food safety in 2006, described the outbreak as "a pivotal moment in the history of the beef industry." James Reagan, vice president of Research and Knowledge Management at the
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Seventeen-month-old Riley Detwiler of Bellingham, Washington, died on February 20, 1993, following secondary contact (person-to-person) transmission from another child sick with
230:
O157:H7 outbreak resulting from undercooked patties. The bacterium had previously been identified in an outbreak of food poisoning in 1982 (traced to undercooked burgers sold by
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The 18-month-old boy who infected Riley had spent two days with bloody diarrhea in the daycare center before a clinical laboratory could return the positive test results for
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Jack in the Box completely overhauled and restructured their corporate operations around food safety priorities, setting new standards across the fast food industry.
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Food Safety: Current Challenges and New Ideas to Safeguard Consumers: Hearing Before the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, United States Senate
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A short time after the outbreak, Jack in the Box launched an ad campaign that brought back the original company mascot Jack as a savvy no-nonsense businessman
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resulted in the ensuing national news coverage giving a human face to the events. On Tuesday, February 23, 1993, three days after Riley's death, the
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bacterium (originating from contaminated beef patties) killed four children and infected 732 people across four US states. The outbreak involved 73
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but did not tell the daycare staff for fear that she would be compelled to care for him at home. When the test results came in positive for
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Parents of the affected children played key roles in spreading awareness and advocating for change – speaking directly to President
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572:(FDA) increased the recommended internal temperature for cooked hamburgers from 140 °F (60 °C) to 155 °F (68 °C).
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1846:"The negative spillover effect of food crises on restaurant firms: Did Jack in the Box really recover from an E. coli scare?"
652:
242:). Before the Jack in the Box incident, there had been 22 documented outbreaks in the United States resulting in 35 deaths.
222:, Washington, and responded to questions from the parents of Riley Detwiler – the fourth and final child to die in the
2000:
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This campaign was intended to convince the public that they were no longer the company plagued by the food safety crisis.
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1789:"USDA Press Release No. 0186.04: Veneman Names New Member to National Advisory Committee on Meat and Poultry Inspection"
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Of the infected children, 45 required hospitalization – 38 had serious kidney problems and 21 required dialysis.
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outbreak, which instigated improvements to food safety practices and handling of meat and poultry products in the US.
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1426:
Gynn, Catherine (1995). "Beyond objectivity and relativism: A view of journalism from a rhetorical perspective".
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Six-year-old Lauren Beth Rudolph of southern California died on December 28, 1992, due to complications of an
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1929:"Consistent Questions of Ambiguity in Organizational Crisis Communication: Jack in the Box as a Case Study"
1610:
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3497:
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1680:
Pathogen Reduction; Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) Systems, 61 Fed. Reg. 38806 (1996).
750:
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1819:"Detwiler to Receive Food Safety Magazine Distinguished Service Award – Food Safety Magazine"
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Seo, Soobin; Jang, SooCheong (Shawn); Almanza, Barbara; Miao, Li; Behnke, Carl (May 1, 2014).
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Roni Rudolph, mother of Lauren Rudolph, and many other parents of affected children formed
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686:
Poisoned: The True Story of the Deadly E. Coli Outbreak That Changed the Way Americans Eat
421:
404:
301:
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89:
52:
214:, Michigan. He fielded questions from the studio audience as well as studio audiences in
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1960:
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660:. In 2018, 25 years after his son's death in the outbreak, Dr. Detwiler received the
231:
56:
664:
Distinguished Service Award" for 25 years of contribution to food safety and policy.
3702:
3662:
3177:
2998:
2990:
2960:
2831:
2816:
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2264:
1615:
1334:
Heberlein, Greg; King, Warren; Blake, Judith; Miller, Margaret (January 22, 1993).
732:
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2622:
2416:
1336:"Boy Dies From Tainted Meat – 2-Year-Old Is First Victim Of Food Poisoning"
718:
602:
533:
286:
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45:
3493:
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1944:
708:
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517:
2100:
O157:H7 Infections from Hamburgers – Western United States, 1992–1993".
1952:
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473:
297:
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On January 12, 1993, Phil Tarr, then a pediatric gastroenterologist at the
1928:
970:
Sylvester, Rachel (June 11, 1995). "Children risk death from burger bug".
726:
3514:
3104:
3053:
2909:
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1655:
https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/41634/18038_aer831d.pdf?v=0
1001:
977:
953:
827:
author Jeff Benedict examines the current state of food safety in the US"
807:
668:
469:
239:
1563:, 109th Cong. 76 (November 15, 2006) (statement of Senator Dick Durbin).
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
640:, testifying before the Clinton Healthcare Task Force, working with the
2970:
2687:
2657:
2591:
637:
420:
represented the then nine-year-old Brianne Kiner in litigation against
219:
211:
207:
110:
3687:
1155:"Jack in the Box Ignored Food Safety Regulations, Court Documents Say"
712:
644:, and discussing food safety issues with lawmakers in Washington, D.C.
3114:
3072:
2642:
2550:
2535:
2426:
615:
The NCBA created a task force to fund research into the reduction of
258:(DOH) about a perceived cluster of children with bloody diarrhea and
235:
206:
participated in a televised town meeting program from the studios of
196:
2288:
1367:"17-Month-old Is 3d Child to Die Of Illness Linked to Tainted Meat"
3068:
2720:
215:
188:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2421:
2406:
1508:"Brianne Kiner — The 1993 Jack in the Box E. coli Outbreak"
890:
888:
364:, Washington, died on January 28, 1993. She became ill due to a
85:
2595:
2292:
2266:
Chew On This: Everything You Don't Want to Know About Fast Food
1153:
Porterfield, Elaine; Berliant Mcclatchy, Adam (June 17, 1995).
946:
Rogers, Lois (April 16, 1995). "Killer in beef spreads alarm".
399:(AMI) sponsored an industry briefing in Chicago to discuss the
2965:
2411:
1903:"Jack in the Box: Lessons learned by accepting responsibility"
1537:"Jack in the Box: Lessons learned by Accepting Responsibility"
669:
who seeks revenge on the executives who "blew him up" in 1980.
452:
2096:
Davis, M. (April 16, 1993). "Update: Multistate Outbreak of
1483:"Directory Profile | School of Law | University of Arkansas"
914:"Do Meat and Poultry Handling Labels Really Convey Safety?"
254:
and Seattle's Children's Hospital, filed a report with the
2001:"Jack in the Box E. coli Outbreak – 25th Anniversary"
1975:"Jack in the Box E. coli Outbreak – 25th Anniversary"
1220:. Washington, D.C.: American Association for Justice. 2015
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1664:
1662:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1013:
1011:
403:
O157:H7 outbreak tied to contaminated hamburgers sold at
2171:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers.
2081:(1st ed.). Cambridge, MA: Elsevier Academic Press.
1689:
1429:
ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (304229217).
1091:(1st ed.). Cambridge, MA: Elsevier Academic Press.
1039:
1037:
907:
905:
903:
864:
480:
1907:
Lessons learned about protecting America’s food supply
1927:
Ulmer, Robert R.; Sellnow, Timothy L. (May 1, 2000).
875:
873:
346:
O157:H7 infection later tied to the same outbreak. (
285:'s inauguration, a powerful storm swept through the
3630:
3568:
3492:
3447:
2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
3269:
3191:
3138:
3067:
3017:
2989:
2951:
2840:
2748:
2696:
2629:
2513:
2455:
2394:
2328:
1195:. Hawaii, Inc. The Star Bulletin. February 25, 1998
1058:"John H. Silliker Lecture: Heroes: Past and Future"
506:
156:
148:
138:
128:
120:
106:
96:
80:
65:
34:
1240:
202:On February 10, 1993, newly inaugurated President
1704:"Name Change for Food Safety Advocacy Group STOP"
2115:Secret Agents: The Menace of Emerging Infections
1609:Michels, Scott; Magratten, Drew (May 10, 2015).
1067:. International Association for Food Protection.
428:outbreak, securing a $ 15.6 million settlement.
308:, the supplier of their hamburger meat, for the
2149:. Laguna Beach, CA: Basic Health Publications.
1850:International Journal of Hospitality Management
1795:. USDA Office of Communications. Archived from
1541:Lessons learned about protecting America's Food
1157:. The Spokesman-Review Co. The Spokesman-Review
894:
608:The USDA introduced the Pathogen Reduction and
383:. The first boy's mother suspected her son had
1361:
1359:
1243:The Natural Health Guide to Beating Supergerms
965:
963:
272:Health inspectors traced the contamination to
2607:
2304:
1278:"20 Years Later – Remembering the First
296:At a 1993 press conference, the president of
8:
3622:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
3437:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
3336:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
2028:"The Crisis That Revolutionized Food Safety"
1653:Food Safety Innovation in the United States
989:
987:
647:Darin Detwiler, who lost his son, Riley, to
3560:United Kingdom food information regulations
2078:Food Safety: Past, Present, and Predictions
2058:Outbreak That Changed the Way Americans Eat
1088:Food Safety: Past, Present, and Predictions
610:Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
2614:
2600:
2592:
2311:
2297:
2289:
1737:, Now Is Hellbent On Making It To Olympia"
1611:"Chasing Outbreaks: How Safe Is Our Food?"
1571:
1569:
1239:Huemer, Richard P.; Challem, Jack (1997).
1215:"Food Safety and the Civil Justice System"
941:
939:
518:"Chasing Outbreaks: How Safe is our Food?"
368:transmission from another child sick with
322:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3776:February 1993 events in the United States
3766:December 1992 events in the United States
3398:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
2263:Schlosser, Eric; Wilson, Charles (2006).
1877:
768:
691:Poisoned: The Dirty Truth About Your Food
619:O157:H7 in cattle and in slaughterhouses.
3771:January 1993 events in the United States
3442:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
3304:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
1641:
1000:. London. February 25, 1998. p. 1.
920:. Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Archived from
3412:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
2361:2006 North American (multiple; O157:H7)
2113:Drexler, Madeline (December 23, 2009).
2054:Poisoned: The True Story of the Deadly
1668:
1111:
1043:
1017:
761:
591:United States Department of Agriculture
3826:Disease outbreaks in the United States
3427:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
3004:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
2356:2006 North American (spinach; O157:H7)
2190:(2nd Revised ed.). Berkeley, CA:
2188:Safe Food: The Politics of Food Safety
879:
806:. Cardiff. March 11, 2008. p. 9.
780:
503:
31:
2164:Manning, Shannon D. (April 1, 2010).
2102:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1530:
1528:
1175:
696:2023 was the 30th anniversary of the
542:National Cattlemen's Beef Association
256:Washington State Department of Health
18:1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak
7:
3718:
3606:Institute for Food Safety and Health
3346:Australian meat substitution scandal
3314:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
3090:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
1578:"Jack in the Box and the Decline of
1576:Andrews, James (February 11, 2013).
791:
789:
746:List of food contamination incidents
554:As a direct result of the outbreak:
320:The subsequent investigation by the
3836:1993 disasters in the United States
3831:1992 disasters in the United States
3738:
3594:Food Information and Control Agency
1307:"Jack in the Box's Worst Nightmare"
2117:(Revised ed.). New York, NY:
2060:. Buena Vista, VA: Inspire Books.
1767:Victim Leaves Legacy Of Awareness"
1761:King, Warren (February 25, 1993).
1276:Marler, Bill (December 24, 2012).
1189:"Jack in the Box gets $ 58 mil in
577:Food Safety and Inspection Service
277:temperature to kill the bacteria.
25:
3611:International Food Safety Network
3535:International Food Safety Network
3256:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
3206:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
2933:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
561:O157:H7 was upgraded to become a
3737:
3727:
3717:
3708:
3707:
3696:
3686:
3616:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
3452:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
3383:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
3378:ICA meat repackaging controversy
2026:McNamara, Ann (March 30, 2023).
1733:"Darin Detwiler: He Lost Son To
1731:Balter, Joni (January 9, 1994).
1065:IAFP Journal for Food Protection
1030:C-SPAN Video (February 11, 1993)
725:
711:
582:The FSIS introduced testing for
565:at all state health departments.
512:
457:
44:
3555:Quality Assurance International
3462:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
3432:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
3326:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
3241:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
2386:2024 United Kingdom (STEC O145)
2186:Nestle, Marion (July 2, 2010).
360:Two-year-old Celina Shribbs of
3584:European Food Safety Authority
3457:Food safety incidents in China
3294:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
3261:Water fluoridation controversy
2531:Long-term evolution experiment
2192:University of California Press
2145:Hunter, Beatrice Trum (2009).
821:Denn, Rebekah (May 13, 2011).
636:, meeting with Vice President
472:format but may read better as
1:
1394:Kelley, Tina (July 7, 1996).
1375:. New York. February 22, 1993
1126:"The Bug That Ate The Burger"
1124:Green, Emily (June 6, 2001).
832:The Christian Science Monitor
741:1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak
3786:Health in Washington (state)
3589:Food and Drug Administration
3271:Food contamination incidents
2138:Agricultural Economic Report
1702:News Desk (April 21, 2011).
1315:. New York. February 6, 1993
570:Food and Drug Administration
51:The outbreak was centred on
3643:Food and drink prohibitions
3417:Bihar school meal poisoning
3341:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
3299:1900 English beer poisoning
2653:Antibiotic use in livestock
1450:Best, Daniel (April 1993).
895:Schlosser & Wilson 2006
348:Lauren Rudolph E. coli case
187:restaurants in California,
3852:
3816:1993 in Washington (state)
3781:Escherichia coli outbreaks
3638:Curing (food preservation)
2711:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
1933:Journal of Business Ethics
1862:10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.02.011
170:1992–1993 Jack in the Box
35:1992–1993 Jack in the Box
27:Fast food disease outbreak
3681:
3668:Genetically modified food
3520:Food labeling regulations
3388:2008 Chinese milk scandal
2271:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
653:hemolytic–uremic syndrome
511:
260:Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
55:fast food outlets in the
43:
3530:Food safety in Australia
2726:High-fructose corn syrup
2075:Detwiler, Darin (2020).
1085:Detwiler, Darin (2020).
642:Secretary of Agriculture
252:University of Washington
132:December 18, 1992 –
3510:Acceptable daily intake
3422:2013 horse meat scandal
2863:Clostridium perfringens
2351:2005 South Wales (O157)
1945:10.1023/A:1006183805499
918:Food Quality and Safety
658:Northeastern University
586:O157:H7 in ground meat.
481:converting this section
397:American Meat Institute
300:(the parent company of
262:(HUS) likely caused by
3796:1993 disease outbreaks
3791:1992 disease outbreaks
3578:Centre for Food Safety
3393:2008 Irish pork crisis
3095:Benzene in soft drinks
2371:2011 Germany (O104:H4)
2147:Infectious Connections
1823:foodsafetymagazine.com
1004:document ID 248542525.
980:document ID 309266408.
956:document ID 318273338.
810:document ID 342321106.
751:STOP Foodborne Illness
662:Food Safety Magazine "
627:STOP Foodborne Illness
324:(CDC) identified five
3600:Food Standards Agency
3550:Organic certification
3545:Nutrition facts label
3289:Esing Bakery incident
3077:environment pollution
2218:Bloomsbury Publishing
1901:Littlefield, Robert.
1535:Littlefield, Robert.
1056:McNamara, Ann Marie.
976:. London. p. 9.
952:. London. p. 1.
538:congressional hearing
536:(D-IL), addressing a
418:William "Bill" Marler
101:Western United States
3806:Food safety scandals
3369:2006 North American
3027:Acesulfame potassium
2856:Campylobacter jejuni
2750:Intestinal parasites
2623:Consumer food safety
2336:1993 Jack in the Box
973:The Sunday Telegraph
593:(USDA) reclassified
338:Four children died:
3811:Foodborne illnesses
3673:Conspiracy theories
3226:Heterocyclic amines
3130:Shellfish poisoning
2505:Verotoxin-producing
2366:2009 United Kingdom
2007:. December 28, 2017
1981:. December 28, 2017
1286:Food Poison Journal
612:(PR/HACCP) program.
3331:Toxic oil syndrome
3284:Swill milk scandal
3110:Diethylstilbestrol
2782:Diphyllobothriasis
2465:Enteroaggregative
2376:2015 United States
1799:on August 11, 2014
1452:"Solution near on
1372:The New York Times
1312:The New York Times
1178:, p. 258-263.
563:reportable disease
483:, if appropriate.
416:In 1993, attorney
289:area (Seattle and
176:occurred when the
3751:
3750:
3658:Food preservation
3467:Foodborne illness
3019:Sugar substitutes
2772:Cryptosporidiosis
2754:parasitic disease
2668:HGH controversies
2635:food contaminants
2589:
2588:
2581:Theodor Escherich
2541:Molecular biology
2470:Enterohemorrhagic
1787:Canaday, Autumn.
1741:The Seattle Times
1690:Golan et al. 2004
1405:The Seattle Times
1341:The Seattle Times
1262:978-0-671-53764-7
1131:Los Angeles Times
912:Detwiler, Darin.
865:Golan et al. 2004
530:
529:
502:
501:
366:secondary contact
362:Mountlake Terrace
166:
165:
134:February 23, 1993
16:(Redirected from
3843:
3741:
3740:
3731:
3721:
3720:
3711:
3710:
3703:Drink portal
3701:
3700:
3699:
3691:
3690:
3602:(United Kingdom)
3351:Jack in the Box
3322:
3309:Minamata disease
3221:Food irradiation
3201:4-Hydroxynonenal
3049:Sodium cyclamate
2892:Escherichia coli
2884:Escherichia coli
2616:
2609:
2602:
2593:
2321:Escherichia coli
2313:
2306:
2299:
2290:
2284:
2269:. New York, NY:
2259:
2241:Fast Food Nation
2231:
2205:
2182:
2167:Escherichia coli
2160:
2141:
2132:
2109:
2098:Escherichia coli
2092:
2071:
2052:(May 16, 2011).
2036:
2035:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2005:Food Safety News
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1979:Food Safety News
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1965:
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1709:Food Safety News
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1587:Food Safety News
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1005:
991:
982:
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957:
943:
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929:
924:on July 14, 2014
909:
898:
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868:
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811:
803:South Wales Echo
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772:
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516:
515:
504:
497:
494:
488:
479:You can help by
461:
460:
453:
179:Escherichia coli
141:
124:January 12, 1993
71:Escherichia coli
48:
32:
21:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3821:Jack in the Box
3756:
3755:
3752:
3747:
3697:
3695:
3693:Food portal
3685:
3677:
3626:
3564:
3525:Food libel laws
3488:
3316:
3265:
3231:Modified starch
3193:Food processing
3187:
3134:
3063:
3013:
3009:Sodium benzoate
2985:
2947:
2942:Vibrio cholerae
2836:
2807:Gnathostomiasis
2792:Fasciolopsiasis
2744:
2692:
2683:Mercury in fish
2625:
2620:
2590:
2585:
2509:
2480:Enterotoxigenic
2451:
2390:
2324:
2317:
2287:
2281:
2262:
2256:
2236:Schlosser, Eric
2234:
2228:
2214:The End of Food
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1461:Prepared Foods.
1449:
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1425:
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1396:"Chronology Of
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997:Financial Times
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710:
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513:
507:External videos
498:
492:
489:
478:
462:
458:
451:
426:E. coli O157:H7
422:Jack in the Box
414:
405:Jack in the Box
326:slaughterhouses
302:Jack in the Box
274:Jack in the Box
248:
234:restaurants in
218:, Florida, and
185:Jack in the Box
159:
140:Confirmed cases
139:
133:
90:Jack in the Box
66:Bacteria strain
61:
60:
53:Jack in the Box
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3675:
3670:
3665:
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3655:
3650:
3648:Food marketing
3645:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3631:Related topics
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3216:Food additives
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2852:
2846:
2844:
2842:Microorganisms
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2812:Paragonimiasis
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2777:Cyclosporiasis
2774:
2769:
2764:
2758:
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2746:
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2730:
2729:
2728:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2698:Food additives
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2673:Lead poisoning
2670:
2665:
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2655:
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2627:
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2587:
2586:
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2583:
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2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2546:Hok/sok system
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2526:Coliform index
2523:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2475:Enteroinvasive
2472:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
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2353:
2348:
2346:2000 Walkerton
2343:
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2301:
2293:
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2183:
2177:
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2155:
2142:
2133:
2127:
2110:
2093:
2087:
2072:
2066:
2050:Benedict, Jeff
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2018:
1992:
1966:
1939:(2): 143–155.
1919:
1893:
1836:
1825:. June 1, 2018
1810:
1779:
1753:
1723:
1694:
1682:
1673:
1671:, p. 183.
1658:
1646:
1629:
1601:
1565:
1553:
1524:
1512:billmarler.com
1499:
1474:
1442:
1418:
1386:
1355:
1326:
1298:
1268:
1261:
1231:
1206:
1180:
1168:
1145:
1116:
1104:
1097:
1070:
1048:
1033:
1022:
1020:, p. 182.
1007:
983:
959:
935:
899:
897:, p. 180.
884:
869:
846:
813:
785:
773:
771:, p. 198.
769:Schlosser 2001
760:
758:
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706:
703:
702:
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683:
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665:
645:
630:
623:
620:
613:
606:
597:O157:H7 as an
587:
580:
573:
566:
534:Richard Durbin
528:
527:
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500:
499:
465:
463:
456:
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306:Vons Companies
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121:First reported
118:
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107:First outbreak
104:
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82:
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67:
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50:
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41:
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26:
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14:
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10:
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4:
3:
2:
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3659:
3656:
3654:
3653:Food politics
3651:
3649:
3646:
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3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3618:(South Korea)
3617:
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3482:United States
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3408:
3406:
3403:2011 Germany
3401:
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3360:1996 Odwalla
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3016:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2991:Preservatives
2988:
2982:
2981:Methamidophos
2979:
2977:
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2969:
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2964:
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2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2822:Toxoplasmosis
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
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2734:
2733:Vegetable oil
2731:
2727:
2724:
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2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
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2624:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2576:T4 rII system
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
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2327:
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2322:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2282:
2280:9780618593941
2276:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2257:
2255:9780141006871
2251:
2247:
2246:Penguin Books
2243:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2227:9780747588818
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2210:Roberts, Paul
2207:
2203:
2201:9780520266063
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2178:9781604132533
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2156:9781591202448
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2128:9780143117179
2124:
2120:
2119:Penguin Books
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2088:9780128182192
2084:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2067:9780983347804
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1912:September 29,
1908:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1780:
1768:
1766:
1757:
1754:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1724:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1692:, p. 14.
1691:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1644:, p. xi.
1643:
1642:Benedict 2011
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1590:. Seattle, WA
1589:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1546:September 29,
1542:
1538:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1492:September 14,
1488:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1419:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1390:
1387:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1235:
1232:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1194:
1192:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1134:. Los Angeles
1133:
1132:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1114:, p. 10.
1113:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1098:9780128182192
1094:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1046:, p. 81.
1045:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
998:
994:"Foodmaker".
990:
988:
984:
979:
975:
974:
966:
964:
960:
955:
951:
950:
942:
940:
936:
923:
919:
915:
908:
906:
904:
900:
896:
891:
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
867:, p. 10.
866:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
847:
834:
833:
828:
826:
817:
814:
809:
805:
804:
799:
792:
790:
786:
783:, p. 73.
782:
777:
774:
770:
765:
762:
756:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
734:
728:
723:
720:
714:
709:
704:
699:
695:
692:
687:
684:
680:
676:
673:
670:
666:
663:
659:
654:
650:
646:
643:
639:
635:
631:
628:
624:
621:
618:
614:
611:
607:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
585:
581:
578:
574:
571:
567:
564:
560:
557:
556:
555:
552:
549:
548:
543:
539:
535:
525:
524:
519:
510:
505:
496:
487:is available.
486:
482:
476:
475:
471:
466:This section
464:
455:
454:
448:
442:
441:
440:
436:
433:
429:
427:
424:following an
423:
419:
411:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
371:
367:
363:
359:
356:
352:
349:
345:
341:
340:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
323:
318:
316:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
278:
275:
270:
268:
266:
261:
257:
253:
245:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
180:
175:
173:
161:
155:
151:
147:
143:
137:
131:
127:
123:
119:
116:
112:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:Contaminated
83:
79:
76:
73:
72:
68:
64:
58:
57:United States
54:
47:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3801:Food recalls
3753:
3663:Food quality
3570:Institutions
3404:
3370:
3361:
3352:
3236:Nitrosamines
2999:Benzoic acid
2961:Chlorpyrifos
2940:
2934:
2925:
2908:
2891:
2883:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2832:Trichuriasis
2817:Toxocariasis
2787:Enterobiasis
2663:Formaldehyde
2381:2023 Calgary
2341:1996 Odwalla
2319:
2265:
2240:
2213:
2187:
2168:
2165:
2146:
2137:
2114:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2077:
2057:
2053:
2042:Bibliography
2031:
2021:
2009:. Retrieved
2004:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1978:
1969:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1906:
1896:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1827:. Retrieved
1822:
1813:
1801:. Retrieved
1797:the original
1792:
1782:
1770:. Retrieved
1764:
1756:
1744:. Retrieved
1740:
1734:
1726:
1716:February 21,
1714:. Retrieved
1707:
1697:
1685:
1676:
1669:Roberts 2008
1649:
1620:. Retrieved
1616:Retro Report
1614:
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1585:
1579:
1560:
1556:
1544:. Retrieved
1540:
1517:November 15,
1515:. Retrieved
1511:
1502:
1490:. Retrieved
1487:law.uark.edu
1486:
1477:
1459:
1453:
1445:
1427:
1421:
1411:November 25,
1409:. Retrieved
1403:
1397:
1389:
1379:November 25,
1377:. Retrieved
1370:
1348:November 25,
1346:. Retrieved
1339:
1329:
1319:November 25,
1317:. Retrieved
1310:
1301:
1291:November 25,
1289:. Retrieved
1285:
1279:
1271:
1249:Pocket Books
1247:. New York:
1242:
1234:
1224:November 25,
1222:. Retrieved
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1190:
1183:
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1129:
1119:
1112:Manning 2010
1107:
1087:
1064:
1051:
1044:Drexler 2009
1025:
1018:Roberts 2008
995:
971:
947:
926:. Retrieved
922:the original
917:
837:. Retrieved
835:. Boston, MA
830:
824:
816:
801:
800:outbreaks".
797:
776:
764:
733:1990s portal
697:
690:
685:
674:
661:
648:
634:Bill Clinton
616:
594:
583:
558:
553:
547:Retro Report
545:
531:
523:Retro Report
521:
490:
485:Editing help
467:
437:
430:
415:
400:
393:Bill Clinton
388:
384:
380:
376:
369:
354:
343:
337:
334:
331:
319:
314:
309:
295:
283:Bill Clinton
279:
271:
264:
249:
227:
223:
204:Bill Clinton
201:
178:
171:
169:
167:
149:Severe cases
88:products at
69:
36:
29:
3743:WikiProject
3580:(Hong Kong)
3317: [
3279:Devon colic
3153:Breast milk
3125:Nonylphenol
3100:Bisphenol A
3037:controversy
2904:Hepatitis E
2899:Hepatitis A
2877:Enterovirus
2870:Cronobacter
2827:Trichinosis
2797:Fasciolosis
2767:Anisakiasis
2738:controversy
2631:Adulterants
2417:FNR regulon
2011:November 2,
1985:November 2,
1856:: 107–121.
880:Hunter 2009
796:"Other big
781:Nestle 2010
719:Food portal
603:ground beef
575:The USDA's
291:King County
287:Puget Sound
92:restaurants
3760:Categories
3494:Regulation
3477:death toll
3246:Shortening
3211:Acrylamide
3140:Food fraud
3120:Mycotoxins
2953:Pesticides
2927:Salmonella
2802:Giardiasis
2762:Amoebiasis
2706:Flavorings
2571:Rho factor
2561:Pathogenic
2556:Min System
2521:Aerobactin
2402:CPS operon
2244:. London:
2216:. London:
2169:Infections
1465:Retrieved
1251:. p.
1176:Davis 1993
757:References
682:customers.
599:adulterant
232:McDonald's
193:Washington
115:Washington
3540:ISO 22000
3502:watchdogs
3498:standards
3472:outbreaks
3373:outbreaks
3251:Trans fat
3163:Olive oil
3085:Aflatoxin
3059:Sucralose
3044:Saccharin
3032:Aspartame
2976:Malathion
2921:Rotavirus
2916:Norovirus
2566:EnvZ/OmpR
2329:Outbreaks
1961:142916103
1953:1573-0697
1870:0278-4319
1712:. Seattle
1467:April 15,
1437:151421789
1400:Outbreak"
1344:. Seattle
949:The Times
304:) blamed
298:Foodmaker
3733:Cookbook
3713:Category
3515:E number
3407:outbreak
3364:outbreak
3355:outbreak
3105:Dieldrin
3054:Sorbitol
2910:Listeria
2850:Botulism
2678:Melamine
2648:Aldicarb
2485:O104:H21
2238:(2001).
2212:(2008).
1888:32287858
1829:July 16,
1622:July 15,
1199:June 14,
1002:ProQuest
978:ProQuest
954:ProQuest
825:Poisoned
808:ProQuest
705:See also
675:E. coli-
651:-caused
493:May 2024
412:Lawsuits
377:E. coli.
357:O157:H7.
240:Michigan
174:outbreak
97:Location
39:outbreak
3723:Commons
3596:(Spain)
3405:E. coli
3371:E. coli
3362:E. coli
3353:E. coli
3173:Seafood
3073:poisons
2971:Lindane
2935:E. coli
2894:O157:H7
2886:O104:H4
2688:Sudan I
2658:Cyanide
2514:Related
2500:O157:H7
2490:O104:H4
2457:Strains
2056:E. coli
1879:7117015
1803:June 5,
1772:June 5,
1765:E. coli
1746:June 5,
1735:E. coli
1594:July 8,
1580:E. coli
1456:Crisis"
1454:E. coli
1398:E. coli
1282:Victim"
1280:E. coli
1191:E. coli
1161:June 5,
1138:July 7,
928:June 4,
839:July 8,
698:E. coli
649:E. coli
638:Al Gore
617:E. coli
595:E. coli
584:E. coli
559:E. coli
389:E. coli
385:E. coli
381:E. coli
370:E. coli
355:E. coli
344:E. coli
315:E. coli
310:E. coli
267:O157:H7
265:E. coli
246:Sources
228:E. coli
224:E. coli
220:Seattle
212:Detroit
208:WXYZ-TV
181:O157:H7
172:E. coli
111:Seattle
75:O157:H7
37:E. coli
3178:Shrimp
3115:Dioxin
3069:Toxins
2643:3-MCPD
2551:LacUV5
2536:EcoCyc
2427:RecBCD
2277:
2252:
2224:
2198:
2175:
2153:
2140:(831).
2125:
2085:
2064:
1959:
1951:
1886:
1876:
1868:
1435:
1259:
1095:
798:E.coli
468:is in
449:Legacy
432:Marler
401:E.coli
236:Oregon
197:Nevada
195:, and
158:Deaths
81:Source
3321:]
3168:Prawn
3148:Bread
2721:Sugar
2395:Genes
2108:(14).
1957:S2CID
1433:S2CID
1218:(PDF)
1193:case"
1061:(PDF)
532:Sen.
474:prose
216:Miami
189:Idaho
2716:Salt
2495:O121
2447:RpoS
2442:RpoN
2437:RpoF
2432:RpoE
2422:OmpT
2407:DnaG
2275:ISBN
2250:ISBN
2222:ISBN
2196:ISBN
2173:ISBN
2151:ISBN
2123:ISBN
2083:ISBN
2062:ISBN
2013:2023
1987:2023
1949:ISSN
1914:2023
1884:PMID
1866:ISSN
1831:2018
1805:2014
1793:USDA
1774:2014
1748:2014
1718:2015
1624:2015
1596:2013
1548:2023
1519:2022
1494:2023
1469:2019
1413:2015
1381:2015
1350:2015
1321:2015
1293:2015
1257:ISBN
1226:2015
1201:2015
1163:2014
1140:2013
1093:ISBN
930:2014
841:2013
589:The
568:The
470:list
238:and
168:The
129:Date
86:beef
3183:Tea
3158:Egg
2966:DDT
2412:Fis
2032:IFT
1941:doi
1874:PMC
1858:doi
601:in
210:in
152:178
144:732
3762::
3500:,
3496:,
3319:ar
3075:,
3071:,
2752:,
2633:,
2273:.
2248:.
2220:.
2194:.
2121:.
2106:42
2104:.
2030:.
2003:.
1977:.
1955:.
1947:.
1937:25
1935:.
1931:.
1905:.
1882:.
1872:.
1864:.
1854:39
1852:.
1848:.
1821:.
1791:.
1739:.
1706:.
1661:^
1632:^
1613:.
1584:.
1568:^
1539:.
1527:^
1510:.
1485:.
1458:.
1402:.
1369:.
1358:^
1338:.
1309:.
1284:.
1255:.
1128:.
1073:^
1063:.
1036:^
1010:^
986:^
962:^
938:^
916:.
902:^
887:^
872:^
849:^
829:.
788:^
520:.
191:,
113:,
59:.
2615:e
2608:t
2601:v
2312:e
2305:t
2298:v
2283:.
2258:.
2230:.
2204:.
2181:.
2159:.
2131:.
2091:.
2070:.
2034:.
2015:.
1989:.
1963:.
1943::
1916:.
1890:.
1860::
1833:.
1807:.
1776:.
1763:"
1750:.
1720:.
1626:.
1598:.
1582:"
1550:.
1521:.
1496:.
1471:.
1439:.
1415:.
1383:.
1352:.
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882:.
843:.
823:"
693:.
605:.
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20:)
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