2833:(Paramount Ruler) of Malaysia, Tengku Idris was appointed as Regent of Selangor. The case was referred to the Federal Court on whether the Regent is considered a ruler, which the court replied in the negative. In 2001, Sultan Salahuddin died and Tengku Idris ascended the Selangor throne. The case was referred to the Federal Court again, which the court ruled that the High Court had lost jurisdiction over the case, and the case must be withdrawn and refiled in the Special Court. In both cases, only the Special Court had authority to exercise jurisdiction over the rulers, whether they were to be tried or intended to try another party.
58:
2521:
2757:
ending constitutional monarchy in
Malaysia, such as the publication of an article of monarchs who abdicated or were disposed since World War II. A compromise was reached with the Agong when the government offered a compromise which allowed the rulers to delay any legislation within sixty days, provided that the delays were given reasons. The previous proposals offered only a delay of fifteen days for any legislation that were to be raised in parliament.
2134:
2528:
2084:
2741:, with the exception of questioning the legitimacy of the monarchy of Malaysia. In addition, the proposed amendments also sought to limit the power of the rulers to pardon offences of family members. Public criticisms of the rulers was also allowed by amendments to the Sedition Act, which makes it no longer an offence to criticise the royalty except to areas pertaining to their legitimate existence.
2610:, given that the federal government, who needed the endorsement of the Sultans to implement the law, refused and subsequently led to a brief standoff between both sides. However, in most cases, the events leading up to the constitutional amendment was generally closely identified as a monarchy crisis rather than a constitutional crisis.
2603:
removal of legal immunity, and initially dissented with the government. The government used a two-pronged approach of persuasion and coercion to obtain the assent of the rulers for their rulers. The rulers gave their assent for the government's proposals to remove the legal immunity, which was later implemented in March 1993.
2721:
present to pass a unanimous resolution to curb the powers of the rulers if necessary. The subsequent parliamentary session on 27 December saw discussions to remove legal immunity which agitated Sultan
Iskandar to hold a rally to oppose the government's actions, but was forced to cancel after intense
2639:
hockey goalkeeper, Mohamed Jaafar shortly after a hockey championship match between Perak and Johor, supposedly having lost his temper when the Perak team won the match by a penalty stroke. The goalkeeper made a police report soon afterward which received attention from
Parliament who pressured the
2729:
A ruler's session was held on 16 January 1993, the following year, which requested the government for additional time for consideration of the government's decision. After extensive negotiation, some rulers chose to refuse to endorse the proposed changes to the
Federal Constitution, even after the
2644:
to issue Tunku Majid in
October 1992, a ban of five years participation in any national hockey tournaments. The Sultan, enraged by the decision issued to his son, exerted pressure on the state education department to issue orders to school hockey teams in Johor to boycott participation in national
2748:
table the proposed amendments in spite of the
Sultans' objections, citing as far to say that there was no need to obtain royal assent to implement laws. Back in 1983, the constitution had been amended so that a veto by the Agong can be over-ridden by a parliamentary vote. Shortly before the Dewan
2857:
to advocate the restoration of rulers' immunity during a speech in
November 2008. This raised concerns among the public, in view of the history of past royal excesses, but specifically the Gomez incident. Tunku Naquiyuddin, however, added further that immunity to rulers should not be extended to
2756:
The three rulers, on the other hand, continued to withhold their consent to the amendments which saw the government threatening to withdraw the privileges and continued attacks via the national media on instances of royal excesses of their extravagant lifestyles and even hinting a possibility of
2602:
with several politicians. After two separate assault incidents by the Sultan of Johor and his younger son which occurred in 1992, the government was prompted to take up the initiative to call for the removal of legal immunity. The rulers were extremely unhappy with the government's calls for the
2661:(JMF). Gomez, who suffered injuries to his face and stomach, sought treatment at a private clinic the following day and subsequently filed a police report on 6 December, after receiving tacit support from Parliament. The government-backed media, on its part, was swift to report on the incident.
2806:
Another further constitutional amendment in May 1994 allowed any law that has been passed by both the Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Negara to become law within 30 days, irrespective of whether the Agong had given his assent. The new legislation further reduced the veto power of the Agong — amended
2769:
The government-backed media, on its part, launched a series of reports between 1992 and 1993 detailing alleged misdeeds by members of the royalty not only by the Johor royal family but also on other royal houses from other states, questioning their extravagant lifestyles and misuse of
2295:
2597:
The amendments were made at a time when the
Malaysian monarchy witnessed a deteriorating relationship with the Malaysian government. During the late-1980s and the early-1990s, a series of controversial incidents involving the rulers cropped up, many of which came into a
2760:
The Dewan Rakyat passed its implementation on 8 March 1993, while the Dewan Negara approved of its implementation on 30 March. A new chapter, Part XV of the
Constitution entitled "Proceedings against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the Rulers" was also enshrined.
3003:
2774:
to gain alleged concessions. The Pahang royal family, in particular, was criticised for the way which they allegedly gained favourable timber forestry concession rates and the unusually high shares which they were accorded in the timber forestry industry.
2697:
government. The Prime
Minister of Malaysia, Mahathir Mohamad, expressed his unhappiness over the alleged royal support for Semangat 46, and was accused of violating the rule of political neutrality which was required by a constitutional monarch.
2709:. The Sultan firmly denied any wrongdoings on his part, and further issued a statement declaring support for the implementation of Islamic laws in the state by the PAS-led state government, which angered the BN-led federal government.
2594:, were implemented in March 1993. Before the amendments were made, the Constitution granted rulers who have violated the law not to be prosecuted by the criminal court unless he voluntarily wishes to surrender his legal immunity.
2848:
became the first ruler to have judgement made against him in the Special Court, whereby he was ordered to settle US$ 1 million in debts he had owed to a bank. The landmark verdict prompted his oldest son, the Regent of
2807:
previously in 1983, which also sparked a constitutional crisis. The older bill stated that Rulers could withhold assent of a proposed amendment within 30 days once both houses of parliament pass a proposed amendment.
2778:
The views of the Islamic Religious leaders were also well publicised, who criticised the royal excesses and even went as far as placing members of the royalty as equal members with the commoners in the eyes of Allah.
3421:, Asian Peoples' Anti-Communist League, Asian Peoples' Anti-Communist League (China : Republic : 1949– ), Asian-Pacific Anti-Communist League, APLFD (Organization), APACL Publications, 1993, pg 36
2656:
The criticisms by Gomez made the Sultan angry, so he summoned Gomez to the palace on 30 November where he was reprimanded and beaten by the Sultan, in front of his dumbstruck bodyguards, members of the
2959:
2818:
for defamation in the special court for the rulers, which was turned down by the Special Court, establishing the precedent that the right to sue a ruler only belongs to a Malaysian citizen.
2749:
Rakyat concluded its session, 133 out of 180 MPs passed the proposed changes although members of the opposition parties abstained from voting, citing indifferences. The following day,
2305:
2180:
2717:
The press reports on Gomez plight widespread moral outrage within the Malaysian public. A special parliamentary session was held on 10 December 1992 which saw all 96 members of the
1733:
2623:
In later part of the year, two connected assault incidents involving members of the Johor royal family occurred. The first one occurred on 10 July 1992, when the second son of the
2245:
3837:
2730:
offer for a special court to prosecute the rulers was proposed, claiming that the implementation of a special court would bring about difficulties in legal technicalities.
2569:
1783:
3481:
2790:
was also heavily criticised for failing to pay import duty taxes after he purchased a convoy of imported Italian luxury sports car as well as alleged biased support for
1603:
1102:
2701:
In March 1992, customs officials revealed that Sultan Ismail Petra had owed the government RM$ 2.1 million in import duties after he had purchased a convoy of twenty
1360:
2112:
2794:
by Dr Mahathir, for violating the constitution which states that monarchs will have to take on a neutral role in political affairs. The leader of Semangat 46,
1643:
3503:
2889:
1683:
1197:
2649:, a hockey coach, who criticised the education department for destroying the leadership and called for the resignation of all key office bearers of the
2590:
parliament with the aim of removing legal immunity of the royalty. The changes, which saw the amendments of Articles 32, 38, 42, 63, 72 and 181 in the
2822:
1997:
1893:
1350:
913:
909:
2175:
1613:
3842:
2562:
2281:
2203:
2194:
2002:
782:
1743:
1052:
2310:
1973:
1317:
1247:
2956:
3111:
2377:
1773:
1623:
1543:
1297:
1002:
3611:
2488:
2476:
463:
3774:
3757:
3744:
3727:
3714:
3701:
3688:
3671:
3658:
3645:
3632:
3619:
3602:
3581:
3564:
2555:
2392:
2382:
2105:
1763:
1257:
3812:
3788:, Jim Rolfe, Honolulu, Hawaii: Asia Pacific Center for Security Studies, 2004), pp. 300–322 , by Michael Leigh and Belinda Lip
804:
57:
3799:
2908:
3780:
3736:
2845:
2686:
1813:
1793:
1493:
1042:
937:
2722:
government pressure. Members of the opposition party had a passive stance towards the government's proposals, particularly from
2787:
2682:
1673:
1330:
1307:
1167:
1032:
443:
3029:
1933:
3832:
2641:
2057:
1923:
1903:
1873:
1523:
1513:
2826:
2290:
1883:
1723:
1653:
1412:
1340:
1157:
778:
588:
1913:
3228:
3198:
Decision of the Special Meeting of the Conference of Rulers on 18 January 1993, New Straits Times, 19 January 1993, pg 2
2098:
2022:
2007:
1963:
1823:
1753:
1503:
1423:
1012:
923:
722:
37:
1843:
3524:
2815:
2690:
2223:
1833:
1463:
1277:
1137:
433:
2534:
2387:
3478:
3766:
3500:
2886:
2658:
1943:
1803:
1533:
1022:
548:
2407:
538:
498:
3594:
2591:
2359:
1713:
1633:
1473:
1062:
732:
324:
2795:
2738:
2674:
2520:
2442:
2344:
2334:
2300:
2047:
2017:
2012:
1953:
1863:
1443:
1202:
1177:
927:
2510:
2498:
2354:
2349:
2339:
2329:
1593:
1563:
864:
712:
638:
598:
2606:
By some interpretations, these events leading up to the constitutional amendments was considered to be a
2837:
2830:
2734:
2607:
2541:
2504:
1853:
1663:
1370:
1082:
824:
2733:
The proposed amendments also came with the rule to allow commoners to criticise the Sultans, even the
3666:, 1951–2003, Ahmad-Noor A. Noor, Farish Ahmad Noor, Malaysian Sociological Research Institute, 2004,
3400:
Qualities worthy of a Ruler in light of Islamic teachings, New Straits Times, 15 December 1992, pg 11
2599:
2250:
1483:
1408:
1287:
1187:
957:
702:
410:
69:
108:
17:
3489:
2967:
2810:
The new constitutional amendment took some interesting twists following its amendments: In 1996, a
2646:
834:
528:
46:
3573:
3556:
2702:
2069:
752:
672:
488:
420:
266:
132:
2133:
3770:
3753:
3740:
3723:
3710:
3697:
3684:
3667:
3654:
3641:
3628:
3615:
3598:
3577:
3560:
3528:
3511:
3074:
2854:
2632:
2624:
2482:
2452:
2422:
2052:
1553:
1092:
967:
357:
347:
246:
2694:
2447:
2412:
2170:
2165:
2148:
2064:
2042:
1583:
1433:
1237:
884:
794:
742:
608:
453:
367:
256:
203:
3507:
3485:
2963:
2912:
2893:
2850:
2841:
2825:) of Selangor sued a company, Dikim Holdings in the High Court. In 1999, when his father,
2771:
2628:
2527:
2457:
2417:
2269:
2234:
2213:
2088:
1573:
1453:
1227:
1127:
692:
397:
387:
334:
311:
2677:, was a member of the Kelantan royal family and was held by high-esteem by the Sultan of
3364:
List of criminal acts done by the Johor Sultan, New Straits Times, 20 January 1993, pg 4
2905:
2240:
814:
662:
658:
578:
518:
377:
3813:
Pindaan-Pindaan YANG DICADANGKAN KEPADA RANG UNDANG-UNDANG PERLEMBAGAAN (PINDAAN) 1993
3696:, by Hajrudin Somun, Lejla Somun-Krupalija, published by Pelanduk Publications, 2003,
3409:
Zaleha: Action was against Islamic teachings, New Straits Times, 21 January 1993, pg 2
3826:
3590:
3073:
Gomez lodges police report, Zaman: We will seek A-G's direction to investigate case,
2944:
1693:
1398:
947:
558:
508:
233:
3373:
Union: Review timb er permits for royalty, New Straits Times, 15 December 1992, pg 2
3816:
3803:
2916:
2750:
2745:
2718:
2493:
2258:
2218:
2208:
1147:
1072:
977:
874:
682:
3223:
3664:
Islam Embedded: The Historical Development of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS
3382:
Lim: 93,000 acres (380 km) given to Sultan, The Star, 18 December 1992, pg 2
3099:
Islam Embedded: The Historical Development of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS
3086:
Crux of the problem lies with the JHA, NEW STRAITS TIMES, 7 December 1992, p. 13
2791:
2723:
2670:
79:
3185:"Amendments made to proposal to remove legal immunity: Six Rulers say 'yes'",
1703:
844:
618:
568:
223:
178:
119:
3680:
2811:
2264:
648:
628:
286:
276:
143:
2689:, which resulted in Semangat 46 as well as its then-coalition partner, the
3608:
Handbook of Federal Countries, 2002: A Project of the Forum of Federations
3455:
Handbook of Federal Countries, 2002: A Project of the Forum of Federations
3391:
Ulamas back constitutional change, New Straits Times, 1 January 1993, pg 2
3289:"133 MPs vote to remove legal immunity of Rulers: Amendment Bill passed",
3781:
Transitions in Malaysian society and politics: towards centralizing power
3638:
Law, Capitalism and Power in Asia: The Rule of Law and Legal Institutions
3341:
Transitions in Malaysian society and politics: towards centralizing power
3316:
2783:
2693:(PAS) wrestling over control of the Kelantan's state government from the
2678:
2587:
92:
2685:. Sultan Ismail Petra allegedly campaigned for Semangat 46 during the
3004:"A stick to beat the sultans of swing: Raymond Whitaker reports from"
2753:
passed a unanimous resolution to approve of the proposed amendments.
2706:
1217:
854:
213:
3735:, Jeyamalar Kathirithamby-Wells, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies,
2636:
3733:
Nature and Nation: Forests and Development in Peninsular Malaysia
3720:
Monarchy in South-East Asia: The Faces of Tradition in Transition
3625:
Kerajaan mansuh kekebalan raja Melayu: semua parti politik sokong
3149:
Monarchy in South-East Asia: The Faces of Tradition in Transition
3050:
Kerajaan mansuh kekebalan raja Melayu: semua parti politik sokong
2875:
Nature and Nation: Forests and Development in Peninsular Malaysia
3173:
Split over palace issue widens, The Star, 22 December 1992, pg 2
2887:
SHERIDAN MAHAVERA: All in the name of fair distribution of power
2744:
Nevertheless, parliamentary sessions on subsequent days saw the
2858:
cases when rulers commit acts of criminality, such as assault.
3219:
3217:
3064:, Aliran (Association), Aliran Kesedaran Negaran, 1984, pg 30
3752:, In-wĹŹn Hwang, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003,
56:
3800:
A BILL intituled: An Act to amend the Federal Constitution.
2906:
A BILL intituled: An Act to amend the Federal Constitution.
3610:, Ann L. Griffiths, Karl Nerenberg, Forum of Federations,
3750:
Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State Under Mahathir
3709:, Robert Stephen Milne, Diane K. Mauzy, Routledge, 1999,
3467:
Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State Under Mahathir
3267:"PM tables amendment Bill despite Rulers' disagreement",
3651:
Legal Aspects of Doing Business in Asia and the Pacific
3353:
Legal Aspects of Doing Business in Asia and the Pacific
3224:"Malaysia Prepares To Strip Sultans Of Their Immunity"
3679:, Shanti Nair, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,
3553:
Dictionary of the Modern Politics of South-East Asia
3443:
Dictionary of the Modern Politics of South-East Asia
3037:IPS-Inter Press Service/Global Information Network
2665:Governmental relations with the Sultan of Kelantan
3181:
3179:
3433:, K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press, 1993, pg 23061
3030:"MALAYSIA: JOHOR PRINCE FREED ON ASSAULT CHARGE"
2584:1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia
3694:Mahathir, the Secret of the Malaysian Success
3570:Europa World Year Book 2: Kazakhstan-Zimbabwe
3256:Mahathir, the Secret of the Malaysian Success
3239:
3237:
3207:"Rulers: Closer study of draft Bill Needed",
3114:, NEW STRAITS TIMES, 8 December 1992, pg 1, 3
2563:
2106:
8:
3094:
3092:
2939:
2937:
2798:was a member of the Kelantan royal family.
3838:Amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia
3763:The End of Empire and the Making of Malaya
2991:The End of Empire and the Making of Malaya
2570:
2556:
2124:
2113:
2099:
31:
2919:, January 1993, retrieved 24 January 2009
3786:The Asia-Pacific: A Region in Transition
3640:, Kanishka Jayasuriya, Routledge, 1999,
3226:, Michael Richardson, 15 December 1992,
2867:
2127:
1684:1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak
45:
34:
3523:Sheridan Mahavera (27 November 2008).
3488:, 20 August 2008, Shad Saleem Faruqi,
3135:"Abdullah: Rakyat ashamed and angry",
2705:cars that were directly flown in from
2713:Parliamentary debates and resolutions
7:
2943:Government and Society in Malaysia,
1974:2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack
18:1993 Malaysian constitutional crisis
3246:, Taylor and Francis Group, pg 2757
2796:Tengku Razaleigh Tengku Mohd Hamzah
2675:Tengku Razaleigh Tengku Mohd Hamzah
1774:2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia
27:To remove legal immunity of royalty
3722:, Roger Kershaw, Routledge, 2001,
3627:, Mokhtar Petah, ART Media, 1993,
3587:Government and Society in Malaysia
3329:Government and Society in Malaysia
3302:"Senate passes Bill unanimously",
2957:About Malaysia, for all Malaysians
2821:In 1998, then Tengku Idris (later
1614:Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire
1534:Japan Airlines Flight 715 incident
25:
3707:Malaysian Politics Under Mahathir
3677:Islam in Malaysian Foreign Policy
3479:Test case on right to sue Sultans
2979:Malaysian Politics Under Mahathir
2929:Islam in Malaysian Foreign Policy
1784:Attacks against places of worship
3258:, Somun, Somun-Krupalija, pg 155
2966:, SOO EWE JIN, 2 December 2007,
2687:1990 Malaysian general elections
2645:tournaments. The decision upset
2526:
2519:
2132:
2082:
1744:2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods
3612:McGill-Queen's University Press
2896:, 2008/12/08, New Straits Times
1604:Penang terminal bridge collapse
589:Separation of Perlis from Kedah
3525:"'Restore immunity of rulers'"
3457:, Griffiths, Nerenberg, pg 185
3160:"Semangat to oppose changes",
2642:Malaysian Hockey Confederation
1514:Campbell Shopping Complex fire
1:
3843:Malaysian federal legislation
3547:Asia-Pacific Defence Reporter
3501:New Ruler for Negeri Sembilan
3124:Asia-Pacific Defence Reporter
2877:, Kathirithamby-Wells, pg 376
2291:Shared Prosperity Vision 2030
2229:1993 constitutional amendment
1724:2002 Taman Hillview landslide
779:Japanese occupation of Malaya
238:
97:
3653:, Christian Campbell, 2006,
3229:International Herald Tribune
3077:, 7 December, 19 92, pg 1, 4
1964:2024 Lumut helicopters crash
1884:Kim Jong-nam's Assassination
1764:Bukit Antarabangsa landslide
1043:North Borneo self-governance
3271:, 19 January 1993, at 1, 4.
2816:Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang
2691:Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party
2224:National Development Policy
1814:Genting Highlands bus crash
1794:Cameron Highlands bus crash
1494:AIA building hostage crisis
1464:Ligitan and Sipadan dispute
1413:Philippine militant attacks
1218:Federal Territory of Labuan
1148:Declaration of Rukun Negara
1138:National Operations Council
1103:Second communist insurgency
3859:
3767:Cambridge University Press
3315:Showdown with the Royals,
3306:, 21 January 1993, pg 1, 2
3293:, 20 January 1993, pg 1, 2
3189:, 18 January 1993, pg 1, 2
2187:Prime Minister of Malaysia
1944:2022 Batang Kali landslide
1258:Peace Agreement of Hat Yai
3549:, by Peter Isaacson, 1992
3139:. 7 December 1992. pp. 4.
1874:Movida Bar grenade attack
1624:Bright Sparklers disaster
1524:Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash
1504:National Monument bombing
1474:Kuala Lumpur flash floods
1268:Royal Immunity Amendments
1013:Singapore self-governance
924:Crown Colony of N. Borneo
539:Siamese invasion of Kedah
3595:Cornell University Press
3484:4 September 2008 at the
3319:, 27 January 1993, pg 30
3211:, 19 January 1993, pg 1.
3164:, 23 December 1992, pg 2
2651:Johor Hockey Association
2592:Constitution of Malaysia
2477:KL War Crimes Commission
2141:This article is part of
1894:Darul Quran madrasa fire
1714:2001 Kampung Medan riots
1634:Highland Towers collapse
1331:Pakatan Harapan takeover
733:Unfederated Malay States
325:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
3506:31 October 2010 at the
2892:8 December 2008 at the
2443:Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali
2282:Second term (2018-2020)
1954:2023 Elmina plane crash
1934:2021-22 Malaysia floods
1914:2020-21 Malaysia floods
1904:2018 Subang Temple riot
1864:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot
1844:2014–15 Malaysia floods
1754:Bukit Gantang bus crash
1198:South China Sea dispute
1178:1977 Kelantan Emergency
1168:Federal Territory of KL
1063:Sarawak self-governance
137:65,000–40,000 BCE
2511:Mahathir Science Award
2499:Teater Tun Siti Hasmah
2204:North-South Expressway
2195:First term (1981-2003)
1564:1985 Lahad Datu ambush
1434:Brunei's Limbang claim
1278:Asian financial crisis
865:Sandakan Death Marches
713:Federated Malay States
599:Crown Colony of Labuan
61:
3833:1993 in Malaysian law
2981:, Milne, Mauzy, pg 38
2911:26 March 2009 at the
2838:Yang di-Pertuan Besar
2831:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
2735:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
2608:constitutional crisis
2505:Mahathir, the Musical
2489:Citizens' Declaration
2311:2020 political crisis
1804:Hulu Langat landslide
1484:Malaysian haze crisis
1248:Constitutional crisis
1083:Singapore in Malaysia
1073:Formation of Malaysia
938:Anti-cession movement
825:Parit Sulong Massacre
304:Rise of Muslim states
228:100 BCE–1474 CE
60:
3510:, 30 December 2008,
3101:, Noor, Noor, pg 495
2737:without fear of the
2669:The party leader of
2659:Johor Military Force
2614:Background incidents
2600:conflict of interest
1734:Indian Ocean tsunami
1424:Singapore race riots
1409:North Borneo dispute
1188:Pedra Branca dispute
1003:Malayan Independence
958:Federation of Malaya
723:Anglo-Siamese Treaty
703:Mat Salleh Rebellion
499:Dutch–Portuguese War
218:100 BCE–642 CE
170:11,000–200 BCE
3490:The Star (Malaysia)
3244:Europa World Book 2
3110:K. Vijayan, Gomez:
2968:The Star (Malaysia)
2962:3 June 2011 at the
2829:was elected as the
2788:Sultan Ismail Petra
2683:Sultan Ismail Petra
2586:were passed by the
2296:International trips
2176:Political positions
2089:Malaysia portal
1924:LRT train collision
1694:Al-Ma'unah incident
1674:Tropical Storm Greg
1158:New Economic Policy
995:Independence period
835:Battle of Singapore
529:Straits Settlements
464:Kubang Pasu Kingdom
183:500 – 200 BCE
3574:Taylor and Francis
3557:Taylor and Francis
3555:, Michael Leifer,
3355:, Campbell, pg 379
3280:Jayasuriya, pg 223
3039:. 26 January 1993.
2823:Sultan Sharafuddin
2703:Lamborghini Diablo
2306:Borneo states bill
2181:Awards and honours
1664:Pos Dipang mudflow
1444:Penang Hartal riot
1288:Reformasi Movement
1033:Sarawak Insurgency
753:Kelantan rebellion
673:Jementah Civil War
579:Kingdom of Sarawak
549:Anglo-Dutch Treaty
489:Portuguese Malacca
421:Selangor Sultanate
70:Prehistoric period
62:
3529:New Straits Times
3512:The Straits Times
3304:New Straits Times
3291:New Straits Times
3269:New Straits Times
3209:New Straits Times
3187:New Straits Times
3151:, Kershaw, pg 111
3137:New Straits Times
3075:New Straits Times
3010:. 31 January 1993
2855:Tunku Naquiyuddin
2827:Sultan Salahuddin
2814:filed to sue the
2633:Tunku Abdul Majid
2580:
2579:
2483:The Malay Dilemma
2453:Mokhzani Mahathir
2423:Gerakan Tanah Air
2371:Political parties
2171:Electoral history
2158:
2157:
2123:
2122:
1982:
1981:
1644:Genting landslide
1594:Ming Court Affair
1382:
1381:
1361:Bornean Amendment
1341:COVID-19 pandemic
1298:H1N1 flu pandemic
1206:
1111:
1110:
1093:ASEAN Declaration
986:
985:
968:Malayan Emergency
893:
892:
761:
760:
472:
471:
411:Sarawak Sultanate
388:Pattani Sultanate
348:Malacca Sultanate
295:
294:
241:100 CE–1025
187:
186:
16:(Redirected from
3850:
3811:
3765:, T. N. Harper,
3591:Harold A. Crouch
3533:
3532:
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2558:
2530:
2523:
2448:Mukhriz Mahathir
2413:Barisan Nasional
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:Mahathir Mohamad
2144:
2136:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2087:
2086:
2085:
1854:Sabah earthquake
1395:
1394:
1378:
1351:Political crisis
1325:
1308:Sedition Dragnet
1238:Operation Lalang
1212:
1200:
1124:
1123:
999:
998:
906:
905:
902:Formative period
885:Jesselton revolt
805:Bornean Campaign
795:Malayan campaign
774:
773:
743:Battle of Penang
609:Pahang Civil War
485:
484:
428:
405:
368:Pahang Sultanate
342:
335:Brunei Sultanate
319:
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3477:
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3469:, Hwang, pg 241
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2851:Negeri Sembilan
2842:Negeri Sembilan
2804:
2772:moral authority
2767:
2715:
2667:
2629:Sultan of Johor
2625:Sultan Iskandar
2621:
2616:
2576:
2524:
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2515:
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2458:Marina Mahathir
2438:
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2421:
2418:Pakatan Harapan
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2395:(2023–present)
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2235:Bangsa Malaysia
2214:Proton Holdings
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2119:
2083:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2027:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1654:MH2133 incident
1584:Sabah Emergency
1574:Memali Incident
1454:13 May Incident
1392:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1323:
1228:Memali incident
1210:
1128:13 May incident
1121:
1113:
1112:
996:
988:
987:
903:
895:
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771:
763:
762:
693:Pahang Uprising
482:
481:Colonial period
474:
473:
426:
403:
398:Johor Sultanate
340:
317:
312:Kedah Sultanate
305:
297:
296:
281:700s–1025
197:
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188:
179:Neolithic Klang
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167:Perak man/woman
164:
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105:
93:Lenggong Valley
89:
72:
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28:
23:
22:
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11:
5:
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3819:, January 1993
3807:
3806:, January 1993
3795:
3794:External links
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3112:Sultan beat me
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3062:Aliran Monthly
3054:
3052:, Petah, pg 89
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2931:, Nair, pg 133
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2619:Gomez Incident
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3775:0-521-00465-9
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3758:981-230-185-2
3755:
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3745:9971-69-302-X
3742:
3739:Press, 2005,
3738:
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3728:0-415-18531-9
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3715:0-415-17143-1
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3702:967-978-879-2
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3689:0-415-10341-X
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3672:983-99866-8-6
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3659:1-4116-5012-3
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3646:0-415-19743-0
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3634:
3633:983-9835-00-9
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3620:0-7735-2511-4
3617:
3614:— MQUP, 2003
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3603:0-8014-3218-9
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3579:
3576:Group, 2004,
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3126:(1992), pg 35
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3031:
3025:
3022:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
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2987:
2984:
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2975:
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2969:
2965:
2961:
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2699:
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2688:
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2680:
2676:
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2660:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2647:Douglas Gomez
2643:
2638:
2634:
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2613:
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2595:
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2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2152:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1834:MH17 incident
1832:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1785:
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1781:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
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1751:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1732:
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1727:
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1722:
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1717:
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1707:
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1677:
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1607:
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1597:
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1577:
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1571:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1462:
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1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
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1442:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1399:Brunei revolt
1397:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1309:
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1299:
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1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
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1199:
1196:
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1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1120:Modern period
1117:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
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1060:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
992:
991:
981:
979:
976:
975:
971:
969:
966:
965:
961:
959:
956:
955:
951:
949:
948:Malayan Union
946:
945:
941:
939:
936:
935:
931:
929:
925:
922:
921:
917:
915:
911:
910:BMA of Malaya
908:
907:
899:
898:
888:
886:
883:
882:
878:
876:
873:
872:
868:
866:
863:
862:
858:
856:
853:
852:
848:
846:
843:
842:
838:
836:
833:
832:
828:
826:
823:
822:
818:
816:
813:
812:
808:
806:
803:
802:
798:
796:
793:
792:
787:
784:
780:
776:
775:
767:
766:
756:
754:
751:
750:
746:
744:
741:
740:
736:
734:
731:
730:
726:
724:
721:
720:
716:
714:
711:
710:
706:
704:
701:
700:
696:
694:
691:
690:
686:
684:
681:
680:
676:
674:
671:
670:
666:
664:
660:
657:
656:
652:
650:
647:
646:
642:
640:
637:
636:
632:
630:
627:
626:
622:
620:
617:
616:
612:
610:
607:
606:
602:
600:
597:
596:
592:
590:
587:
586:
582:
580:
577:
576:
572:
570:
567:
566:
562:
560:
559:Burney Treaty
557:
556:
552:
550:
547:
546:
542:
540:
537:
536:
532:
530:
527:
526:
522:
520:
517:
516:
512:
510:
509:Dutch Malacca
507:
506:
502:
500:
497:
496:
492:
490:
487:
486:
478:
477:
467:
465:
462:
461:
457:
455:
454:Reman Kingdom
452:
451:
447:
445:
444:Setul Kingdom
442:
441:
437:
435:
434:Besut Kingdom
432:
431:
424:
422:
419:
418:
414:
412:
409:
408:
401:
399:
396:
395:
391:
389:
386:
385:
381:
379:
376:
375:
371:
369:
366:
365:
361:
359:
356:
355:
351:
349:
346:
345:
338:
336:
333:
332:
328:
326:
323:
322:
315:
313:
310:
309:
301:
300:
290:
288:
285:
284:
280:
278:
275:
274:
270:
268:
265:
264:
260:
258:
255:
254:
251:424–775
250:
248:
245:
244:
237:
235:
234:Gangga Negara
232:
231:
227:
225:
222:
221:
217:
215:
212:
211:
207:
205:
204:Ancient Kedah
202:
201:
193:
192:
182:
180:
174:
173:
169:
163:
162:
158:
152:
151:
148:
146:
145:
141:
140:
136:
134:
133:Niah cultures
128:
127:
124:
122:
121:
117:
116:
112:
110:
104:
103:
96:
94:
88:
87:
84:
82:
81:
77:
76:
71:
66:
65:
59:
55:
54:
51:
44:
39:
33:
30:
19:
3817:Dewan Rakyat
3804:Dewan Rakyat
3785:
3779:
3762:
3749:
3732:
3719:
3706:
3693:
3676:
3663:
3650:
3637:
3624:
3607:
3586:
3569:
3552:
3546:
3518:
3496:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3454:
3450:
3442:
3438:
3430:
3426:
3418:
3414:
3405:
3396:
3387:
3378:
3369:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3311:
3303:
3298:
3290:
3285:
3276:
3268:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3227:
3208:
3203:
3194:
3186:
3169:
3161:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3136:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3106:
3098:
3082:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3036:
3024:
3012:. Retrieved
3007:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2952:
2928:
2924:
2917:Dewan Rakyat
2901:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2835:
2820:
2809:
2805:
2781:
2777:
2768:
2759:
2755:
2751:Dewan Negara
2746:Dewan Rakyat
2743:
2739:Sedition Act
2732:
2728:
2719:Dewan Rakyat
2716:
2700:
2668:
2655:
2650:
2622:
2605:
2596:
2583:
2581:
2542:
2535:
2525:
2503:
2494:Asian values
2481:
2468:
2434:
2406:
2400:
2376:
2370:
2321:
2280:
2259:Asian values
2251:
2233:
2228:
2219:Wawasan 2020
2209:MSC Malaysia
2193:
2048:Kuala Lumpur
1488:1972–present
1418:1962–present
1318:1MDB scandal
1267:
978:Baling Talks
875:Si Rat Malai
781: /
770:World War II
683:North Borneo
142:
118:
78:
29:
2812:Singaporean
2792:Semangat 46
2724:Semangat 46
2671:Semangat 46
2425:(2022–2023)
2420:(2017–2020)
2415:(1974–2016)
2410:(1964–1974)
2390:(2020–2023)
2385:(2016–2020)
2380:(1964–2016)
2058:George Town
2013:Immigration
1053:Konfrontasi
208:<100 BCE
113:235,000 BCE
80:Paleolithic
47:History of
3827:Categories
3810:(in Malay)
3540:References
2401:Coalitions
2166:Early life
1704:Sauk Siege
1371:Green Wave
845:Sook Ching
619:Larut Wars
569:Naning War
392:1516– 1902
267:Old Pahang
224:Langkasuka
159:16,000 BCE
120:Mesolithic
3681:Routledge
3014:7 October
2802:Aftermath
2588:Malaysian
2265:Putrajaya
2252:Reformasi
2036:By region
1938:2021–2022
1848:2014–2015
1748:2006–2007
1688:1998–1999
1554:Dawn Raid
1468:1969–2002
1438:1967–2009
1403:1962–1966
1391:Incidents
1365:2021–2023
1355:2020–2022
1345:2020–2022
1302:2009–2010
1292:1998–2022
1282:1997–1998
1252:1987–1988
1192:1979–2008
1162:1971–1990
1142:1969–1971
1107:1968–1989
1087:1963–1965
1057:1963–1966
1037:1962–1990
1027:1960–2012
972:1948–1960
962:1948–1963
952:1946–1948
942:1946–1963
932:1946–1963
918:1945–1946
889:1943–1944
879:1943–1945
869:1942–1945
809:1941–1942
799:1941–1942
789:1941–1945
737:1909–1946
717:1895–1946
707:1894–1905
697:1891–1895
687:1882–1946
667:1874–1946
653:1875–1876
649:Perak War
633:1867–1874
629:Klang War
623:1861–1874
613:1857–1863
603:1848–1946
583:1841–1946
573:1831–1832
543:1821–1826
533:1786–1946
523:1770–1881
513:1641–1824
503:1601–1661
493:1511–1641
468:1839–1864
458:1810–1902
448:1808–1916
438:1780–1899
415:1599–1641
382:1496–1903
372:1470–1623
362:1450–1899
352:1402–1511
329:1267–1521
287:Majapahit
277:Srivijaya
257:Old Kedah
144:Neolithic
3769:, 2001,
3683:, 1997,
3597:, 1996,
3559:, 2001,
3504:Archived
3482:Archived
3317:Asiaweek
3162:The Star
2960:Archived
2947:, pg 146
2909:Archived
2890:Archived
2784:Kelantan
2679:Kelantan
2635:, hit a
2322:Cabinets
2301:THM fund
2023:Military
2008:Economic
1991:By topic
1023:ISA 1960
271:449–1454
49:Malaysia
38:a series
36:Part of
2536:Gallery
2469:Related
2388:PEJUANG
2383:BERSATU
2070:Sarawak
1377:present
1324:present
1211:present
1203:Spratly
928:Sarawak
427:present
404:present
341:present
318:present
247:Pan Pan
3784:, in (
3773:
3756:
3743:
3726:
3713:
3700:
3687:
3670:
3657:
3644:
3631:
3618:
3601:
3580:
3563:
2945:Crouch
2707:London
2627:, the
2543:Quotes
2435:Family
2246:IMT-GT
2053:Penang
914:Borneo
855:Syburi
783:Borneo
663:Borneo
214:Chi Tu
176:
165:
154:
130:
106:
90:
40:on the
3033:(PDF)
2862:Notes
2637:Perak
2393:PUTRA
2065:Sabah
2043:Kedah
2018:Legal
1375:2022–
1322:2015–
1209:1980–
425:1766–
402:1528–
339:1368–
316:1136–
291:1300s
3771:ISBN
3754:ISBN
3741:ISBN
3724:ISBN
3711:ISBN
3698:ISBN
3685:ISBN
3668:ISBN
3655:ISBN
3642:ISBN
3629:ISBN
3616:ISBN
3599:ISBN
3578:ISBN
3561:ISBN
3016:2023
2836:The
2582:The
2378:UMNO
1978:2024
1968:2024
1958:2023
1948:2022
1928:2021
1918:2021
1908:2018
1898:2017
1888:2017
1878:2016
1868:2015
1858:2015
1838:2014
1828:2014
1818:2013
1808:2011
1798:2010
1788:2010
1778:2009
1768:2008
1758:2007
1738:2004
1728:2002
1718:2001
1708:2000
1698:2000
1678:1996
1668:1996
1658:1995
1648:1995
1638:1993
1628:1991
1618:1989
1608:1988
1598:1987
1588:1986
1578:1985
1568:1985
1558:1981
1548:1977
1538:1977
1528:1976
1518:1976
1508:1975
1498:1975
1478:1971
1458:1969
1448:1967
1428:1964
1335:2018
1312:2014
1272:1993
1262:1989
1242:1987
1232:1985
1222:1984
1182:1977
1172:1974
1152:1970
1132:1969
1097:1967
1077:1963
1067:1963
1047:1963
1017:1959
1007:1957
982:1955
859:1942
849:1942
839:1942
829:1942
819:1942
757:1915
747:1914
727:1909
677:1879
643:1874
593:1843
563:1826
553:1824
3737:NUS
2840:of
2782:In
2360:VII
2340:III
3829::
3815:,
3802:,
3593:,
3589:,
3572:,
3527:.
3236:^
3216:^
3178:^
3091:^
3035:.
3006:.
2936:^
2915:,
2853:,
2844:,
2786:,
2726:.
2681:,
2673:,
2653:.
2631:,
2355:VI
2345:IV
2335:II
661:/
239:c.
98:c.
3531:.
3018:.
2571:e
2564:t
2557:v
2350:V
2330:I
2261:"
2257:"
2114:e
2107:t
2100:v
1415:)
1411:(
1205:)
1201:(
926:/
912:/
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
