832:
139:
having changed some of the geopolitical dynamics in the region. Apart from Özal, himself half-Kurdish, few
Turkish politicians were interested in a peace process, nor was he more than a part of the PKK itself. In 1993, Özal was working on the peace plans with former finance minister
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44:
and the suspicious deaths from this period, claims of a "covert coup" intended to prevent a peace settlement (and to protect the covert relationships between the
Turkish military, intelligence services including
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397:
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103:(4 November). In addition to the assassination of key figures supporting a peace process, several massacres took place in 1993, which it is claimed were intended as part of an alleged "
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179:(to use any and all means to solve the Kurdish question using violence), which Özal had opposed, was enacted, and the peace process abandoned. Further massacres (notably the
578:
486:
349:
370:
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which first began to shed light on the
Turkish deep state, is one who has made such claims, describing "a covert military coup". Former PKK commander
415:
393:
571:
517:
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324:
151:
With the PKK's ceasefire declaration in hand, Özal was planning to propose a major pro-Kurdish reform package at the next meeting of the
712:
152:
454:
856:
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155:. The president's death on 17 April led to the postponement of that meeting, and the plans were never presented. A month later, the
786:
681:
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29:
148:. Negotiations led to a cease-fire declaration by the PKK on 20 March 1993—by which time Kahveci and Bitlis were dead.
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871:
780:
54:
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866:
803:
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132:
472:
Michael M. Gunter, "Turgut Özal and the
Kurdish question", in Marlies Casier, Joost Jongerden (eds, 2010),
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41:
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through covert means. Although the early 1990s were a period of great violence in Turkey due to the
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84:
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638:
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96:
50:
17:
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in early July) and assassinations ensured that the peace process was well and truly buried.
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25:
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33:
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58:
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Nationalisms and
Politics in Turkey: Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue
816:
613:
268:
249:
231:
176:
100:
36:, leading military figures, and journalists. Particularly in the context of the
210:
February 17th: Assassination of
General Commander of the Turkish Gendarmerie
608:
291:, was charged in 2013 with having had a role in the 1993 death of President
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136:
67:, a former member of the parliamentary commission which investigated the
603:
416:
Ex-PKK commander Sakık blames military junta for deaths of 33 soldiers
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658:
394:
Secret witness reveals identity, shady ties between PKK and
Ergenekon
203:
February 5th: Assassination of politician and Turgut Özal confidante
21:
542:
Shady incidents of 1993 tantamount to coup, says journalist in book
350:
Sağlar says he does not understand nomination of
Ergenekon suspects
284:
46:
518:
Court accepts indictment seeking life for Ersöz over Özal's death
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83:, holding it responsible for assassinations including those of
159:
ensured the end of the peace process. Former PKK commander
455:
Prosecutors look into links between suspicious army deaths
435:
Internationalism is the only response to the
Kurdish issue
24:, allegedly organised and carried out by elements of the
32:, 1993 saw a series of suspicious deaths: of President
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from 2008 onwards and related investigations into the
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762:
690:
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144:and General Commander of the Turkish Gendarmerie
255:September 4th: Assassination of Kurdish deputy
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8:
267:November 4th: Assassination of former Major
167:'s coup plans. Under the new Presidency of
579:
565:
557:
367:Jitem'in Doğu Çalışma Grubu deşifre edildi
196:January 24th: Assassination of journalist
476:, Taylor & Francis, 9 Aug 2010 pp94-5
433:en.internationalism.org, 10 April 2013,
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287:and is considered a key suspect in the
261:October 22nd: Assassination of General
217:April 17th: Assassination of President
16:According to some sources, there was a
775:Sarıkız, Ayışığı, Yakamoz and Eldiven
163:maintains the attack was part of the
7:
862:1990s coups d'état and coup attempts
383:
381:
379:
308:(An Unnamed Coup: 1993), Zaman Kitap
230:June 30th: Arson attack on hotel in
79:organization-linked group named the
365:dunyabulteni.net, 29 January 2009,
53:, certain Kurdish groups including
14:
494:Human Rights Foundation of Turkey
830:
131:agreed to negotiations with the
207:, via a suspicious car accident
135:(PKK), the events of the 1991
127:In the early 1990s, President
99:(22 October) and former Major
1:
619:1730 Patrona Halil rebellion
214:, allegedly sabotaged plane
898:
797:Other incidents and trials
781:Operation Cage Action Plan
306:Adı Konulmamış Darbe: 1993
826:
153:National Security Council
91:(17 February), President
857:Military coups in Turkey
752:military asylum incident
588:Military coups in Turkey
396:. Accessed 2013-07-02.
157:May 24, 1993, PKK ambush
109:May 24, 1993, PKK ambush
30:Kurdish-Turkish conflict
747:international reactions
437:. Accessed 2013-07-02.
369:. Accessed 2013-07-02.
352:. Accessed 2013-07-02.
133:Kurdistan Workers Party
882:Ergenekon (allegation)
804:Nine Officers Incident
496:. 2000. Archived from
317:Timas Publishing Group
304:Muhsin Öztürk (2011),
609:1622 janissary revolt
221:, allegedly by poison
107:". These include the
311:Hakkı Öznur (2012),
95:(17 April), General
392:, 6 November 2012,
171:and Premiership of
117:Başbağlar massacres
105:strategy of tension
85:Turkish Gendarmerie
659:Republic of Turkey
547:2013-11-09 at the
523:2013-11-09 at the
492:(Report). Ankara:
460:2013-11-09 at the
421:2013-10-29 at the
283:, who was head of
244:Başbağlar massacre
185:Başbağlar massacre
165:Doğu Çalışma Grubu
87:General Commander
81:Doğu Çalışma Grubu
61:) have been made.
42:Turkish deep state
872:Conflicts in 1993
844:
843:
787:Sledgehammer plan
516:, 16 April 2013,
453:, 11 April 2012,
348:, 26 April 2011,
325:978-605-114-918-9
313:1993 Örtülü Darbe
191:Alleged incidents
75:has described an
55:Kurdish Hizbollah
51:Counter-Guerrilla
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639:1909 countercoup
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289:Ergenekon trials
169:Süleyman Demirel
69:Susurluk scandal
38:Ergenekon trials
26:Turkish military
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682:1997 memorandum
672:1971 memorandum
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634:1908 revolution
624:1807–1808 coups
590:
585:
555:
554:
549:Wayback Machine
540:, 29 May 2011,
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525:Wayback Machine
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423:Wayback Machine
414:, 1 June 2012,
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299:Further reading
279:Former General
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119:in early July.
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867:1993 in Turkey
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596:Ottoman Empire
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503:on 2009-02-05.
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275:Investigations
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238:Sivas massacre
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181:Sivas massacre
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97:Bahtiyar Aydın
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877:Deep politics
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763:Alleged plans
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691:Coup attempts
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537:Today's Zaman
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817:E-memorandum
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732:2016 attempt
720:1971 attempt
708:1969 attempt
703:1963 attempt
698:1962 attempt
614:Edirne Event
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498:the original
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281:Levent Ersöz
278:
212:Eşref Bitlis
200:via car bomb
173:Tansu Çiller
161:Şemdin Sakık
150:
146:Eşref Bitlis
126:
89:Eşref Bitlis
73:Şemdin Sakık
65:Fikri Sağlar
63:
15:
813:(1957–1958)
807: [
742:media purge
723: [
711: [
487:1998 Report
441:2013-07-05.
400:2013-07-05.
373:2013-07-05.
356:2013-07-05.
293:Turgut Özal
269:Cem Ersever
248:July 18th:
219:Turgut Özal
177:Castle Plan
129:Turgut Özal
101:Cem Ersever
93:Turgut Özal
34:Turgut Özal
20:in 1993 in
18:coup d'état
851:Categories
331:References
242:July 5th:
236:July 2nd:
226:PKK ambush
224:May 24th:
198:Uğur Mumcu
57:, and the
677:1980 coup
667:1960 coup
649:1913 coup
644:1912 coup
629:1876 coup
604:1512 coup
77:Ergenekon
545:Archived
521:Archived
458:Archived
439:Archived
419:Archived
398:Archived
371:Archived
354:Archived
252:massacre
137:Gulf War
123:Overview
111:and the
789:(2010s)
819:(2007)
783:(2009)
777:(2004)
737:purges
323:
175:, the
22:Turkey
811:]
727:]
715:]
501:(PDF)
490:(PDF)
285:JITEM
113:Sivas
47:JITEM
770:1993
321:ISBN
183:and
115:and
250:Van
232:Van
853::
809:tr
725:tr
713:tr
378:^
319:.
315:,
295:.
49:,
580:e
573:t
566:v
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