United Nations Climate Change Conference

2380: 1473:, Netherlands. Many in the international community and domestic environmental groups saw this meeting as a chance to finalize a Protocol that could secure ratification. Specifically, COP-6 was intended to complete work on the two-year Buenos Aires Plan of Action (BAPA), agreed upon at COP-4. However, these groups saw the United States as a roadblock to finalize such a Protocol. The discussions evolved rapidly into a high-level negotiation over the major political issues. These included major controversy over the United States' proposal to allow credit for carbon "sinks" in forests and agricultural lands that would satisfy a major proportion of the U.S. emissions reductions in this way; disagreements over consequences for non-compliance by countries that did not meet their emission reduction targets; and difficulties in resolving how 1729:, Kenya. At the meeting, BBC reporter Richard Black coined the phrase "climate tourists" to describe some delegates who attended "to see Africa, take snaps of the wildlife, the poor, dying African children and women". Black also noted that due to delegates concerns over economic costs and possible losses of competitiveness, the majority of the discussions avoided any mention of reducing emissions. Black concluded that was a disconnect between the political process and the scientific imperative. Despite such criticism, certain strides were made at COP12, including in the areas of support for developing countries and clean development mechanism. The parties adopted a five-year plan of work to support 1573:. The United States delegation maintained its observer role, declining to participate actively in the negotiations. Other parties continued to express hope that the United States would re-engage in the process at some point and worked to achieve ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by the requisite number of countries to bring it into force (55 countries needed to ratify it, including those accounting for 55% of developed-country emissions of carbon dioxide in 1990). The date of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (August–September 2002) was put forward as a target to bring the Kyoto Protocol into force. The 1535:: It was agreed that credit would be granted for broad activities that absorb carbon from the atmosphere or store it, including forest and cropland management, and re-vegetation, with no over-all cap on the amount of credit that a country could claim for sinks activities. In the case of forest management, an Appendix Z establishes country-specific caps for each Annex I country. Thus, a cap of 13 million tons could be credited to Japan (which represents about 4% of its base-year emissions). For cropland management, countries could receive credit only for carbon sequestration increases above 1990 levels. 40: 1449:, Argentina. It had been expected that the remaining issues unresolved in Kyoto would be finalized at this meeting. However, the complexity and difficulty of finding agreement on these issues proved insurmountable, and instead the parties adopted a two-year "Buenos Aires Plan of Action" (BAPA) to advance efforts and to devise mechanisms for implementing the Kyoto Protocol, to be completed by 2000. During COP 4, Argentina and Kazakhstan expressed their commitment to take on the greenhouse gas emissions reduction obligation, the first two non-Annex countries to do so. 1461:, Germany. It was primarily a technical meeting, and did not reach major conclusions. 165 Parties were represented at the conference. Conference delegates continued their work toward fulfilling the Buenos Aires Plan of Action (BAPA) adopted at COP 4. In the last two days of the Conference, COP 5 adopted 32 draft decisions and conclusions related to the review of the implementation of commitments. Despite reaching no major conclusions, COP-5 served as an important "intermediate step" laying out the difficult path to finalizing the Kyoto Protocol at COP-6. 1622:

COP 8 was marked by Russia's hesitation, stating that it needed more time to think it over. The Kyoto Protocol could enter into force once it was ratified by 55 countries, including countries responsible for 55 per cent of the developed world's 1990 carbon dioxide emissions. With the United States (36.1 per cent share of developed-world carbon dioxide) and Australia refusing ratification, Russia's agreement (17% of global emissions in 1990) was required to meet the ratification criteria and therefore Russia could delay the process.

210: 1236: 2090: 2497: 571: 2525: 1162: 354: 1529:(CDM) which allows industrialized countries to fund emissions reduction activities in developing countries as an alternative to domestic emission reductions. One of the key elements of this agreement was that there would be no quantitative limit on the credit a country could claim from use of these mechanisms provided domestic action constituted a significant element of the efforts of each Annex B country to meet their targets. 1821:

issues into the future". Ministers and officials from 192 countries took part in the Copenhagen meeting and in addition there were participants from a large number of civil society organizations. As many Annex 1 industrialized countries are now reluctant to fulfill commitments under the Kyoto Protocol, a large part of the diplomatic work that lays the foundation for a post-Kyoto agreement was undertaken up to the COP 15.

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reductions in greenhouse gas emissions of an average of 6 to 8% below 1990 levels between the years 2008–2012, defined as the first emissions budget period. The United States would be required to reduce its total emissions an average of 7% below 1990 levels; however Congress did not ratify the treaty after Clinton signed it. The Bush administration explicitly rejected the protocol in 2001.

756: 1767:(AWG-LCA) was established as a new subsidiary body to conduct the negotiations aimed at urgently enhancing the implementation of the Convention up to and beyond 2012. Decision 9/CP.13 is an Amended to the New Delhi work programme. These negotiations took place during 2008 (leading to COP 14/CMP 4 in Poznan, Poland) and 2009 (leading to COP 15/CMP 5 in Copenhagen). 1199: 608: 830: 1088: 1015: 390: 318: 174: 1825:

accord was notable in that it referred to a collective commitment by developed countries for new and additional resources, including forestry and investments through international institutions, that will approach US$ 30 billion for the period 2010–2012. Longer-term options on climate financing mentioned in the accord are being discussed within the UN Secretary General's

904: 1310: 1052: 941: 867: 682: 1125: 498: 462: 246: 1364:, Germany. Delegates from 117 Parties and 53 Observer States attended the conference. One of the central issues of COP 1 was the adequacy of individual country commitments, resulting in a mandate to begin a process toward individual country action for the period beyond 2000. This included strengthening the commitments of Annex I Parties in Article 4.2(a) and (b). 1644:. The parties agreed to use the Adaptation Fund established at COP 7 in 2001 primarily in supporting developing countries better adapt to climate change. The fund would also be used for capacity-building through technology transfer. At COP 9, the parties also agreed to review the first national reports submitted by 110 non-Annex I countries. 108:. Starting in 2005 the conferences have also served as the "Conference of the Parties Serving as the Meeting of Parties to the Kyoto Protocol" (CMP); also parties to the convention that are not parties to the protocol can participate in protocol-related meetings as observers. From 2011 to 2015 the meetings were used to negotiate the 2077:, including many African states. Prior to the event a special initiative on water was presided by Charafat Afailal, Morocco's Minister in Charge of Water and Aziz Mekouar, COP 22 Ambassador for Multilateral Negotiations. Another focal issue was the need to reduce greenhouse emissions and utilize low-carbon energy sources. 1816:, on 7–18 December 2009. The overall goal for the COP 15/CMP 5 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Denmark was to establish an ambitious global climate agreement for the period from 2012 when the first commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol expires. However, on 14 November 2009, the 1829:, which is due to report in November 2010. The negotiations on extending the Kyoto Protocol had unresolved issues as did the negotiations on a framework for long-term cooperative action. The working groups on these tracks to the negotiations are now due to report to COP 16 and CMP 6 in Mexico. 1948:

The Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol (to be accepted before entering into force) featuring a second commitment period running from 2012 until 2020 limited in scope to 15% of the global carbon dioxide emissions due to the lack of commitments of Japan, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, New Zealand (nor the

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announced that "President Obama and other world leaders have decided to put off the difficult task of reaching a climate change agreement... agreeing instead to make it the mission of the Copenhagen conference to reach a less specific "politically binding" agreement that would punt the most difficult

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on 12 December, governing climate change reduction measures from 2020. The adoption of this agreement ended the work of the Durban platform, established during COP 17. The agreement will enter into force (and thus become fully effective) on 4 November 2016. On 4 October 2016 the threshold for

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Financing: There was agreement on the establishment of three new funds to provide assistance for needs associated with climate change: (1) a fund for climate change that supports a series of climate measures; (2) a least-developed-country fund to support National Adaptation Programs of Action; and

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Compliance: Final action on compliance procedures and mechanisms that would address non-compliance with Protocol provisions was deferred to COP 7, but included broad outlines of consequences for failing to meet emissions targets that would include a requirement to "make up" shortfalls at 1.3

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The conference did not achieve a binding agreement for long-term action. A 13-paragraph 'political accord' was negotiated by approximately 25 parties including US and China, but it was only 'noted' by the COP as it is considered an external document, not negotiated within the UNFCCC process. The

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COP 8 adopted the Delhi Ministerial Declaration that, amongst others, called for efforts by developed countries to transfer technology and minimize the impact of climate change on developing countries. It is also approved the New Delhi work programme on Article 6 of the Convention. The

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goal of a maximum 2 °C global warming and all parties should take urgent action to meet this goal. It also agreed upon greenhouse gas emissions should peak as soon as possible, but recognizing that the time frame for peaking will be longer in developing countries, since social and economic

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in March 2001; as a result the United States delegation to this meeting declined to participate in the negotiations related to the Protocol and chose to take the role of observer at the meeting. As the other parties negotiated the key issues, agreement was reached on most of the major political

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and emissions from multilateral military operations would not be part of national emissions totals and would be reported outside of those totals. Most industrialized countries and some central European economies in transition (all defined as Annex B countries) agreed to legally binding

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associated with Climate Change Impacts (Loss and Damage Mechanism), to address loss and damage associated with impacts of climate change. This included extreme events and slow onset events, in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.

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and adaptation. To promote developing countries better adapt to climate change, the Buenos Aires Plan of Action was adopted. The parties also began discussing the post-Kyoto mechanism, on how to allocate emission reduction obligation following 2012, when the first commitment period ends.

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The Polish government's vision for presidency states that the organisation of COP 24 will provide an opportunity for convincing other countries that Poland does not hamper the process of tackling dangerous climate change and that Poland is one of the leaders of this process.

1788:, Poland. Delegates agreed on principles for the financing of a fund to help the poorest nations cope with the effects of climate change and they approved a mechanism to incorporate forest protection into the efforts of the international community to combat climate change. 1484:

In the final hours of COP 6, despite some compromises agreed between the United States and some EU countries, notably the United Kingdom, the EU countries as a whole, led by Denmark and Germany, rejected the compromise positions, and the talks in The Hague collapsed.

1426:, along with what came to be known as Kyoto mechanisms such as emissions trading, clean development mechanism and joint implementation. In a separate decision of the Conference of Parties, countries agreed to a range of national security exemptions which stated that 2344:

presenting Bulgaria's candidacy to host in 2024. During the Bonn Climate Change meeting in May 2023, Azerbaijan and Armenia also announced their interest in hosting COP 29. The Eastern Europe Group had difficulties in identifying a potential host due to the

1854:", and a "Climate Technology Centre" and network. However the funding of the Green Climate Fund was not agreed upon. Nor was a commitment to a second period of the Kyoto Protocol agreed upon, but it was concluded that the base year shall be 1990 and the 4664: 1949:

United States and Canada, who are not parties to the Protocol in that period) and due to the fact that developing countries like China (the world's largest emitter), India and Brazil are not subject to emissions reductions under the Kyoto Protocol.

1509:, Germany, with little progress having been made in resolving the differences that had produced an impasse in The Hague. However, this meeting took place after George W. Bush had become the President of the United States and had rejected the 4141: 1489:, the President of COP 6, suspended COP 6 without agreement, with the expectation that negotiations would later resume. It was later announced that the COP 6 meetings (termed "COP 6 bis") would be resumed in 5360: 5473: 1764: 2699: 1696:(CMP 1) since their initial meeting in Kyoto in 1997. It was one of the largest intergovernmental conferences on climate change ever. The event marked the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol. Hosting more than 3095:"Memorandum for the President from Roger Ballentine, re: Report on the Fifth Conference of the Parties (COP-5) of the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), November 8, 1999 | National Security Archive" 1963:

Russia, Belarus and Ukraine objected at the end of the session, as they had a right to under the session's rules. In closing the conference, the President said that he would note these objections in his final report.

1707:. The Montreal Action Plan was an agreement to "extend the life of the Kyoto Protocol beyond its 2012 expiration date and negotiate deeper cuts in greenhouse-gas emissions". Canada's environment minister at the time, 2991: 1861:

All parties "Recognizing that climate change represents an urgent and potentially irreversible threat to human societies and the planet, and thus requires to be urgently addressed by all Parties". It recognizes the

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A compliance regime that outlined consequences for failure to meet emissions targets but deferred to the parties to the Protocol, once it came into force, the decision on whether those consequences would be legally

5511: 5223: 4656: 3623: 3349: 2020:(UNFCCC) and the 10th session of the Meeting of the Parties (CMP) to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol (the protocol having been developed under the UNFCCC's charter). The pre-COP conference was held in Venezuela. 5427: 3996: 4299:"Statement of H.E. Mr. Peter Thomson, President of the 71st Session of the General Assembly 22nd Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 15 November 2016" 2170:

COP 25 was then planned to take place in Parque Bicentenario Cerrillos in Santiago de Chile, Chile from 2 to 13 December with a pre-sessional period from 26 November to 1 December 2019 with up to

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as the Brazil's candidate host city of the event. On 26 May 2023, it was claimed that a U.N. Latin America regional group endorsed the city chosen to host the COP 30, a first for a city in the

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COP 10 took place on 6–17 December 2004. COP 10 discussed the progress made since the first Conference of the Parties 10 years ago and its future challenges, with special emphasis on

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The GA Handbook: A practical guide to the United Nations General Assembly (PDF) (2 ed.). New York: Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations. 2017. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-615-49660-3.

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A number of operational details attendant upon these decisions remained to be negotiated and agreed upon, and these were the major issues considered by the COP 7 meeting that followed.

4722: 7222: 5352: 2294:. At the beginning of November 2023, the Pope announced he would attend the conference and would stay there for 3 days, but unfortunately he had to cancel his trip due to health issues. 6890: 4305: 5504: 5014: 3259: 2691: 2163:

The 25th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 25) to the UNFCCC was planned to take place from 11 to 22 November 2019 in Brazil. Upon election as President of Brazil,

1759:. Agreement on a timeline and structured negotiation on the post-2012 framework (the end of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol) was achieved with the adoption of the 2641: 2103:

COP 23 was held on 6–17 November 2017. On Friday, 18 November 2016, the end of COP 22, the Chairperson of COP 23 from Fiji announced that it would be held in Bonn,

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Plan of Action, finalizing most of the operational details and setting the stage for nations to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. The completed package of decisions is known as the

5043: 4554: 2979: 7372: 6494: 5497: 3119:"Cable, State 241167 to Environment Science and Technology Collective. Subject: Clock Runs Out on Climate Change Conference, December 21, 2000 | National Security Archive" 5389: 4334: 2478:'s Minister of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change Murat Kurum declared Turkey's candidacy to host COP 31. In August 2023, Turkey withdrew from hosting the 6362: 1602:

A decision to consider at COP 8 how to achieve a review of the adequacy of commitments that might lead to discussions on future commitments by developing countries.

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by developing countries, and agreed on the procedures and modalities for the Adaptation Fund. They also agreed to improve the projects for clean development mechanism.

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COP 27 was originally expected to take place in November 2021, but was moved to 2022 due to the rescheduling of COP 26 from 2020 to 2021. It took place in

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Delegates also established: a pilot phase for Joint Implementation projects; an agreement that the Permanent Secretariat should be located in Bonn, Germany; and the

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tons to 1, suspension of the right to sell credits for surplus emissions reductions, and a required compliance action plan for those not meeting their targets.

3798: 3143:"Memorandum for John Podesta and Charles Burson from George Frampton, et al., Re: COP6: Policy Status and Outlook, April 18, 2000 | National Security Archive" 6241: 1908:(GCF) for which a management framework was adopted. The fund is to distribute US$ 100 billion per year to help poor countries adapt to climate impacts. 3591: 3290: 3013: 6125: 4839: 6384: 6342: 4169: 4120: 3945: 3653: 4890: 2485:

Any offer to host COP 31, will first need to be approved by the Western Europe and Other Group before being presented and approved at COP 30.

5065: 4789: 4467: 4091: 3711: 3170: 1521:: The "flexibility mechanisms" which the United States had strongly favored when the Protocol was initially put together, including emissions trading, 7263: 6379: 5964: 3992: 3745: 2081:, President of the UN General Assembly, called for the transformation of the global economy in all sectors to achieve a low emissions global economy. 1396: 1383:, Switzerland. Its ministerial declaration was noted (but not adopted) on 18 July 1996, and reflected a United States position statement presented by 5157: 4760: 4494: 3507: 6594: 6315: 6033: 5810: 4948: 4020: 2957: 6950: 6739: 4714: 1574: 5907: 5194: 4193: 4359: 6599: 6562: 6416: 6401: 6320: 5969: 5913: 2811: 4923: 7258: 6396: 4298: 2450: 5006: 3683: 3425: 7280: 6236: 6231: 3252: 2423: 4583: 3481: 1904:

deal comprising all countries, to be adopted in 2015, governing the period post 2020. There was also progress regarding the creation of a

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adoption was reached with over 55 countries representing at least 55% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions ratifying the Agreement.

1493:, Germany, in the second half of July. The next regularly scheduled meeting of the parties to the UNFCCC, COP 7, had been set for 7190: 7051: 7008: 6504: 4409: 4219: 2454: 1368: 5323: 4062: 7117: 6993: 6810: 6013: 3860: 2635: 2215: 1388: 3914: 3555: 3387: 2670: 5035: 4544: 7350: 6988: 6968: 6915: 6867: 5929: 5448: 3453: 3228: 2304:, gave the opening address at the summit, his first speech on the climate crisis since becoming monarch. United States president 2245: 1994: 1371:. Conference delegates did not reach consensus on the Rules of Procedures, and a decision on voting rules was deferred to COP 2. 7107: 7058: 6484: 6446: 6391: 5861: 5381: 4274:"Water and Climate Justice on the Road to COP22 | COP22 MARRAKECH 2016 | United nations conference on climate change" 5244: 3645: 3533: 7175: 6459: 6216: 5269: 2543: 2189:

stated that organizers were "exploring alternative hosting options". Then Spain offered, and was appointed, as the new host.

4252: 3885: 2928: 7285: 6820: 6352: 3823: 3504:"The Montreal Action Plan – Speaking Notes for the Honourable Stephane Dion, President, UN Climate Change Conference" 2604: 2553: 1863: 1514:

issues, to the surprise of most observers, given the low expectations that preceded the meeting. The agreements included:

4220:"Historic Paris Agreement on Climate Change - 195 Nations Set Path to Keep Temperature Rise Well Below 2 Degrees Celsius" 2899: 1850:

The outcome of the summit was an agreement adopted by the states' parties that called for the US$ 100 billion per annum "

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Article 6 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is about education, training and public awareness

2548: 2327: 1990:, Poland from 11 to 23 November 2013. The most prominent result was the adoption of the Warsaw Framework for REDD-plus. 3314: 39: 6479: 6332: 6294: 4330: 2460: 2346: 2116: 1526: 4981: 4693: 4388: 3200: 2581: 2214:. Among other things, this conference led to the development of the Accelerating to Zero coalition to accelerate the 4605: 3070: 2728: 7338: 7102: 6905: 6862: 6635: 6557: 6411: 4810: 3794: 2368: 2301: 2367:. The decision to host COP29 in Azerbaijan was criticized by human rights activists and political analysts due to 2309: 2149:

The Climate Change Conference of UNFCCC Subsidiary Bodies was convened in Bonn, Germany, from 17 to 27 June 2019.

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announced Chile's withdrawal from hosting the summit in late October 2019. UN Climate Change Executive Secretary

1940:, Qatar, from 26 November to 7 December 2012. The Conference produced a package of documents collectively titled 1730: 1659: 1478: 1357: 93: 1703:

delegates, it was one of Canada's largest international events ever and the largest gathering in Montreal since

7217: 7212: 7143: 6983: 6489: 6454: 6347: 6274: 6115: 5944: 5880: 5841: 4835: 2867: 2843: 2475: 2415: 2223: 2078: 1855: 105: 7202: 5133: 4165: 4112: 1915:, declared it a success, scientists and environmental groups warned that the deal was not sufficient to avoid 17: 7326: 7248: 7158: 6900: 6872: 6552: 6189: 5796: 4781: 4471: 4083: 3704: 3014:"National Security and Climate Change: Behind the U.S. Pursuit of Military Exemptions to the Kyoto Protocol" 2786: 116:, which created a general path towards climate action. Any final text of a COP must be agreed by consensus. 3738: 3166: 6925: 6745: 6687: 6604: 6589: 6474: 6120: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 4744: 4486: 3503: 2065:, in the North African country of Morocco, on 7–18 November 2016. A focal issue of COP 22 is that of 1912: 4523: 4446: 2949: 2182: 7314: 6960: 6837: 6645: 6105: 6028: 2502: 2468: 2291: 2277: 2178: 2111:, on 13 April launched the logo for this year's United Nations Climate Change Conference, to be held at 2383:

On 26 May 2023, Lula da Silva confirmed the city of Belém was chosen as COP 30 host. On the left,

5353:"'It doesn't make sense': Pacific leaders say Australia's support for new coal at odds with Cop29 bid" 5186: 5095: 4635: 4355: 4197: 2089: 7153: 7031: 6722: 6692: 6267: 6194: 2411: 2266: 2219: 1894: 1872: 1522: 1474: 1241: 7170: 6945: 6179: 6174: 4868: 1518: 3675: 2761: 2248:, under which rich countries could compensate poor countries for damage caused by climate change. 6998: 6930: 6847: 6697: 6662: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6184: 4025: 3409: 2422:, the world's largest intact forest, hosts the event. On 11 January 2023, President Lula and the 2074: 1957: 1905: 1851: 1494: 1481:

and meet their obligations to plan for measuring and possibly reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

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Belém was officially chosen as the COP 30 host during the COP 28 in Dubai on 11 December 2023.

7232: 6895: 6640: 6406: 6199: 6162: 5949: 5903: 5419: 5113: 4956: 4898: 4752: 3939: 3769: 2819: 2631: 2419: 2407: 2211: 2186: 2108: 1589: 1570: 4924:"Pope Francis makes first appearance since canceling UN climate summit trip: 'I am not well'" 3646:"Climate talks end, lukewarm Meetings in Poland finish with hopes for a new treaty next year" 7275: 6842: 6825: 6766: 6657: 6421: 6145: 6018: 5954: 5489: 3960: 3417: 1986:(the protocol having been developed under the UNFCCC's charter). The conference was held in 1791:

Negotiations on a successor to the Kyoto Protocol were the primary focus of the conference.

1760: 1708: 4227: 4142:"Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts" 1978:

COP 19 was the 19th yearly session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the 1992

7227: 7148: 7112: 7041: 7015: 7003: 6920: 6852: 6727: 6584: 6206: 6157: 6135: 5551: 4273: 4054: 3856: 2608: 2516: 2384: 2241: 2112: 2107:. (COP 23/CMP 13). Fijian Prime Minister and incoming President of COP 23, 2043: 2033: 2016:, Peru, hosted the 20th yearly session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the 1992 1901: 1191: 109: 49: 1543:(3) a Kyoto Protocol adaptation fund supported by a CDM levy and voluntary contributions. 3563: 3379: 2662: 7180: 7036: 6978: 6973: 6815: 6704: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6284: 6221: 5959: 5939: 5898: 5819: 5544: 2464: 2406:

the host of COP 30 in 2025 and would aim to put the venue in one of the country's

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Language on loss and damage, formalized for the first time in the conference documents.

1916: 1565:, Morocco, from 29 October to 10 November 2001, negotiators wrapped up the work on the 1510: 1419: 1167: 101: 97: 76: 4657:"COP26 declaration on accelerating the transition to 100% zero emission cars and vans" 3446: 3221: 2696:

Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety

2510: 7366: 7253: 7185: 6910: 6732: 6717: 6652: 6547: 5218:[Lula decides to launch Belém as Brazil's candidate to host COP 30 in 2025]. 2435: 1384: 7138: 6935: 6579: 6569: 6226: 6110: 6023: 3881: 3819: 3529: 2530: 2388: 2282: 2042:

from 30 November to 12 December 2015. Negotiations resulted in the adoption of the

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and internal US government spending difficulties being cited as possible causes.

2210:, United Kingdom, but was postponed to 31 October to 12 November 2021 due to the 104:

to establish legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce their

7165: 6682: 6674: 5934: 3167:""Climate Change and Human Health", Radio Netherlands Archives, 13 October 2000" 2920: 2341: 2297: 1532: 359: 215: 2980:"The Clinton White House and Climate Change, Part II: Engaging the Oval Office" 2601: 7197: 6574: 6211: 3142: 3118: 3094: 2891: 2492: 2360: 1809: 1677:

COP 11/CMP 1 took place between 28 November and 9 December 2005, in

1278: 711: 5423: 4960: 4902: 4756: 4745:"In a First, Rich Countries Agree to Pay for Climate Damages in Poor Nations" 2823: 1993:

The Conference also established the Warsaw International Mechanism (WIM) for

1982:(UNFCCC) and the 9th session of the Meeting of the Parties (CMP) to the 1997 6152: 5216:"Lula decide lançar Belém como candidata do Brasil à sede da COP 30 em 2025" 4715:"Egypt "selected as nominee" to host COP27 climate talks - U.S. envoy Kerry" 4549: 2305: 2062: 1756: 1618: 1562: 1486: 1470: 970: 650: 539: 454: 418: 346: 287: 5158:"COP27: Greeted like a rock star, Brazil's Lula promises to protect Amazon" 4487:"Chile, Rocked by Unrest, Withdraws From Hosting Climate and Trade Summits" 3986:"Remarks by H.E. Mr. Abdullah Bin Hamad Al-Attiyah, COP 18/CMP 8 President" 1844: 1785: 748: 674: 4685: 4380: 3421: 3192: 5066:"Bitter conflicts stop Eastern Europe from choosing next year's Cop host" 2812:"The UN holds the first Cop climate conference in Berlin – archive, 1995" 2720: 2427: 2352: 2337: 2134: 1765:

Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention

1748: 1678: 1302: 1044: 563: 3886:"Durban deal will not avert catastrophic climate change, say scientists" 2921:"Part 4. Commentary on Impacts: Climate Science, Politics and Feedbacks" 2418:. That would be the first time that Brazil, which is home to 60% of the 6130: 5550:

Conference of the Parties Serving as the Meeting of the Parties of the

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Conference of the Parties Serving as the Meeting of the Parties of the

4226:. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Archived from 2431: 2356: 2207: 2104: 1868: 1813: 1726: 1704: 1592:

among parties to the Protocol and for the CDM and joint implementation;

1422:, which outlined the greenhouse gas emissions reduction obligation for 1154: 1093: 1020: 983: 724: 600: 431: 395: 323: 179: 92:(UNFCCC). They serve as the formal meeting of the UNFCCC parties – the 4743:

Plumer, Brad; Friedman, Lisa; Bearak, Max; Gross, Jenny (2022-11-19).

4055:"Climate talks: UN forum extends Kyoto Protocol, settles compensation" 3733: 3731: 2206:

was originally scheduled to take place from 9 to 19 November 2020, in

7133: 5382:"Türkiye candidate for COP31 climate summit: Minister - Türkiye News" 2403: 2395: 2203: 1987: 1781: 1380: 1361: 1315: 1117: 1057: 946: 872: 859: 785: 761: 687: 576: 202: 166: 3959:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2014-08-12).

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United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2014-06-02).

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announced it was considering entering a bid to host the conference.

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Accepted the scientific findings on climate change proffered by the

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The first UN Climate Change Conference was held in 1995 in Berlin.

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COP 5 took place between 25 October and 5 November 1999, in

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The conference made little progress towards the funding of the

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Rejected uniform "harmonized policies" in favor of flexibility;

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UN Climate Change Conference (COP26) at the SEC – Glasgow 2020

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in 2024. However its COP31 bid was reconfirmed later in 2023.

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also expressed its desire to host COP 29, with President

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Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

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Yearly conference held for climate change treaty negotiations

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COP 13/CMP 3 took place on 3–15 December 2007, at

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COP 12/CMP 2 took place on 6–17 November 2006 in

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Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

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eradication are the first and overriding priorities of

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COP 6 negotiations resumed on 17–27 July 2001, in

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could obtain financial assistance to deal with adverse

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delegates scheduled to attend. However, following the

1711:, said the agreement provides a "map for the future". 1418:, Japan. After intensive negotiations, it adopted the 7064: