1222:, 852 P.2d 44 (Haw. 1993), that refusing to grant marriage licenses to same-sex couples was discriminatory under that state's constitution. However, the court did not immediately order the state to begin issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples; rather, it remanded the case to the trial court and ordered the state to justify its position. After the trial court judge rejected the state's justifications for limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples in 1996 (but stayed his ruling to allow the state to appeal to the Supreme Court again), the Hawaii State Legislature passed a proposed constitutional amendment during the 1997 session that would overrule the Supreme Court's 1993 ruling and allow the Legislature to ban same-sex marriage. This constitutional amendment appeared on the 1998 general election ballot as Constitutional Amendment 2.
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Amendment 2 differed from amendments that followed in other states in that it did not write a ban on same-sex marriage into the state's constitution; rather, it allowed the state legislature to enact such a ban. On
November 3, 1998, Hawaii voters approved the amendment by a vote of 69.2–28.6%, and
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stated in a formal legal opinion that
Amendment 2 does not prevent the state legislature from legalizing same-sex marriage, which it did in November 2013 with the
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Shall the
Constitution of the state of Hawaii be amended to specify that the Legislature shall have the power to reserve marriage to opposite-sex couples?
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On
November 5, 2024, Hawaii will hold a referendum to remove the amendment from the state constitution.
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1835:"Hawaii Remove Legislature Authority to Limit Marriage to Opposite-Sex Couples Amendment (2024)"
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ban, granted
Legislature authority to ban same-sex marriage. Reversed in 2013 by the
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Cities and counties in the United States offering a domestic partnership registry
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The legislature shall have the power to reserve marriage to opposite-sex couples.
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General/OHA - STATE OF HAWAII - Statewide
November 03, 1998 ** Summary Report **
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242:. Amendment 2 was the first constitutional amendment adopted in the
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the state legislature exercised its power to ban same-sex marriage.
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Article I, section 23, The
Constitution of the State of Hawaii
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Rights and responsibilities of marriages in the United States
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U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions
1931:
U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions
1634:"Same-sex marriage issue has endured a long fight in Hawaii"
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172:
1388:
The question that appeared on the ballot for voters was:
1991:
Public opinion of same-sex marriage in the United States
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Same-sex marriage ballot measures in the United States
234:, granting the state legislature the power to prevent
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2017:
2004:
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1996:Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States
246:that specifically targeted same-sex partnerships.
1979:History of same-sex marriage in the United States
1564:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1544:"1998 General Election Statewide Summary Report"
1542:Hawaii Office of Elections (November 4, 1998).
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1326:Reciprocal beneficiary relationships in Hawaii
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8:
1703:"Hawaii is latest civil unions battleground"
1546:. Archived from the original on June 2, 2006
21:
1402:The language added by the amendment reads:
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2014:
2001:
1947:Recognition of same-sex unions in Colorado
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1667:"Same-sex vote won't answer all questions"
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1957:Recognition of same-sex unions in Florida
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2735:(2009, legalizing legislation defeated)
1952:Recognition of same-sex unions in Texas
1777:The Constitution of the State of Hawaii
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238:from being conducted or recognized in
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2637:North Dakota Constitutional Measure 1
1771:Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau.
1632:Wilson, Christie (January 24, 2010).
1613:from the original on February 3, 2012
7:
2577:Louisiana Constitutional Amendment 1
2517:U.S. same-sex unions ballot measures
1904:Same-sex unions in the United States
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2693:(2006, constitutional ban defeated)
2613:Arkansas Constitutional Amendment 3
2589:Kentucky Constitutional Amendment 1
2571:Missouri Constitutional Amendment 2
1719:from the original on April 29, 2022
1679:from the original on August 7, 2010
2583:Georgia Constitutional Amendment 1
1701:Niesse, Mark (February 23, 2009).
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2536:Hawaii Constitutional Amendment 2
1752:from the original on June 2, 2006
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1748:. November 3, 1998. p. 4.
1665:Gima, Craig (October 7, 1998).
16:Referendum on same-sex marriage
1803:"Haw. Atty. Gen. Op. No. 13-1"
1:
2770:(2012, proposed ban defeated)
2808:Hawaii Marriage Equality Act
1427:Hawaii Marriage Equality Act
1291:Hawaii Marriage Equality Act
1230:transgender rights in Hawaii
1228:Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and
2607:Oklahoma State Question 711
1868:Same-sex marriage in Hawaii
1773:"Article I: Bill of Rights"
1322:Same-sex marriage in Hawaii
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2750:North Carolina Amendment 1
2667:South Carolina Amendment 1
1746:Hawaii Office of Elections
1529:Registered voters/turnout
1270:Constitutional Amendment 2
1214:Hawaii State Supreme Court
228:Constitutional Amendment 2
22:Constitutional Amendment 2
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2774:Washington Referendum 74
2727:California Proposition 8
2703:South Dakota Amendment C
2643:Oregon Ballot Measure 36
2565:Nevada Ballot Question 2
2365:Northern Mariana Islands
1063:House of Representatives
2721:Arizona Proposition 102
2691:Arizona Proposition 107
2601:Mississippi Amendment 1
2559:Nebraska Initiative 416
2530:Alaska Ballot Measure 2
1739:"General Election 1998"
1639:The Honolulu Advertiser
1501:Invalid or blank votes
1420:Hawaii Attorney General
847:Gubernatorial elections
2858:Hawaii ballot measures
2685:Wisconsin Referendum 1
2619:Michigan Proposal 04-2
2567:(2000 & 2002, ban)
1672:Honolulu Star-Bulletin
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1330:LGBT history in Hawaii
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378:Presidential primaries
280:Presidential elections
232:Constitution of Hawaii
2848:1998 Hawaii elections
2838:LGBT rights in Hawaii
2768:Minnesota Amendment 1
2697:Colorado Amendment 43
2679:Tennessee Amendment 1
2661:Alabama Amendment 774
2625:Montana Initiative 96
2398:domestic partnerships
1863:LGBT rights in Hawaii
1418:On October 14, 2013,
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457:U.S. Senate elections
2853:1998 ballot measures
2833:1998 in LGBT history
2793:(2020, legalization)
2776:(2012, legalization)
2764:(2012, legalization)
2758:(2012, legalization)
2355:District of Columbia
1808:. October 14, 2013.
1783:on February 21, 2006
1646:on December 14, 2010
1054:Hawaiian Kingdom era
230:of 1998 amended the
2762:Maryland Question 6
2715:Florida Amendment 2
2673:Virginia Question 1
2655:Texas Proposition 2
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2595:Ohio State Issue 1
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1601:"Baehr v. Miike"
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374:
373:
372:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
283:
282:
274:
269:
268:
265:
264:
256:
255:
223:
222:
218:
217:
212:
211:
206:
204: No vote
200:
193:
187:
181:
171:
170:
162:
161:
153:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
136:
135:
130:
125:
119:
118:
115:
112:
108:
107:
104:
101:
97:
96:
93:
90:
79:
78:
73:
68:
57:
56:
53:
50:
47:
40:
39:
35:
34:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2870:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2477:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:Other regions
2341:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2296:Navajo Nation
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2268:West Virginia
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:New Hampshire
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:Massachusetts
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1811:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1628:
1625:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1561:
1545:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1444:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1212:In 1993, the
1203:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:
999:
995:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
955:
954:
951:
947:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
852:
851:
848:
844:
839:
834:
833:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
800:
797:
796:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
778:
775:
774:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
752:
748:
744:
741:
740:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
707:
704:
703:
702:
699:
697:
694:
690:
687:
686:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
610:
609:
606:
602:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
462:
461:
458:
454:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
428:
424:
423:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
389:
385:
384:
383:
382:
379:
375:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
285:
284:
281:
277:
272:
267:
266:
258:
257:
254:
250:
247:
245:
244:United States
241:
237:
233:
229:
219:
210:
207:
199:
198:
194:
191: 60–70%
185: 70–80%
180:
179:
175:
174:
168:
163:
154:
146:
143:
138:
137:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
116:
113:
110:
109:
105:
102:
99:
98:
94:
91:
89:
81:
80:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
59:
58:
46:
45:
41:
36:
32:
31:
25:
19:
2803:
2535:
2473:
2393:Civil unions
2233:South Dakota
2223:Rhode Island
2218:Pennsylvania
2198:North Dakota
2005:By territory
1842:. Retrieved
1838:
1829:
1817:. Retrieved
1797:
1785:. Retrieved
1781:the original
1776:
1766:
1754:. Retrieved
1745:
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1706:
1681:. Retrieved
1670:
1660:
1648:. Retrieved
1644:the original
1637:
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1606:Lambda Legal
1604:
1595:
1584:
1548:. Retrieved
1522:
1517:
1512:
1490:Valid votes
1472:
1467:
1462:
1431:
1417:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1266:(1996, 1999)
1260:
1253:
1226:
1217:
1211:
227:
226:
208:
196:
195:
177:
176:
132:
127:
122:
100:Blank votes
87:
75:
70:
65:
29:
28:
18:
2752:(2012, ban)
2729:(2008, ban)
2723:(2008, ban)
2717:(2008, ban)
2711:(2006, ban)
2699:(2006, ban)
2687:(2006, ban)
2681:(2006, ban)
2675:(2006, ban)
2669:(2006, ban)
2657:(2005, ban)
2645:(2004, ban)
2639:(2004, ban)
2633:(2004, ban)
2627:(2004, ban)
2621:(2004, ban)
2615:(2004, ban)
2609:(2004, ban)
2603:(2004, ban)
2597:(2004, ban)
2591:(2004, ban)
2585:(2004, ban)
2579:(2004, ban)
2573:(2004, ban)
2561:(2000, ban)
2555:(2000, ban)
2532:(1998, ban)
2370:Puerto Rico
2148:Mississippi
2063:Connecticut
1839:Ballotpedia
1708:Taiwan News
1513:Total votes
1357:This box:
1110:Amendment 2
123:Total votes
111:Over votes
2822:Categories
2447:Washington
2422:California
2263:Washington
2183:New Mexico
2178:New Jersey
2053:California
1576:References
427:Republican
388:Democratic
2452:Wisconsin
2273:Wisconsin
2238:Tennessee
2143:Minnesota
2118:Louisiana
1819:April 29,
1787:April 29,
1756:April 29,
1723:April 29,
1683:April 29,
1650:April 29,
1617:April 28,
1550:April 29,
1216:ruled in
2804:De facto
2475:Category
2415:By state
2258:Virginia
2208:Oklahoma
2188:New York
2163:Nebraska
2153:Missouri
2138:Michigan
2128:Maryland
2113:Kentucky
2093:Illinois
2068:Delaware
2058:Colorado
2048:Arkansas
1984:timeline
1971:Marriage
1940:By state
1857:See also
1810:Archived
1750:Archived
1717:Archived
1677:Archived
1611:Archived
1560:cite web
1540:Source:
1532:601,404
1493:403,211
1482:117,827
1411:—
1127:Honolulu
221:Source:
144:601,404
92:117,827
2324:Seventh
2278:Wyoming
2253:Vermont
2158:Montana
2098:Indiana
2078:Georgia
2073:Florida
2043:Arizona
2033:Alabama
1518:412,520
1468:285,384
1446:Choice
1148:2010 sp
571:2014 sp
526:1990 sp
197:No vote
147:67.19%
133:100.00%
128:412,520
95:28.56%
71:285,384
38:Results
2705:(2006)
2663:(2006)
2651:(2005)
2442:Oregon
2427:Hawaii
2314:Fourth
2213:Oregon
2168:Nevada
2108:Kansas
2083:Hawaii
2038:Alaska
1844:May 5,
1523:100.00
1504:9,309
1449:Votes
1294:(2013)
1287:(2011)
1280:(2009)
1273:(1998)
1257:(1993)
799:1st sp
777:1st sp
751:2nd sp
749:2003 (
743:2nd sp
706:2nd sp
689:1st sp
240:Hawaii
209:
202:
189:
183:
117:0.22%
106:2.04%
103:8,422
76:69.18%
52:Votes
48:Choice
2784:2020s
2743:2010s
2546:2000s
2523:1990s
2432:Maine
2334:Tenth
2329:Ninth
2319:Sixth
2243:Texas
2123:Maine
2088:Idaho
2019:State
1813:(PDF)
1806:(PDF)
1742:(PDF)
1535:68.6
1496:97.8
1485:28.6
2437:Ohio
2360:Guam
2248:Utah
2203:Ohio
2103:Iowa
2024:laws
2009:laws
1846:2024
1821:2022
1789:2022
1758:2022
1725:2022
1685:2022
1652:2022
1619:2022
1566:link
1552:2022
1507:2.2
1473:69.2
1377:edit
1370:talk
1363:view
1168:2024
1163:2020
1158:2016
1153:2012
1143:2008
1102:1998
1077:1886
1072:1884
1037:2024
1032:2022
1027:2020
1022:2018
1017:2016
1012:2014
1007:2012
989:2024
984:2022
979:2020
974:2018
969:2016
964:2014
959:2012
941:2026
936:2022
931:2018
926:2014
921:2010
916:2006
911:2002
906:1998
901:1994
896:1990
891:1986
886:1982
881:1978
876:1974
871:1970
866:1966
861:1962
856:1959
821:2024
816:2022
811:2020
806:2018
794:2016
789:2014
784:2012
772:2010
767:2008
762:2006
757:2004
738:2002
733:2000
728:1998
723:1996
718:1994
713:1992
701:1990
696:1988
684:1986
679:1984
674:1982
669:1980
664:1978
659:1976
654:1974
649:1972
644:1970
639:1968
634:1966
629:1964
624:1962
619:1960
614:1959
596:2028
591:2024
586:2022
581:2018
576:2016
566:2012
561:2010
556:2006
551:2004
546:2000
541:1998
536:1994
531:1992
521:1990
516:1988
511:1986
506:1982
501:1980
496:1976
491:1974
486:1970
481:1968
476:1964
471:1962
466:1959
448:2024
443:2016
438:2012
433:2008
419:2024
414:2020
409:2016
404:2008
399:2004
394:2000
369:2024
364:2020
359:2016
354:2012
349:2008
344:2004
339:2000
334:1996
329:1992
324:1988
319:1984
314:1980
309:1976
304:1972
299:1968
294:1964
289:1960
114:887
2395:and
1479:No
1463:Yes
178:Yes
66:Yes
2824::
2802::
1837:.
1775:.
1744:.
1715:.
1711:.
1705:.
1693:^
1675:.
1669:.
1636:.
1609:.
1603:.
1562:}}
1558:{{
1452:%
1429:.
88:No
55:%
2810:.
2510:e
2503:t
2496:v
2026:)
2022:(
2011:)
2007:(
1896:e
1889:t
1882:v
1848:.
1823:.
1791:.
1760:.
1727:.
1687:.
1654:.
1621:.
1568:)
1554:.
1201:e
1194:t
1187:v
753:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
