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EEGs and EOGs, due to artifact from the carotid arteries. EKG artifact can be reduced with post-filtering of signals, or by "jumping" (co-referencing) of A/M reference electrodes, if replacement of reference electrodes is not possible, ameliorative, or if other clinical considerations prevent otherwise good placement (such as congenital malformation, or post-surgical considerations such as
Cochlear Implants).
195:(O), and central (C). Note that there is no "central lobe"; due to their placement, and depending on the individual, the "C" electrodes can exhibit/represent EEG activity more typical of frontal, temporal, and some parietal-occipital activity, and are always utilized in polysomnography sleep studies for the purpose of determining stages of sleep.
308:(MCN). This MCN system uses 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 for the left hemisphere which represents 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% of the inion-to-nasion distance respectively. The introduction of extra letter codes allows the naming of intermediate electrode sites. Note that these new letter codes do not necessarily refer to an area on the underlying cerebral cortex.
268:). The preauricular point is in front of each ear, and can be more easily located with mild palpation, and if necessary, requesting patient to open mouth slightly. The T3, C3, Cz, C4, and T4 electrodes are placed at marks made at intervals of 10%, 20%, 20%, 20%, 20% and 10%, respectively, measured across the top of the head.
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The "A" (sometimes referred to as "M" for mastoid process) refers to the prominent bone process usually found just behind the outer ear (less prominent in children and some adults). In basic polysomnography, F3, F4, Fz, Cz, C3, C4, O1, O2, A1, A2 (M1, M2), are used. Cz and Fz are 'ground' or 'common'
280:
When placing the A (or M) electrodes, palpation is often necessary to determine the most pronounced point of the mastoid process behind either ear; failure to do so, and to place the reference electrodes too low (posterior to the ear pinna, proximal to the throat) may result in "EKG artifact" in the
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Measurement methods for placement of the F3, F4, P3, and P4 points differ. If measured front-to-back (Fp1-F3-C3-P3-O1 and Fp2-F4-C4-P4-O2 montages), they can be 25% "up" from the front and back points (Fp1, Fp2, O1, and O2). If measured side-to-side (F7-F3-Fz-F4-F8 and T5-P3-Pz-P4-T6 montages), they
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Skull circumference is measured just above the ears (T3 and T4), just above the bridge of the nose (at Fpz), and just above the occipital point (at Oz). The Fp2, F8, T4, T6, and O2 electrodes are placed at intervals of 5%, 10%, 10%, 10%, 10%, and 5%, respectively, measured above the right ear, from
134:
Across all phases of consciousness, brains produce different, objectively recognizable and distinguishable electrical patterns, which can be detected by electrodes on the skin. These patterns vary, and are affected by multiple extrinsic factors, including age, prescription drugs, somatic diagnoses,
276:
can be 25% "up" from the side points (F7, F8, T5, and T6). If measured diagonally, from Nasion to Inion through the C3 and C4 points, they will be 20% in front of and behind the C3 and C4 points. Each of these measurement methods results in different nominal electrode placements.
257:, is the crest point of back of the skull, often indicated by a bump (the prominent occipital ridge, can usually be located with mild palpation). Marks for the Z electrodes are made between these points along the midline, at intervals of 10%, 20%, 20%, 20%, 20% and 10%.
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Nuwer, Marc R.; Comi, Giancarlo; Emerson, Ronald; Fuglsang-Frederiksen, Anders; Guérit, Jean-Michel; Hinrichs, Hermann; Ikeda, Akio; Jose C. Luccas, Fransisco; Rappelsburger, Peter (March 1998). "IFCN standards for digital recording of clinical EEG".
237:
reference points for all EEG and EOG electrodes, and A1-A2 are used for contralateral referencing of all EEG electrodes. This EEG montage may be extended to utilize T3-T4, P3-P4, as well as others, if an extended or "seizure montage" is called for.
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The "10" and "20" refer to the fact that the actual distances between adjacent electrodes are either 10% or 20% of the total front–back or right–left distance of the skull. For example, a measurement is taken across the top of the head, from the
123:, or voluntary lab research. This method was developed to maintain standardized testing methods ensuring that a subject's study outcomes (clinical or research) could be compiled, reproduced, and effectively analyzed and compared using the
233:) electrodes are more commonly just referred to with "right," "left," and "reference," or "common," as there are usually only three placed, and they can be differentially referenced from the EEG and EOG reference sites.
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of the skull, (FpZ, Fz, Cz, Oz) and is present mostly for reference/measurement points. These electrodes will not necessarily reflect or amplify lateral hemispheric cortical activity as they are placed over the
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Specific anatomical landmarks are used for the essential measuring and positioning of the EEG electrodes. These are found with a tape measure, and often marked with a grease pencil, or "China marker."
151:. Most other common measurements ('landmarking methods') start at one ear and end at the other, normally over the top of the head. Specific anatomical locations of the ear used include the
221:
Even-numbered electrodes (2,4,6,8) refer to electrode placement on the right side of the head, whereas odd numbers (1,3,5,7) refer to those on the left; this applies to both EEG and EOG (
218:
activity, or possible clinical brain death. Note that the required number of EEG electrodes, and their careful, measured placement, increases with each clinical requirement and modality.
210:, and do not represent either hemisphere adequately. "Z" electrodes are often utilized as 'grounds' or 'references,' especially in polysomnography sleep studies, and diagnostic/clinical
556:
Klem, GH; Lüders, HO; Jasper, HH; Elger, C (1999). "The ten-twenty electrode system of the
International Federation. The International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology".
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G.E. Chatrian, E. Lettich, and P.L. Nelson. Ten percent electrode system for topographic studies of spontaneous and evoked EEG activity. Am J EEG Technol, 25:83-92, 1985.
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304:, which fills in intermediate sites halfway between those of the existing 10–20 system. This new electrode-naming-system is more complicated giving rise to the
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EEG electrode positions in the 10-10 system using modified combinatorial nomenclature, along with the fiducials and associated lobes of the brain.
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127:. The system is based on the relationship between the location of an electrode and the underlying area of the brain, specifically the
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Ernst
Niedermeyer, Fernando Lopes da Silva, Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields -
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front (Fpz) to back (Oz). The same is done for the odd-numbered electrodes on the left side, to complete the full circumference.
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A higher-resolution nomenclature has been suggested and called the "5% system" or the "10–5 system".
460:"American Electroencephalographic Society Guidelines for Standard Electrode Position Nomenclature".
434:(May 1958). "Report of the committee on methods of clinical examination in electroencephalography".
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to tragus: the tragus refers to the small portion of cartilage projecting anteriorly to the
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When recording a more detailed EEG with more electrodes, extra electrodes are added using
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SVG drawing of the 10-20 system (numbering seen as a subset of the 10% division)
370:"The five percent electrode system for high-resolution EEG and ERP measurements"
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Electrode locations of
International 10-20 system for encephalography recording
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is an internationally recognized method to describe and apply the location of
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There are also (Z) sites: A "Z" (zero) refers to an electrode placed on the
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The new letter codes of the MCN for intermediate electrode places are:
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Also, the MCN system renames four electrodes of the 10–20 system:
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Electroencephalography and
Clinical Neurophysiology. Supplement
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measurements of the heart) electrode placement. Chin, or EMG (
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10-20 System (numbering seen as a subset of the 10% division)
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Each electrode placement site has a letter to identify the
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of neurologic insults/injury/trauma, and substance abuse.
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Electroencephalography and
Clinical Neurophysiology
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Electroencephalography and
Clinical Neurophysiology
667:Amplitude integrated electroencephalography (aEEG)
225:measurements of eyes) electrodes, as well as ECG (
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368:Oostenveld, Robert; Praamstra, Peter (2001).
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175:, or area of the brain it is reading from:
898:Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox (NBT)
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580:, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004
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214:meant to represent/diagnose epileptiform
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
43:This article includes a list of general
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7:
27:Method of scalp electrodes placement
753:Contingent negative variation (CNV)
692:Brainstem auditory evoked potential
499:Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology
462:Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology
306:Modified Combinatorial Nomenclature
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
260:Preauricular to preauricular (or
511:10.1097/00004691-199401000-00014
474:10.1097/00004691-199104000-00007
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687:Somatosensory evoked potential
1:
883:Difference due to memory (Dm)
541:10.1016/S0013-4694(97)00106-5
398:10.1016/S1388-2457(00)00527-7
682:Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
653:Electroencephalography (EEG)
505:(1): 111–113. January 1994.
450:10.1016/0013-4694(58)90053-1
677:Electrocorticography (ECoG)
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468:(2): 200–202. April 1991.
106:International 10–20 system
288:Higher-resolution systems
375:Clinical Neurophysiology
804:Late positive component
672:Event-related potential
64:more precise citations.
919:Electroencephalography
713:Bereitschaftspotential
497:"Guideline Thirteen".
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315:AF – between Fp and F
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249:Nasion to Inion: the
119:exam, polysomnograph
115:in the context of an
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330:PO – between P and O
327:TP – between T and P
324:CP – between C and P
321:FT – between F and T
318:FC – between F and C
857:Sensorimotor rhythm
814:Neural oscillations
758:Mismatch negativity
227:electrocardiography
432:Jasper, Herbert H.
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167:Electrode labeling
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18:10-20 system (EEG)
924:Electrophysiology
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800:(late positivity)
702:Evoked potentials
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344:T5 is now P7
341:T4 is now T8
338:T3 is now T7
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241:Measurement
177:pre-frontal
121:sleep study
62:introducing
913:Categories
837:Delta wave
832:Gamma wave
822:Alpha wave
764:Positivity
709:Negativity
355:References
113:electrodes
45:references
847:K-complex
827:Beta wave
728:Visual N1
384:CiteSeerX
193:occipital
578:Page 140
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189:parietal
185:temporal
159:and the
862:Mu wave
564:: 3–6.
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519:8195414
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216:seizure
200:midline
181:frontal
161:mastoid
157:auricle
137:history
58:improve
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262:tragus
251:nasion
179:(Fp),
155:, the
153:tragus
145:nasion
47:, but
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410:S2CID
266:pinna
255:inion
191:(P),
187:(T),
183:(F),
149:inion
110:scalp
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783:P300
778:P200
748:N400
743:N2pc
738:N200
733:N170
723:N100
718:ELAN
590:ISBN
582:ISBN
566:PMID
545:PMID
515:PMID
478:PMID
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173:lobe
100:The
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