713:
460:, Margrave Lothar of Nordmark, Count Palatine Frederick of Saxony, and the Bishops Arnulf of Halberstadt and Bernward of Hildesheim. In the end, they agreed to recognise Henry in return for certain concessions. Both sides were able to save face, especially since the Saxons had maintained that after four Saxon rulers, the next king ought to come from their ranks, a condition which Henry as a third generation Duke of Bavaria did not fulfill despite his Saxon ancestry. The agreement encompassed the following points:
45:
177:, who was a grandson of Otto I. He waived his rights in favour of Henry, although he had put forward his candidature (whether sincerely or tactically is unclear). After this, Henry was the highest-ranking candidate and also the most closely related to Otto III in the male line. Nevertheless, his candidature remained uncertain, since there was no codified rule or even custom which gave remote relatives a right to succeed to the kingship.
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83:
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and his close relatives made an alliance with Bolesław I of Poland (who had also submitted to Henry II at
Merseburg after an unexplained attack) and Brun, the brother of King Henry. This alliance was defeated in the summer of 1003. Henry of Schweinfurt lost his county and his imperial fiefs and only his personal property was returned to him when he was pardoned in 1004.
166:. In fact, Henry had further supporters among the Saxon magnates, who put great value on retaining a ruler from the Saxon house. Henry had a clear claim to the succession and emphasised this by a substantial donation for the funeral, an act which was generally carried out by the legitimate successor. In addition, he made contact with the
388:
without the knowledge or participation of the northern and western regions: Lotharingia, Saxony, and
Thuringia: Henry's power base consisted of his duchy and the majority of the bishops under the leadership of Archbishop Willigis of Mainz, who carried out the coronation immediately after the election as promised.
556:
Henry of
Schweinfurt had supported the election of Henry II in return for the promise that he could succeed to Bavaria. However, the new king reneged on this promise, since he could not allow Schweinfurt to have such a powerful position in the southeast of the Empire. Therefore, Henry of Schweinfurt
316:
At Werla, Henry of
Schweinfurt kept on working to secure the meeting's support for the absent Henry by promising that Henry would give great rewards in the event of his nomination but also by referring to his connections with the Liudolfing dynasty and his legitimate right to the inheritance. In the
387:
and not in Aachen as usual. Then on 7 June 1002, Henry had the worldly and spiritual princes who were present vote without waiting for the full conclave of electors. Here his
Bavarian followers and the Eastern Franks voting for him and the Swabians against him. With that he was elected as king,
259:
of the Empire. Heribert had sent the Lance ahead, probably out of mistrust of Henry, since he had been part of the close circle of the deceased
Emperor who had named Hermann of Swabia as the new King. Henry imprisoned the Archbishop and subsequently also his brother
416:
but had not been customary for centuries. The course was meant to run through
Thuringia, Saxony, Lower Lotharingia, Swabia, Bavaria and Upper Lotharingia, but it was initially held up and rerouted because of the opposition of the Swabians.
288:
Probably because of personal esteem which
Emperor Otto III had maintained towards Eckard I margrave of Meissen, he entered the competition for the succession after Otto's death. An initial conclave of sixteen Saxon princes and bishops at
544:
Hermann of Swabia, who had not initially recognised Henry's election but had subsequently submitted to him at
Bruchsal, died a few months later on 4 May 1003. Henry took over the regency of Hermann's duchy on behalf of his young son
420:
Unsurprisingly, Hermann of Swabia refused to recognise the election or the coronation in Mainz, so at the end of June, almost immediately after his coronation, Henry began a campaign against the
Conradines march to
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had attempted to exclude Henry from any involvement in the government of the Empire and, according to Thietmar of Merseburg, no one close to the dead emperor considered Henry a possible successor except for
674:
391:
While Willigis was responsible for the coronation as archbishop of Mainz, everything else in this election was counter to tradition: the location of the conclave, the fact that Henry did not sit upon the
630:
Eduard Hlawitschka. ""Merkst Du nicht, daĂź Dir das vierte Rad am Wagen fehlt?" Zur Thronkandidatur Ekkehards von MeiĂźen (1002) nach Thietmar, Chronicon IV c. 52," in Karl Hauck und Hubert Mordeck (Edd.)
488:
as Queen took place on 10 August. On 18 August, Henry was reconciled with Archbishop Heribert of Cologne at Duisburg and the Bishops of Lotharingia immediately paid hommage to him. After stops in
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717:
679:
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Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, Nova series 9: Die Chronik des Bischofs Thietmar von Merseburg und ihre Korveier Ăśberarbeitung (Thietmari Merseburgensis episcopi Chronicon)
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Untersuchungen zu den Thronwechseln der ersten Hälfte des 11. Jahrhunderts und zur Adelsgeschichte Süddeutschlands. Zugleich klärende Forschungen um "Kuno von Öhningen"
412:
The fact that not all electors were present obliged Henry to spend months obtaining submission by means of a royal process. Such a process had been common under the
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694:
1058:
1073:
623:. "Die Thronkandidaturen von 1002 und 1024. GrĂĽndeten sie im Verwandtenanspruch oder in Vorstellungen von freier Wahl?" in Karl Schmid (Ed.)
297:, at which Eckard sought a nomination, adjourned without making a nomination after a further meeting had been scheduled to take place at the
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by his successors until the middle of the century) and he used this position to permanently remove the family of his rival from power.
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The election of a new king now no longer was a formality controlled by the incumbent king, but became a central political question.
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appeared the strongest candidate and shortly after the majority of the princes spoke in his favour at Otto III's funeral in
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247:. Henry displayed great concern for the caravan, but more for his claim and finally he forced Heribert to hand over the
195:. Elsewhere it is said that he, Otto III's only brother-in-law and father of Otto's nearest relatives, had received the
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602:. Translated by Werner Trillmich. Darmstadt 1957 (Freiherr vom Stein-Gedächtnisausgabe 9). Latin Text in
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Geschichtsschreibung und geistiges Leben im Mittelalter. Festschrift für Heinz Löwe zum 65. Geburtstag
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by the Thuringians in a popular election and he had been particularly valued by the deceased Emperor.
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Duke Bernhard surrendered the Holy Lance to Henry, and paid hommage to him at another coronation.
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Despite the set-back, Eckard was clearly unfazed. He came to Werla along with his allies, Bishop
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where his own vassals paid hommage to him between 11 and 24 November. Then he travelled on to
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364:. This murder was, apparently, the result of a feud and unconnected to the royal election.
440:) where the Thuringians paid hommage to him on 20 July 1002 under the leadership of Count
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to promise that he would crown him after his successful election in his cathedral,
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But there was a further candidate among the Dukes: Henry IV of Bavaria, the son of
82:
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paid hommage. On 1 October Duke Hermann and the Swabian nobility submitted at
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On 23/24 January 1002, the 21-year-old Emperor Otto III unexpectedly died of
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was the decision on the succession which was held after the death of Emperor
470:
Because of their absence the election in Mainz was not binding on the Saxons
449:
349:
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228:
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and of course the fact that not all electors were present at the conclave.
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for Henry. Lothar continued his efforts after the decision at Frohse with
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313:, whose support Henry had secured by promising him the Duchy of Bavaria.
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452:(24–28 July), including most importantly: Duke Bernhard of Saxony, Duke
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63:, without heirs or a will. As the last male line descendant of Emperor
56:
33:
301:. A major reason for this decision was the support of Count Lothar of
231:) was also a candidate, but this is not reported in any other source.
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497:
457:
448:. A few days later, negotiations took place with the Saxon Greats at
445:
135:
268:. In this way he eventually gained possession of the Lance as well.
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to meet with Hermann of Swabia there and after that he returned to
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by Archbishop Heribert, it reached the borders of Henry's duchy at
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which were being carried with the body. These did not include the
81:
60:
43:
532:, which he combined with the payment of hommage by the barons of
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Henry recognised the rights of the Saxons in the German kingdom.
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Henry submitted to a separate election as king by the Saxons.
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Immediately after the meeting at Werla, Henry moved towards
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When the caravan with Otto III's body had been led over the
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The chief candidates to succeed Otto were the Dukes of the
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latter argument he had the support of Otto's sisters
675:
Stefan Weinfurter's "Gedanken zum Thronwechsel 1002"
340:where he was recognised as the new king by Bishop
116:he is meant to have been promoted to the duchy of
191:) is only mentioned in the foundation account of
484:to Paderborn, where the coronation of his wife
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8:
108:also actively competed though he was only a
32:among accusations of uncustomary practices (
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688:
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625:Reich und Kirche vor dem Investiturstreit
582:Vita Bernwardi 38 & Vita Meinwerci 7
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500:on 8 September, at which the Barons of
344:of Hildesheim. Then he made his way to
86:Henry IV of Bavaria, in a sacramentary
7:
467:The Saxons recognised Henry as King.
1079:Elections in the Holy Roman Empire
549:(a situation which was maintained
272:Candidature of Eckard I of Meissen
24:without heirs. It was won by Duke
14:
496:another coronation took place at
711:
255:, which was the most important
235:Robbery of the Imperial regalia
149:(apart from Henry IV's brother
1059:1000s in the Holy Roman Empire
400:Acknowledgment of the election
376:with armed forces and got the
1:
87:
36:and electoral manipulation).
18:German royal election of 1002
1074:Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor
520:and finally to Diedenhofen (
408:Course of the royal progress
336:. A little later he went to
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284:, as reconstructed in 2012
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429:by the end of the month.
71:came to an end with him.
59:at the Castel Paterno in
480:Henry travelled on past
432:He travelled on through
67:, the older line of the
656:, Stuttgart etc. 2000,
180:The candidature of the
1084:Non-partisan elections
1064:11th-century elections
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93:
52:
596:Thietmar of Merseburg
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394:Throne of Charlemagne
368:The election of Henry
330:Arnulf of Halberstadt
299:Royal palace of Werla
282:Royal palace of Werla
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205:Archbishop of Cologne
145:, the only remaining
114:Thietmar of Merseburg
85:
47:
1069:Elections in Germany
638:Eduard Hlawitschka.
311:Henry of Schweinfurt
307:Margrave of Nordmark
642:, Sigmaringen 1987.
627:, Sigmaringen 1985.
512:, Henry went on to
436:to Kirchberg (near
378:Archbishop of Mainz
334:Bernard I of Saxony
50:Gospels of Otto III
621:Eduard Hlawitschka
524:) where he held a
454:Bolesław I Chrobry
410:
286:
280:West tower of the
266:Bishop of WĂĽrzburg
173:, titular Duke of
164:Bishop of Augsburg
143:Henry the Wrangler
94:
53:
48:Otto III from the
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722:Holy Roman Empire
654:Kohlhammer Verlag
635:, Köln/Wien 1978.
534:Upper Lotharingia
518:Frankfurt am Main
502:Lower Lotharingia
354:Udo of Katlenburg
225:Brun of Brunswick
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604:Robert Holtzmann
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528:and an Imperial
427:Reichenau Island
249:Imperial regalia
197:Imperial regalia
193:Brauweiler Abbey
138:at Easter 1002.
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91: 1002–1014
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211:. According to
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838:1237 Vienna
650:Die Ottonen
547:Hermann III
160:Siegfried I
69:Liudolfings
1089:Holy Lance
1043:Categories
928:1410 (Oct)
923:1410 (Sep)
918:1400 (Aug)
913:1400 (May)
823:1198 (Jun)
818:1198 (Mar)
561:References
522:Thionville
514:Regensburg
442:William II
423:Strasbourg
338:Hildesheim
253:Holy Lance
147:Liudolfing
78:Candidates
40:Background
718:Elections
540:Aftermath
486:Cunigunde
450:Merseburg
350:Paderborn
332:and Duke
257:reliquary
175:Carinthia
128:Herman II
125:Conradine
118:Thuringia
510:Augsburg
506:Bruchsal
490:Nijmegen
381:Willigis
346:Duisburg
342:Bernward
323:Adelaide
229:Brunonid
223:, Count
201:Heribert
110:Margrave
102:Eckard I
26:Henry IV
22:Otto III
720:in the
600:Chronik
590:Sources
551:de jure
494:Utrecht
434:Bamberg
356:in the
303:Walbeck
293:on the
262:Henry I
245:Polling
189:Ezzonid
155:Otto II
106:Meissen
57:malaria
34:bribery
30:Bavaria
813:(1198)
660:
606:(Ed.)
526:Hoftag
508:. Via
498:Aachen
458:Poland
446:Weimar
319:Sophia
291:Frohse
168:Salian
136:Aachen
132:Swabia
100:, but
98:Empire
65:Otto I
530:synod
374:Mainz
199:from
151:Bruno
61:Italy
1054:1002
1028:1792
1023:1790
1018:1764
1013:1745
1008:1742
1003:1711
998:1690
993:1658
988:1653
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978:1619
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908:1376
893:1346
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863:1273
858:1257
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843:1246
833:1220
828:1208
808:1196
803:1169
798:1152
793:1147
788:1138
783:1127
778:1125
773:1098
768:1081
763:1077
758:1075
753:1051
748:1028
743:1024
738:1002
658:ISBN
492:and
438:Jena
362:Harz
321:and
295:Elbe
241:Alps
217:and
207:and
185:Ezzo
16:The
733:983
456:of
444:of
360:in
130:of
104:of
28:of
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305:,
264:,
203:,
162:,
88:c.
703:e
696:t
689:v
664:.
227:(
187:(
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