702:
33:
361:
948:) and that military equipment obtained from the program is used to protect civilians, not against them. Referring to the then-ongoing Ferguson unrest, Kirby suggested that police would be criticized regardless for not responding effectively if they did not have equipment from the 1033 Program, and claimed police were only using their equipment against "mass gang of criminals", not peaceful protestors.
463:
262:. The program was named the "1208 Program", after section 1208 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1990 and 1991, which outlined the program's use and authorized the transfer of military hardware from the DoD broadly to "federal and state agencies", but specifically "for use in counter-drug activities", as the legislation was passed in the context of the
955:, defended the 1033 Program as necessary for protecting police officers from violent or deadly assaults by individuals or anti-government groups viewing police as scapegoats. Rabinovich also stated that the transfer of retired MRAPs to police was a better use of the vehicles than selling them to foreign militaries or leaving them for scrap or disuse.
767:, alleged that the federal government is deliberately militarizing police through the 1033 Program to use them against minority communities. Responding to reports of missing weapons, Alessandra Soler, executive director of the ACLU of Arizona, opined that it "wasn't surprising" due to the lack of oversight and public transparency in the 1033 Program.
807:, Obama announced reviews of the use of military equipment, stating military equipment in police use "gives people a feeling like they are an occupying force as opposed to a part of the community there to protect them," and stating that "some equipment made for the battlefield is not appropriate for local police departments."
965:
dismissed criticisms of the 1033 Program as "superficial concerns" and suggested that Obama's limitations were only a concession to protestors. Similarly, FOP president James Pasco defended the 1033 Program as necessary for smaller police departments and noted the vehicles offered by the program were
145:
As of 2020, 8,200 local law enforcement agencies have participated in the 1033 Program, which has transferred $ 5.1 billion in military material from the DoD to law enforcement agencies since 1997. According to the DLA, material worth $ 449 million was transferred in 2013 alone. Though most
890:, stated that officials were conducting a review to determine if police deployed in Ferguson improperly used equipment purchased with the grants for riot suppression, which is not allowed. It was inconclusive from questioning how many times equipment was purchased with funds used to combat terrorism.
631:
told county supervisors he would auction off to balance the PCSO's budget. The state coordinator had appointed an office grants administrator in the PCSO to help Babeu "oversee and authorize military-surplus requisitions"; however, this also allowed the PCSO to approve their own requests with little
681:
were suspended from the 1033 Program for failing to account for some equipment transferred to them from the program. North
Carolina officials stated that 3,303 out of the 4,227 pieces of equipment obtained through the program are tactical items including automatic weapons and military vehicles, and
603:
Law enforcement agencies receiving items from the 1033 Program must declare the intended use for each item received, maintain an audit trail for each item, and conduct inventory checks for the DLA. Firearms, certain vehicles and other equipment must be returned to the
Defense Department after use.
480:
As of 2014, 8,000 law enforcement agencies participate in the 1033 Program. Police departments are responsible for paying for shipment and storage of material acquired, but do not pay for the donation. The largest number of requests come from small to mid-sized police departments who are unable to
385:
According to LESO, from 1997 until 2014, $ 5.1 billion in military hardware was transferred from the DoD to local
American law enforcement agencies, with materiel worth $ 449 million transferred in 2013 alone. About a third of the offered equipment was new. As of 2022, the total value of
286:
to allow the DoD to transfer "property... including small arms and ammunition... suitable for use by the agencies in law enforcement activities, including counter-drug and counter-terrorism activities", noting that "preference is given to counter-drug and counter-terrorism requests". It was signed
453:
Under the program, equipment is designated as either controlled or non-controlled property. Controlled property comprises military items, including weapons, and is supplied on a conditional basis; ownership remains with the DoD, and property must be returned when no longer in use. Non-controlled
389:
The most commonly obtained item from the 1033 Program is ammunition. Also commonly requested are supplies and non-combat equipment, including clothing, sandbags, medical supplies, sleeping bags, flashlights, containers, generators, and electrical wiring. The program offers a variety of military
2819:
351:
issued
Executive Order 14074, addressing police reform. Section 12 prohibited or limited to specific uses the transfer of a number of military items, including firearms of .50 caliber or greater, silencers, bayonets, vehicles without a commercial application, explosives, weaponized drones, and
374:
DLA Disposition
Services helps the DoD dispose of its "excess property... from air conditioners to vehicles, clothing to computers" via "transfer to other federal agencies, or donation to state and local governments and other qualified organizations", as well as by "sale of surplus property".
650:
found that the DoD "does not have management controls in place" to avert waste, abuse, and fraud in the 1033 Program, and identified "hundreds of millions of dollars in reported lost, damaged, or stolen excess property ... which contributed to reutilization program waste and inefficiency."
880:
846:
611:
is supposed to function as oversight after dispersion of equipment, headed and overseen by a state coordinator that is appointed by the state governor who must approve applications. The state coordinating agency is housed within a state agency that varies from state to state, such as the
246:(February – October 1944); the Surplus Property Board in the Office of War Mobilization and Reconversion (October 1944 – September 1945); and the Surplus Property Administration; as well as corporations like the Petroleum Reserves Corporation and the War Assets Corporation. The
638:
newspaper reported the misconduct, the DLA "announced agency-wide reforms", Babeu was ordered to "retrieve vehicles and other equipment his office distributed to non-police organizations", and 1033 Program weapons requisitions were temporarily suspended and audited nationwide.
925:
stated that the 1033 Program ultimately protects civilians and aids law enforcement across the U.S. in counterterrorism and anti-narcotic operations. He added that the DoD was diligent in deciding what equipment was sent to specific police departments.
2823:
1707:
454:
property, also known as general property, includes items like office equipment, first aid kits, and sleeping bags, and becomes the public property of the receiving agency. In 2019, non-controlled property accounted for 92% of transfers.
2820:"The Department of Defense Excess Property Program in Support of U.S. Law Enforcement Agencies: An Overview of DOD Authorities, Roles, Responsibilities, and Implementation of Section 1033 of the 1997 National Defense Authorization Act"
485:
between the DLA and the states participating in the program requires that police either use their received equipment within one year or return it. The rules allow police to dispose of or sell some goods after at least one year of use.
670:, was suspended after it failed to account for 20 of the 200 weapons it had received. The MCSO blamed the errors on outdated computers and tracking devices from when the weapons were transferred in the 1990s. According to Sheriff
352:
long-range acoustic devices. The order also increased application and certification requirements for law enforcement agencies seeking materiel. Section 12 applied to the 1033 Program and other federal equipment transfer programs.
685:
Fusion reported in August 2014 that a total of 184 state and local police departments had been suspended from the program for missing weapons and failure to comply with guidelines. Missing items included firearms and two
1621:
379:
820:, stated that the American government "has incentivized the militarization of local police precincts and helped municipal governments build what are essentially small armies." Paul's second Ferguson op-ed in
777:, criticized the 1033 Program for militarizing police and negatively affecting Black communities, and condemned the 2017 lifting of restrictions on the program as "exceptionally dangerous and irresponsible".
1260:
2348:
579:
In instances where school police departments fail to or do not directly attempt to acquire equipment from the 1033 Program, they often borrow such equipment from local and regional law enforcement through
2613:
1582:
1962:
1643:
481:
afford extra clothing, vehicles, and weapons. The program gives smaller police departments access to material that larger police departments are usually able to afford without federal assistance. A
310:
signed
Executive Order 13688, limiting and prohibiting the transfer of certain types of weapons and equipment to law enforcement agencies through the 1033 Program, including large-caliber weaponry,
213:, which uncovered mismanagement within LESO. Proponents of the program argue the equipment acquired from LESO protect police officers and civilians, may be necessary at any time in the event of a
1699:
2701:
1807:
1508:
1135:
1166:
2466:
2854:
845:
Representative Hank
Johnson urged the heads of the Armed Services Committees to adopt a moratorium on the transfer of certain items and to eliminate a section of the House version of the
659:
The DLA can suspend law enforcement agencies from the 1033 Program for failing to meet the program's standards and guidelines, including misuse or misplacement of transferred equipment.
242:
provided for the disposal of surplus government property. To deal with these disposals, numerous short-lived agencies were formed, such as the
Surplus War Property Administration in the
2075:
1741:
2796:
2493:
1472:
3003:
2583:
1842:
1541:
617:
2102:
295:
In
October 2014, the DLA Disposition Services first released information about the equipment distribution by county, in the wake of public scrutiny following reports that the
2287:
2133:
1605:
2194:
674:, the suspension did not affect the MCSO's acquisition of weaponry, as they could already afford them using anti-racketeering funding and confiscated narcotics proceeds.
2225:
643:
206:
2988:
1188:
2048:
276:, with the passage of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997, the 1208 Program was expanded to the 1033 Program. Section 1033 of the act amended
1901:
1378:
1252:
864:
839:
2352:
2765:
1222:
936:(FOP), defended the 1033 Program, stating that incidents requiring the use of 1033 Program equipment could occur anywhere in the U.S. (specifically highlighting
2993:
2605:
2552:
1574:
1988:
2998:
2160:
1003:
860:
drafted legislation proposing to curb but not end the 1033 Program, and urged legislative armed services committee to suspend the transfer of some equipment.
1958:
509:
School police departments reported to have received weapons, equipment, and vehicles from the program (or returned them due to public backlash) include the
2731:
2256:
592:
1672:
2375:
1351:
902:
declined to review the program, stating that any review would follow an investigation by the Obama administration, while police lobbying efforts and the
646:
audit found incorrect or inadequate documentation in about three-quarters of the transactions analyzed, declaring LESO records unreliable. In 2005, the
2693:
1320:
693:
Investigative journalist Susan Katz
Keating reported in October 2017 that certain elements of the program were restored despite the compliance issues.
502:
have received equipment through the 1033 Program. The most oft-cited reasons for the acquisition of military equipment by school and campus police are
1799:
2639:
1500:
376:
1131:
774:
2018:
1878:
1158:
131:
2846:
2462:
1416:
2434:
2788:
2071:
1733:
1102:
296:
2967:
2402:
1644:"Advancing Effective, Accountable Policing and Criminal Justice Practices To Enhance Public Trust and Public Safety (Executive Order 14074)"
666:
police agencies have been suspended or terminated for failing to meet program standards and nine remain under suspension". One of them, the
524:
Colleges and universities whose campus police departments are reported to have received or returned equipment from the 1033 Program include
2489:
1468:
557:
514:
105:
1834:
2325:
887:
667:
81:
1530:
108:. The program legally requires the DoD to make various items of equipment available to local law enforcement, ranging from supplies to
2098:
918:
Numerous defenses of LESO and the 1033 Program have been made, primarily by DoD officials, law enforcement officials, and supporters.
876:
850:
613:
278:
573:
510:
2279:
2125:
647:
624:
549:
210:
2670:
2575:
2186:
2943:
2903:
2217:
1446:
1069:
929:
795:
criticisms of the 1033 Program were made by numerous American politicians over the course of 2014, during the Ferguson unrest.
589:
581:
57:
959:
764:
427:
386:
transfers since 1990 was $ 7.1 billion, based on original acquisition value, not accounting for depreciation of used items.
330:
190:
53:
2040:
1290:
565:
537:
364:
1905:
1382:
2761:
903:
868:
482:
2516:"Rifles, mine-resistant vehicles, robots: How Colorado police have used a federal program to stockpile military gear"
2544:
898:
organized the Senate's first hearing on the program, and federal officials faced bipartisan criticism. However, the
2973:
2923:
2886:
1984:
1049:
569:
435:
367:
303:. Federal records on the movement of military equipment to police were released to the public on 21 November 2014.
243:
101:
2515:
2156:
995:
2727:
2248:
933:
899:
466:
337:
269:
In 1995, the Law Enforcement Support Office was created within the DLA to work exclusively with law enforcement.
247:
2349:"'From warfighter to crimefighter' – the US 1033 program, and the risk of corruption and misuse of public funds"
1930:
1766:
784:
Casey Delehanty and colleagues, larger 1033 Program transfers are associated with increased killings by police.
1935:
1771:
1676:
975:
701:
553:
545:
541:
198:
120:
116:
37:
2379:
1347:
1324:
804:
734:
533:
495:
470:
1025:
2935:
2635:
1061:
871:, the director of the National Tactical Officers Association, and two DoD employees. Their heads, Reps.
738:
561:
32:
2010:
1870:
1412:
623:
In 2010, a police detective was appointed as Arizona's state coordinator; this reportedly allowed the
1700:"The Pentagon gave nearly half a billion dollars of military gear to local law enforcement last year"
922:
907:
750:
746:
634:
341:
239:
135:
61:
49:
803:
ordered a review of the 1033 Program and police use of acquisitions from the program. Following the
1648:
941:
525:
319:
93:
65:
2932:
2490:"Fusion Investigates: How did America's police departments lose loads of military-issued weapons?"
1091:
1058:
682:
that the remainder is not used in combat and includes sleeping bags, containers, and generators.
250:
was the latest to operate and was abolished in 1949, when the Surplus Property Act was repealed.
842:
subcommittee "Oversight and Investigations" hearing to examine the program, which was postponed.
729:
Public, scholarly, and political criticism of LESO and the 1033 Program increased following the
2939:
2899:
1065:
2317:
1613:
1182:
585:
447:
259:
258:
The predecessor of the 1033 Program was created in 1990 under the administration of President
183:
2309:
2520:
895:
828:
754:
423:
407:
395:
315:
311:
139:
97:
41:
2310:"Davis acquires mine-resistant war vehicle while some complain of militarization of police"
2280:"University of California, Berkeley Campus Police Will Not Be Allowed To Buy Armored Truck"
2126:"University of California, Berkeley Campus Police Will Not Be Allowed To Buy Armored Truck"
627:
to amass over $ 7 million worth of military equipment between 2010 and 2012, which Sheriff
2606:"Obama administration bans some military-style assault gear from local police departments"
815:
730:
718:
529:
503:
443:
300:
202:
831:
suggested that "Congress would seek to better train police to use transferred equipment".
27:
U.S. Department of Defense division and program transferring military equipment to police
945:
792:
781:
678:
222:
171:
201:
concerns; by American citizens following the use of 1033 Program equipment during the
2982:
2662:
962:
937:
499:
419:
411:
399:
333:
218:
147:
2895:
1438:
958:
In 2017, while announcing Trump's roll-back of 1033 Program limitations to the FOP,
402:
and high-caliber firearms. Among the military weapons (as highlighted by media) are
360:
282:
857:
800:
770:
742:
714:
710:
326:
307:
273:
263:
179:
159:
127:
2072:"LAUSD Police Arsenal Includes Armored Vehicle, Grenade Launchers, Chief Confirms"
604:
Per the DLA, "For security reasons information is not subject to public review".
162:—the items most commonly requested by law enforcement through the program include
146:
media attention is placed on the materiel acquired from the 1033 Program—such as
126:
Precedent legislation of the 1033 Program's concept has existed since the end of
1606:"Trump to restore program sending surplus military weapons, equipment to police"
872:
835:
760:
462:
426:
rounds, and were no longer made available as of 1999. Vehicle offerings include
1286:
741:
in 2020, when police used vehicles and equipment acquired from the program for
706:
671:
628:
167:
155:
151:
2321:
1985:"Report: School Districts Are Receiving Free Military Gear From The Pentagon"
1617:
1439:"National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 (1996 - H.R. 3230)"
811:
662:
DLA public affairs chief Kenneth MacNevin stated in 2012 that "more than 30
348:
214:
17:
867:
reviewed the program and interviewed four witnesses: the president of the
2947:
2907:
1073:
415:
163:
109:
1223:"Pinal Sheriff's Office stockpiles, prepares to sell military equipment"
663:
474:
403:
391:
175:
2351:. Association of Certified Financial Crime Specialists. Archived from
2218:"Ohio State University Acquires Military-Style Armored Truck (PHOTO)"
1253:"Pentagon defends program supplying military gear to Ferguson police"
687:
608:
89:
45:
1575:"Trump expected to lift ban on military gear to local police forces"
849:, passed earlier in 2014, that would expand equipment transfers to
700:
518:
461:
439:
359:
194:
138:
purposes. In 1997, usage was expanded into other areas, including
31:
2694:"How Police Unions Stopped Congress From 'Militarization' Reform"
189:
LESO and the 1033 Program have been criticized by the media, the
910:, and support for changing or ending the 1033 Program dwindled.
886:
Brian Kamoie, assistant administrator for grant programs at the
431:
410:; however, according to the DoD, the bayonets are repurposed as
134:
permitted the transfer of DoD resources to law enforcement for
2047:. KPBS Public Broadcasting. Associated Press. September 2014.
375:
Availability of surplus equipment has been facilitated by the
1381:. US Government Defense Logistics Agency. n.d. Archived from
1132:"Most Popular Items in the Defense Department's 1033 Program"
1469:"The Pentagon Finally Details its Weapons-for-Cops Giveaway"
2636:"Obama sets new limits on police use of military equipment"
2041:"San Diego School Police To Return 18-Ton Military Vehicle"
2011:"On Campus, Grenade Launchers, M-16s, and Armored Vehicles"
1871:"On Campus, Grenade Launchers, M-16s, and Armored Vehicles"
1835:"The Pentagon Is Giving Grenade Launchers to Campus Police"
745:, which is prohibited, as opposed to their intended use in
329:
rolled back Executive Order 13688, effective immediately.
2789:"Lawmaker drafting bill to demilitarize local police 108"
2249:"Campus Police Are Stocking Up on Military-Grade Weapons"
1092:"Military & Civilian Resources: Doing More With Less"
344:, and said the president would do so by executive order.
287:
into law by President Bill Clinton on 23 September 1996.
2576:"Obama orders review of police use of military hardware"
2435:"MCSO missing nine weapons from Pentagon's 1033 program"
2247:
Kingkade, Tyler; Svokos, Alexandra (15 September 2014).
299:
used materiel acquired from the 1033 Program during the
1348:"How America's Police Became an Army: The 1033 Program"
1159:"Pentagon weaponry in St. Louis County: Updated Column"
607:
A state coordinating agency in each U.S. state except
2847:"Answering the critics of MRAPs and the 1033 Program"
2728:"Washington Bails on Demilitarization After Ferguson"
2070:
Pamer, Melissa; Romero, Lynette (15 September 2014).
2099:"Military Rifles, Armor Sent to Texas School Police"
1800:"Pentagon Rethinks Giving MRAPs, Bayonets to Police"
1501:"Obama bans some military equipment sales to police"
1287:"Fraternal Order of Police defends 'militarization'"
2818:House armed services committee (13 November 2014).
1531:"Recommendations Pursuant to Executive Order 13688"
824:
did not mention the demilitarization of the police.
2924:
2887:
2787:Mario Trujillo and Jesse Byrnes (14 August 2014).
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1050:
618:California Governor's Office of Emergency Services
1959:"Police forces pick up surplus military supplies"
853:, the largest law enforcement agency in the U.S..
644:Department of Defense Office of Inspector General
1671:DLA Disposition Services Public Affairs (n.d.).
717:to survey a crowd of protestors during the 2014
584:, such as the shared use of an MRAP between the
517:, and at least ten school police departments in
370:officers with military equipment during training
2574:Steve Holland; Andrea Shalal (24 August 2014).
1373:
1371:
1369:
840:United States House Committee on Armed Services
2545:"The rhetorical power of "support our troops""
1319:Law Enforcement Support Office (LESO) (n.d.).
390:weapons and equipment to police, ranging from
221:, and are not heavy military weaponry such as
123:(DLA), which is itself a division of the DoD.
3004:Riots and civil disorder in the United States
2488:Daniel Rivero, Jorge Rivas (26 August 2014).
1494:
1492:
1490:
951:Police officer Steve Rabinovich, writing for
130:. The modern program arose in 1990, when the
8:
2721:
2719:
2663:"Rand Paul: We Must Demilitarize the Police"
1187:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2726:McMorris-Santoro, Evan (24 November 2014).
2428:
2426:
2424:
1675:. DLA Disposition Services. Archived from
1323:. DLA Disposition Services. Archived from
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
1900:DLA Disposition Services (22 July 2014).
1734:"Emotions run high in Ferguson, Missouri"
1727:
1725:
1413:"US police go military with 1033 program"
879:(D-Wash.), worked on a compromise of the
2968:Law Enforcement Support Office Home Page
2762:"Push to demilitarize cops in lame duck"
2463:"1033 Program in Eastern North Carolina"
2456:
2454:
2452:
2187:"Campus Police Acquire Military Weapons"
1698:Ingraham, Christopher (14 August 2014).
1026:"What is the federal LESO/1033 Program?"
775:NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund
119:, which is a subordinate command of the
2989:Military logistics of the United States
2879:
2374:Law Enforcement Support Office (n.d.).
1987:. Talking Points Memo. September 2014.
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
987:
881:2015 National Defense Authorization Act
847:2015 National Defense Authorization Act
44:offerings. Pictured in the slide are a
2403:"Police in combat gear stir criticism"
1991:from the original on 15 September 2014
1180:
40:brochure promoting the 1033 Program's
2845:Rabinovich, Steve (4 November 2014).
2799:from the original on 25 November 2014
2768:from the original on 12 November 2014
2734:from the original on 25 November 2014
2704:from the original on 27 November 2014
2469:from the original on 19 February 2015
2290:from the original on 1 September 2016
2259:from the original on 17 February 2016
2228:from the original on 2 September 2017
2180:
2178:
2136:from the original on 1 September 2016
2051:from the original on 15 December 2014
1965:from the original on 20 February 2015
1864:
1862:
1860:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1810:from the original on 9 September 2014
1793:
1791:
1789:
1761:
1759:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1263:from the original on 29 November 2014
1006:from the original on 22 February 2018
7:
2994:Law enforcement in the United States
2857:from the original on 5 December 2014
2642:from the original on 1 November 2019
2328:from the original on 7 December 2017
2216:Stuart, Hunter (18 September 2013).
2197:from the original on 2 December 2017
2163:from the original on 2 December 2017
2157:"Military Hardware for College Cops"
2105:from the original on 2 December 2017
2078:from the original on 3 December 2017
2021:from the original on 2 December 2017
1881:from the original on 2 December 2017
1845:from the original on 2 December 2017
1293:from the original on 2 December 2014
1280:
1278:
1246:
1244:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1138:from the original on 15 January 2015
1125:
1123:
1108:from the original on 4 February 2015
515:Los Angeles School Police Department
84:(DoD) responsible for managing the "
58:Richland County Sheriff's Department
2999:Race and crime in the United States
2673:from the original on 15 August 2014
2616:from the original on 25 August 2019
2586:from the original on 24 August 2014
2555:from the original on 5 October 2017
2496:from the original on 27 August 2014
2155:Grasgreen, Allie (25 August 2014).
1744:from the original on 26 August 2014
1740:. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.
1710:from the original on 15 August 2014
1585:from the original on 27 August 2017
1511:from the original on 28 August 2017
1419:from the original on 18 August 2014
1354:from the original on 15 August 2014
1169:from the original on 28 August 2017
888:Federal Emergency Management Agency
82:United States Department of Defense
2929:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
2892:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
2461:Ramey, Elisse (24 November 2014).
1904:. LESO. p. 69. Archived from
1624:from the original on 13 April 2018
1475:from the original on 18 March 2018
1449:from the original on 9 August 2016
1411:Walker, Richard (15 August 2014).
1346:Wofford, Taylor (13 August 2014).
1055:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
851:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
614:Alaska Department of Public Safety
414:, while the grenade launchers use
25:
2692:David Weigel (27 November 2014).
2433:Cassidy, Megan (27 August 2014).
2347:Daniela Guzman (29 August 2014).
2185:Bauman, Dan (21 September 2014).
2015:The Chronicle of Higher Education
1875:The Chronicle of Higher Education
1869:Bauman, Dan (11 September 2014).
1573:Johnson, Kevin (28 August 2017).
1101:. Domestic Preparedness Journal.
921:DoD press secretary Rear Admiral
865:House Committee on Armed Services
574:University of Louisiana at Monroe
511:San Diego Unified School District
377:reduced American presence in Iraq
2795:. Capitol Hill Publishing Corp.
2760:Lillis, Mike (1 November 2014).
2401:Dennis Wagner (20 August 2014).
2376:"State Coordinator Contact List"
2097:Noll, Scott (5 September 2014).
1547:from the original on 16 May 2017
1157:Rupp, David Mastio, and Kelsey.
668:Maricopa County Sheriff's Office
648:Government Accountability Office
550:Florida International University
211:Government Accountability Office
2822:. U.S. Congress. Archived from
2278:Kingkade, Tyler (6 July 2012).
2124:Kingkade, Tyler (6 July 2012).
1604:Jackman, Tom (27 August 2017).
590:University of California, Davis
207:DoD Office of Inspector General
1732:Kara Dansky (19 August 2014).
1499:Korte, Gregory (18 May 2015).
74:Law Enforcement Support Office
66:Butler County Sheriff's Office
1:
1221:Dennis Wagner (19 May 2012).
780:According to a 2017 study by
625:Pinal County Sheriff's Office
566:Central Washington University
538:University of Central Florida
365:Los Angeles Police Department
325:On 28 August 2017, President
2661:Rand Paul (14 August 2014).
2650:– via www.reuters.com.
904:2014 United States elections
773:, associate director of the
677:Law enforcement agencies in
506:responses and cost savings.
50:Dale County Sheriff's Office
894:In September 2014, Senator
3020:
1538:Obama White House Archives
570:University of Texas System
436:armored personnel carriers
347:On 25 May 2022, President
336:announced the move at the
297:Ferguson Police Department
244:Office of War Mobilization
102:United States Armed Forces
88:", which transfers excess
80:) is a division under the
2853:. Praetorian Group, Inc.
1909:(powerpoint presentation)
934:Fraternal Order of Police
900:House Judiciary Committee
763:, senior counsel for the
705:A police officer wearing
500:campus police departments
496:school police departments
494:As of 2014, more than 20
467:M577 command post carrier
338:Fraternal Order of Police
248:War Assets Administration
209:in 2003; and by the U.S.
1936:Defense Logistics Agency
1772:Defense Logistics Agency
1229:. Gannett, azcentral.com
1000:Defense Logistics Agency
976:Militarization of police
883:instead of a moratorium.
554:Arizona State University
546:Florida State University
542:University of California
490:School and campus police
121:Defense Logistics Agency
117:DLA Disposition Services
106:law enforcement agencies
38:Defense Logistics Agency
2543:C.K. (4 October 2017).
1902:"1033 Program Overview"
805:2015 Baltimore protests
534:Hinds Community College
513:Police Department, the
483:memorandum of agreement
471:Tampa Police Department
442:, and various types of
306:In May 2015, President
132:U.S. federal government
2974:Current LESO Home Page
940:in the small towns of
814:, writing an op-ed in
721:
558:University of Maryland
477:
428:light utility vehicles
371:
115:LESO is a division of
69:
2378:. DLA. Archived from
2017:. 11 September 2014.
1099:Domestic Preparedness
739:George Floyd protests
704:
562:Ohio State University
465:
363:
223:armed combat vehicles
199:police militarization
35:
2407:The Arizona Republic
1841:. 5 September 2014.
635:The Arizona Republic
342:Nashville, Tennessee
340:(FOP) convention in
240:Surplus Property Act
62:Cadillac Gage Ranger
1931:"1033 Program FAQs"
1911:on 30 November 2014
1767:"1033 Program FAQs"
1704:The Washington Post
1679:on 18 November 2014
1649:US Federal Register
1471:. 3 December 2014.
1385:on 30 November 2014
1257:The Washington Post
942:Columbine, Colorado
932:, president of the
788:Political criticism
747:tactical operations
526:Columbia University
2952:September 23, 1996
2826:on 6 December 2014
2382:on 5 December 2014
2355:on 5 December 2014
2316:. 20 August 2014.
2314:The Sacramento Bee
2191:The New York Times
1415:. Deutsche Welle.
1379:"The 1033 Program"
1327:on 2 December 2014
1321:"1033 Program FAQ"
1078:September 23, 1996
906:rendered Congress
735:Baltimore protests
722:
478:
458:Police departments
372:
314:armored vehicles,
70:
2912:November 29, 1989
2700:. Bloomberg L.P.
2409:. Gannett Company
1957:Firozi, Paulina.
869:Police Foundation
737:in 2015, and the
632:oversight. After
593:Police Department
586:Davis, California
408:grenade launchers
396:bulletproof vests
316:grenade launchers
260:George H. W. Bush
184:electrical wiring
16:(Redirected from
3011:
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1798:Nelson, Steven.
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1090:Poynton, Aaron.
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1038:
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1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
996:"Shedding Light"
992:
960:Attorney General
930:Chuck Canterbury
896:Claire McCaskill
829:Claire McCaskill
782:social scientist
755:counterterrorism
751:drug enforcement
521:, among others.
331:Attorney General
285:
272:Under President
172:medical supplies
160:armored vehicles
140:counterterrorism
136:drug enforcement
42:military vehicle
21:
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2674:
2669:. Time Warner.
2660:
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2645:
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2638:. 18 May 2015.
2634:
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2612:. 18 May 2015.
2610:Washington Post
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1540:. White House.
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875:(R-Calif.) and
856:Representative
834:Representative
790:
731:Ferguson unrest
727:
719:Ferguson unrest
699:
657:
601:
588:police and the
530:Yale University
504:school shooting
492:
460:
380:and Afghanistan
358:
301:Ferguson unrest
293:
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203:Ferguson unrest
148:service weapons
28:
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2962:External links
2960:
2957:
2956:
2940:H.R. 3230
2933:104–201 (text)
2916:
2900:H.R. 2461
2878:
2877:
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2779:
2745:
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2698:Bloomberg News
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1304:
1285:Bruce, Becky.
1274:
1251:Lamothe, Dan.
1240:
1194:
1149:
1119:
1082:
1066:H.R. 3230
1059:104–201 (text)
1042:
1017:
986:
985:
983:
980:
979:
978:
971:
968:
946:Killeen, Texas
938:mass shootings
915:
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723:
698:
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679:North Carolina
656:
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597:
491:
488:
459:
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420:smoke grenades
412:utility knives
400:assault rifles
357:
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292:
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283:§ 2576(a)
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2667:Time Magazine
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2549:The Economist
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2524:. 8 July 2020
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2020:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1990:
1986:
1980:
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1961:. USA Today.
1960:
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1652:. 25 May 2022
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1289:. KSL Radio.
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1134:. U.S. News.
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963:Jeff Sessions
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736:
733:in 2014, the
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2473:26 November
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2101:. KHOU 11.
2055:28 November
1915:27 November
1738:CNN Opinion
1683:27 November
1443:GovTrack.us
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1076:, enacted
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877:Adam Smith
799:President
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1551:28 August
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1389:16 August
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1173:22 August
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