1744:
3189:
3178:
3141:
3209:
3219:
3199:
1755:
script used a different numeral system, using individual signs for the numbers 1 to 9, multiples of 10 from 10 to 90, the hundreds from 100 to 900, and the thousands from 1000 to 9000. A large number like 9999 could thus be written with only four signs—combining the signs for 9000, 900, 90, and 9—as
1756:
opposed to 36 hieroglyphs. Boyer saw the new hieratic numerals as ciphered, mapping one number onto one
Egyptian letter for the first time in human history. Greeks adopted the new system, mapping their counting numbers onto two of their alphabets, the Doric and Ionian.
1743:
1759:
In the oldest hieratic texts the individual numerals were clearly written in a ciphered relationship to the
Egyptian alphabet. But during the Old Kingdom a series of standardized writings had developed for sign-groups containing more than one numeral, repeated as
1764:
practiced. However, repetition of the same numeral for each place-value was not allowed in the hieratic script. As the hieratic writing system developed over time, these sign-groups were further simplified for quick writing; this process continued into
1808:
of the original
Egyptian numbers. A breve (˘) in some reconstructed forms indicates a short vowel whose quality remains uncertain; the letter 'e' represents a vowel that was originally u or i (exact quality uncertain) but became e by Late Egyptian.
1110:(and even vertically). In this example the symbols decrease in value from top to bottom and from left to right. On the original stone carving, it is right-to-left, and the signs are thus reversed.
3255:
1613:
1552:
1499:
1446:
1357:
764:
from around 3000 BC until the early first millennium AD. It was a system of numeration based on multiples of ten, often rounded off to the higher power, written in
2835:
2861:
1728:, rather than being carved into hard stone (as were hieroglyphic texts), the vast majority of texts employing the Egyptian numeral system utilize the
3248:
2933:
721:
3314:
3162:
2990:
441:
3222:
2749:
2728:
3395:
3241:
3108:
1186:(and at other sites), nefer is used to indicate a ground level: height and depths are measured "above nefer" or "below nefer" respectively.
3326:
2980:
2975:
2856:
2828:
274:
2798:
1788:
The following table shows the reconstructed Middle
Egyptian forms of the numerals (which are indicated by a preceding asterisk), the
2945:
1655:
1408:
3098:
2866:
3130:
2788:
2766:
Hieratische Paläographie: Die Ägyptische
Buchschrift in ihrer Entwicklung von der Fünften Dynastie bis zur römischen Kaiserzeit.
1698:
1695:
1692:
1660:
1657:
1573:
1514:
1461:
1315:
1261:
1139:
1086:
1083:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
951:
913:
894:
856:
65:
3076:
2928:
3103:
1733:
1575:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1092:
1089:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1032:
Multiples of these values were expressed by repeating the symbol as many times as needed. For instance, a stone carving from
932:
875:
837:
508:
3441:
3426:
3406:
2889:
2884:
2821:
2778:
714:
289:
3390:
3036:
2911:
2879:
634:
644:
3120:
3083:
3031:
2950:
2711:
Hoffmann, Friedhelm (2024-03-11). "Aspects of Zero in
Ancient Egypt". In Gobets, Peter; Lawrence Kuhn, Robert (eds.).
1773:
461:
2970:
1777:
521:
3293:
3283:
3093:
3061:
3046:
3041:
2940:
2894:
1815:
617:
386:
3431:
3288:
3212:
3202:
3088:
3009:
2960:
1789:
1224:
748:
707:
34:
1712:
This was, however, uncommon for most numbers other than one and two and the signs were used most of the time.
2768:
3 vols. 2nd ed. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs Schen
Buchhandlungen. (Reprinted Osnabrück: Otto Zeller Verlag, 1965)
3342:
964:
744:
738:
697:
481:
78:
780:
form of numerals stressed an exact finite series notation, ciphered one-to-one onto the
Egyptian alphabet.
3374:
3192:
3125:
2965:
1559:
If the denominator became too large, the "mouth" was just placed over the beginning of the "denominator":
381:
297:
3369:
3157:
499:
1588:
2578:
3264:
3182:
3140:
2997:
2906:
2899:
2559:
1793:
1527:
1474:
1421:
1332:
594:
455:
448:
329:
3002:
2923:
1276:
1191:
1157:
as a placeholder in
Egyptian numeration and zero was not used in calculations. However, the symbol
1107:
769:
765:
676:
541:
492:
304:
236:
91:
52:
3056:
3019:
2918:
1860:
1854:
589:
342:
179:
174:
121:
3436:
3014:
2955:
2745:
2724:
2554:
1626:
1207:
671:
661:
649:
629:
584:
515:
347:
319:
226:
159:
149:
136:
101:
96:
2739:
3350:
3071:
2985:
2716:
1826:
1766:
1634:
574:
468:
221:
209:
154:
144:
111:
86:
2802:
2792:
2782:
1834:
1818:
1797:
1212:
1000:
686:
656:
599:
569:
554:
314:
282:
254:
231:
214:
73:
666:
1165:𓄤, "good", "complete", "beautiful") was apparently also used for two numeric purposes:
3051:
1761:
1183:
1011:
789:
681:
624:
604:
559:
432:
164:
131:
116:
42:
3420:
3319:
3278:
2844:
1737:
1216:
761:
487:
376:
309:
249:
184:
126:
106:
2242:
3113:
2615:, and Carl B. Boyer. A History of Mathematics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2011, p. 10
2612:
1801:
639:
564:
2485:
1732:
script. Instances of numerals written in hieratic can be found as far back as the
2524:
2462:
1829:
1288:
1247:. The hieroglyph indicating a fraction looked like a mouth, which meant "part":
1175:
609:
474:
426:
416:
17:
3152:
2720:
2392:
2368:
2344:
2210:
411:
169:
1740:
are a particularly important corpus of texts that utilize hieratic numerals.
1629:
could also write out numerals as words phonetically, just like one can write
2142:
2108:
2074:
1926:
1284:
1024:
421:
2741:
The Crest of the
Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics (Third Edition)
2691:
Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs
2508:
2274:
2176:
3024:
2693:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Numerals discussed in §§9.1–9.6.
1752:
1729:
1725:
777:
1850:
1747:
A comparative chart of Egyptian numerals, including hieratic and demotic
3233:
3066:
2813:
2439:
1721:
773:
406:
391:
2320:
2713:
The Origin and Significance of Zero: An Interdisciplinary Perspective
2416:
1033:
396:
2808:
2036:
1960:
1892:
2698:
Egyptian Grammar; Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs
2700:. 3rd ed. Oxford: Griffith Institute. For numerals, see §§259–266.
2297:
1998:
1805:
1742:
1158:
401:
363:
324:
1198:
contained a "zero concept" replacing the magnitude in geometry.
1195:
1006:
3237:
2817:
1117:
1772:
Two famous mathematical papyri using hieratic script are the
1154:
794:
1720:
As administrative and accounting texts were written on
1591:
1530:
1477:
1424:
1335:
1684:
1647:
1565:
1506:
1453:
1400:
1307:
1253:
1131:
1042:
943:
924:
905:
886:
867:
848:
829:
3383:
3362:
3335:
3307:
3271:
2677:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 71, 255
1800:numerals which descended from them and which give
1607:
1546:
1493:
1440:
1351:
2779:Introduction to Hieroglyphs Numbers and Fractions
2583:MacTutor - School of Mathematics and Statistics
1625:As with most modern day languages, the ancient
788:The following hieroglyphs were used to denote
3249:
2829:
1215:could also be expressed, but only as sums of
715:
8:
1275:Fractions were written with this fractional
2675:Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction
3256:
3242:
3234:
2836:
2822:
2814:
1688:
1651:
1569:
1510:
1457:
1404:
1311:
1257:
1135:
1079:
1064:
1046:
947:
928:
909:
890:
871:
852:
833:
722:
708:
58:
29:
1595:
1590:
1534:
1529:
1481:
1476:
1428:
1423:
1339:
1334:
1169:in a papyrus listing the court expenses,
1106:Egyptian hieroglyphs could be written in
2624:
1811:
2570:
749:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
41:
2648:
2636:
2603:"The Story of Numbers" by John McLeish
7:
3396:Egyptian Hieroglyphs (Unicode block)
3198:
1796:used to write them, and finally the
768:. The Egyptians had no concept of a
3218:
2785: (archived September 29, 2007)
1153:There was no symbol or concept of
25:
2946:Ancient Egyptian race controversy
2696:Gardiner, Alan Henderson (1957).
2215:mḏwtt, ḏwtt, or ḏbꜥtt (?) (fem.)
1608:{\displaystyle ={\frac {1}{100}}}
1227:of positive integers, except for
3217:
3207:
3197:
3188:
3187:
3176:
3139:
2805: (archived January 12, 2004)
1641:), for instance, was written as
3208:
1751:Boyer proved 50 years ago that
1680:
1643:
1561:
1547:{\displaystyle ={\frac {3}{4}}}
1494:{\displaystyle ={\frac {2}{3}}}
1441:{\displaystyle ={\frac {1}{2}}}
1396:
1374:and for the non-unit fractions
1352:{\displaystyle ={\frac {1}{3}}}
1303:
1249:
1038:
2744:. Princeton University Press.
1364:Special symbols were used for
1179:, it indicated a zero balance;
27:Numerals used in Ancient Egypt
1:
3407:Category:Egyptian hieroglyphs
2795: (archived March 4, 2001)
1170:
3391:List of Egyptian hieroglyphs
2213:, ḏwtj, or ḏbꜥty (?) (masc.)
824:
3131:Egypt–Mesopotamia relations
2951:Population history of Egypt
2585:. University of St. Andrews
1823:Reconstructed vocalization
1774:Moscow Mathematical Papyrus
1036:shows the number 4,622 as:
3458:
2689:Allen, James Paul (2000).
2660:Callender, John B. (1975)
1784:Egyptian words for numbers
1778:Rhind Mathematical Papyrus
1205:
1128:beautiful, pleasant, good
442:Non-standard radices/bases
3404:
3171:
3148:
3137:
2875:
2852:
2721:10.1163/9789004691568_007
2715:. Brill. pp. 64–81.
2673:Loprieno, Antonio (1995)
1833:
1825:
1822:
1814:
3183:Ancient Egypt portal
2707:. Baltimore: Halgo, Inc.
2705:Old Hieratic Paleography
2703:Goedicke, Hans (1988).
2041:sjst or jst (?) (fem.)
698:List of numeral systems
3375:Category:Egyptologists
2764:Möller, Georg (1927).
2371:, ḫmnw, or ḫmnwjw (?)
2347:, sfḫw, or sfḫwjw (?)
2221:*(mu)ḏawā́taj (masc.)
1748:
1609:
1548:
1495:
1442:
1384:and, less frequently,
1353:
756:The system of ancient
737:This article contains
3370:List of Egyptologists
2857:Glossary of artifacts
2809:Egyptian Math History
2738:Joseph, G.G. (2011).
2517:one hundred thousand
2323:, sjsw, or jswjw (?)
1746:
1734:Early Dynastic Period
1610:
1549:
1496:
1443:
1354:
66:Hindu–Arabic numerals
3442:Egyptian mathematics
3427:Egyptian hieroglyphs
3343:Gardiner's sign list
3265:Egyptian hieroglyphs
2560:Egyptian mathematics
2218:*ḏubā́ꜥataj (masc.)
1589:
1528:
1475:
1422:
1333:
1287:1, and the positive
1015:(also called lotus)
965:Gardiner's sign list
595:Prehistoric counting
371:Common radices/bases
53:Place-value notation
3003:Cursive hieroglyphs
2579:"Egyptian numerals"
1842:per Callender 1975
1674:while the numeral (
1633:instead of "30" in
770:positional notation
542:Sign-value notation
2976:Funerary practices
2155:*pisī́ḏaw (masc.)
2121:*ḫamā́naw (masc.)
2039:or jsw (?) (masc.)
1905:*sinúwwaj (masc.)
1845:per Loprieno 1995
1837:(Sahidic dialect)
1749:
1736:. The Old Kingdom
1605:
1544:
1491:
1438:
1349:
1126:heart with trachea
784:Digits and numbers
739:special characters
198:East Asian systems
3414:
3413:
3231:
3230:
2986:Great Royal Wives
2956:Prehistoric Egypt
2789:Numbers and dates
2751:978-0-691-13526-7
2730:978-90-04-69156-8
2555:Egyptian language
2546:
2545:
2152:*p˘sī́ḏat (fem.)
2150:*p˘sī́ḏaw (masc.)
2118:*ḫ˘mā́nat (fem.)
2116:*ḫ˘mā́naw (masc.)
1868:*wiꜥī́yat (fem.)
1716:Hieratic numerals
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1627:Egyptian language
1618:
1617:
1603:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1557:
1556:
1542:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1489:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1436:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1362:
1361:
1347:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1208:Egyptian fraction
1182:in a drawing for
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1078:
1077:
1063:
1062:
1030:
1029:
959:
958:
955:
954:
940:
939:
936:
935:
921:
920:
917:
916:
902:
901:
898:
897:
883:
882:
879:
878:
864:
863:
860:
859:
845:
844:
841:
840:
758:Egyptian numerals
745:rendering support
732:
731:
531:
530:
16:(Redirected from
3449:
3355:
3351:Manuel de Codage
3347:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3235:
3221:
3220:
3211:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3191:
3190:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3143:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2815:
2799:Egyptian Numbers
2761:
2759:
2758:
2734:
2678:
2671:
2665:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2613:Merzbach, Uta C.
2610:
2604:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2575:
2253:*máꜥb˘ꜣ (masc.)
2250:*máꜥb˘ꜣ (masc.)
2189:*mū́ḏaw (masc.)
2087:*sáfḫaw (masc.)
2049:*sáʾsaw (masc.)
2011:*dī́jaw (masc.)
1973:*jifdáw (masc.)
1939:*ḫámtaw (masc.)
1871:*wúꜥꜥuw (masc.)
1812:
1804:clues as to the
1689:
1685:
1681:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1596:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1535:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1482:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1429:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1340:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1301:was written as:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1213:Rational numbers
1178:
1172:
1136:
1132:
1118:
1080:
1065:
1047:
1043:
1039:
948:
944:
929:
925:
910:
906:
891:
887:
872:
868:
853:
849:
834:
830:
795:
724:
717:
710:
513:
497:
479:
469:balanced ternary
466:
453:
59:
30:
21:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3432:Numeral systems
3417:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3400:
3379:
3358:
3353:
3345:
3331:
3327:Transliteration
3303:
3272:Characteristics
3267:
3262:
3232:
3227:
3177:
3175:
3167:
3144:
3135:
2871:
2848:
2842:
2803:Wayback Machine
2793:Wayback Machine
2783:Wayback Machine
2775:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2737:
2731:
2710:
2686:
2681:
2672:
2668:
2662:Middle Egyptian
2659:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2551:
2264:
2246:
2232:
2214:
2200:
2186:*mū́ḏat (fem.)
2185:
2184:*mū́ḏaw (masc.)
2180:
2166:
2151:
2146:
2132:
2117:
2112:
2098:
2084:*sáfḫat (fem.)
2083:
2082:*sáfḫaw (masc.)
2078:
2060:
2046:*j˘ssát (fem.)
2045:
2044:*j˘ssáw (masc.)
2040:
2022:
2008:*dī́jat (fem.)
2007:
2006:*dī́jaw (masc.)
2002:
1984:
1970:*j˘fdát (fem.)
1969:
1968:*j˘fdáw (masc.)
1964:
1950:
1936:*ḫámtat (fem.)
1935:
1934:*ḫámtaw (masc.)
1930:
1916:
1902:*síntaj (fem.)
1901:
1900:*sínwaj (masc.)
1896:
1882:
1867:
1866:*wíꜥyaw (masc.)
1858:
1819:transliteration
1790:transliteration
1786:
1718:
1656:
1623:
1621:Written numbers
1587:
1586:
1574:
1526:
1525:
1473:
1472:
1420:
1419:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1331:
1330:
1316:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1210:
1204:
1173:
1127:
1122:
1116:
1108:both directions
1071:
1014:
820:
786:
754:
753:
752:
743:Without proper
728:
692:
691:
614:
600:Proto-cuneiform
545:
544:
533:
532:
527:
526:
511:
495:
477:
464:
451:
438:
367:
366:
354:
353:
334:
294:
279:
270:
269:
260:
259:
241:
200:
199:
190:
189:
141:
83:
69:
68:
56:
55:
43:Numeral systems
28:
23:
22:
18:10 (hieroglyph)
15:
12:
11:
5:
3455:
3453:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3419:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3348:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3238:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3215:
3205:
3195:
3185:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2796:
2786:
2774:
2773:External links
2771:
2770:
2769:
2762:
2750:
2735:
2729:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2666:
2653:
2641:
2629:
2617:
2605:
2596:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2395:or psḏwjw (?)
2389:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1824:
1821:
1785:
1782:
1762:Roman numerals
1717:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1555:
1554:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1504:
1501:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1451:
1448:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1360:
1359:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1217:unit fractions
1206:Main article:
1203:
1200:
1194:, a deed from
1188:
1187:
1184:Meidum Pyramid
1180:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1129:
1124:
1115:
1112:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1076:
1075:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1009:
1003:
997:
996:Single stroke
994:
990:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
961:
960:
957:
956:
953:
952:
941:
938:
937:
934:
933:
922:
919:
918:
915:
914:
903:
900:
899:
896:
895:
884:
881:
880:
877:
876:
865:
862:
861:
858:
857:
846:
843:
842:
839:
838:
827:
823:
822:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
785:
782:
774:decimal system
747:, you may see
735:
734:
733:
730:
729:
727:
726:
719:
712:
704:
701:
700:
694:
693:
690:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
653:
652:
647:
642:
632:
627:
621:
620:
613:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
551:
550:
549:Non-alphabetic
546:
540:
539:
538:
535:
534:
529:
528:
525:
524:
519:
506:
490:
485:
472:
459:
445:
444:
437:
436:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
373:
372:
368:
361:
360:
359:
356:
355:
352:
351:
345:
339:
338:
333:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
301:
300:
298:Post-classical
293:
292:
286:
285:
278:
277:
271:
267:
266:
265:
262:
261:
258:
257:
252:
246:
245:
240:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
218:
217:
206:
205:
201:
197:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
140:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
82:
81:
79:Eastern Arabic
76:
74:Western Arabic
70:
64:
63:
62:
57:
51:
50:
49:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3454:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3352:
3349:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3320:Rosetta Stone
3318:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3279:Determinative
3277:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3224:
3216:
3214:
3206:
3204:
3196:
3194:
3186:
3184:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:Egyptologists
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2845:Ancient Egypt
2839:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2651:, p. 87.
2650:
2645:
2642:
2639:, p. 86.
2638:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2625:Hoffmann 2024
2621:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2496:ten thousand
2495:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2473:one thousand
2472:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2247:mꜥbꜣt (fem.)
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1802:Egyptologists
1799:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1738:Abusir Papyri
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1713:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1585:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1524:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1291:below. Thus,
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1190:According to
1185:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1067:
1066:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1002:
998:
995:
992:
991:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
962:
950:
949:
946:
945:
942:
931:
930:
927:
926:
923:
912:
911:
908:
907:
904:
893:
892:
889:
888:
885:
874:
873:
870:
869:
866:
855:
854:
851:
850:
847:
836:
835:
832:
831:
828:
825:
819:1 million, or
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
796:
793:
791:
783:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
762:Ancient Egypt
759:
750:
746:
742:
740:
725:
720:
718:
713:
711:
706:
705:
703:
702:
699:
696:
695:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
636:
635:Alphasyllabic
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
619:
616:
615:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
552:
548:
547:
543:
537:
536:
523:
520:
517:
510:
507:
504:
503:
494:
491:
489:
486:
483:
476:
473:
470:
463:
460:
457:
450:
447:
446:
443:
440:
439:
434:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
370:
369:
365:
358:
357:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
336:
335:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
299:
296:
295:
291:
288:
287:
284:
281:
280:
276:
273:
272:
268:Other systems
264:
263:
256:
253:
251:
250:Counting rods
248:
247:
243:
242:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
216:
213:
212:
211:
208:
207:
203:
202:
194:
193:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
84:
80:
77:
75:
72:
71:
67:
61:
60:
54:
48:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
3315:Decipherment
3298:
2885:Architecture
2765:
2755:. Retrieved
2740:
2712:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2684:Bibliography
2674:
2669:
2661:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2620:
2608:
2599:
2587:. Retrieved
2582:
2573:
2539:
2535:one million
2500:
2477:
2454:
2450:two hundred
2431:
2427:one hundred
2408:
2384:
2360:
2336:
2312:
2289:
2266:
2260:
2234:
2228:
2202:
2196:
2168:
2162:
2147:psḏt (fem.)
2134:
2128:
2113:ḫmnt (fem.)
2100:
2094:
2079:sfḫt (fem.)
2066:
2062:
2056:
2028:
2024:
2018:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1965:jfdt (fem.)
1952:
1946:
1931:ḫmtt (fem.)
1918:
1912:
1897:sntj (fem.)
1884:
1878:
1787:
1771:
1758:
1750:
1719:
1711:
1675:
1673:
1638:
1637:. The word (
1630:
1624:
1558:
1363:
1280:
1274:
1220:
1211:
1189:
1174: 1740
1162:
1152:
1105:
1031:
1018:Bent finger
993:Description
787:
772:such as the
760:was used in
757:
755:
736:
579:
501:
462:Signed-digit
337:Contemporary
204:Contemporary
3223:WikiProject
3037:Mathematics
2998:Hieroglyphs
2912:Portraiture
2880:Agriculture
2867:Main topics
2649:Joseph 2011
2637:Joseph 2011
2589:January 12,
2447:*šinjū́taj
2401:*pisḏíjjaw
2398:*p˘siḏáwju
2374:*ḫamanáwju
2181:mḏt (fem.)
2003:djt (fem.)
1989:) or ϥⲧⲟⲉ (
1830:translation
1794:hieroglyphs
1769:, as well.
1289:denominator
1225:reciprocals
826:Hieroglyph
766:hieroglyphs
640:Akṣarapallī
610:Tally marks
509:Non-integer
3421:Categories
3409: (40)
3294:Triliteral
3284:Uniliteral
3153:Egyptology
3121:Technology
3084:Philosophy
3032:Literature
2924:Chronology
2757:2024-05-03
2566:References
2424:*ší(nju)t
2350:*safḫáwju
2326:*j˘ssáwju
2279:*ḥ˘mí (?)
2065:) or ⲥⲟⲉ (
1223:, sums of
1192:Carl Boyer
1012:Water lily
677:Glagolitic
650:Kaṭapayādi
618:Alphabetic
522:Asymmetric
364:radix/base
305:Cistercian
290:Babylonian
237:Vietnamese
92:Devanagari
3289:Biliteral
3057:Mythology
2981:Geography
2971:Dynasties
2919:Astronomy
2542:) "many"
2407:ⲡⲥⲧⲁⲓⲟⲩ (
2269:) (fem.)
2263:) (masc.)
2237:) (fem.)
2231:) (masc.)
2205:) (fem.)
2199:) (masc.)
2171:) (fem.)
2165:) (masc.)
2137:) (fem.)
2131:) (masc.)
2103:) (fem.)
2097:) (masc.)
2069:) (fem.)
2059:) (masc.)
2031:) (fem.)
2027:) or ϯⲉ (
2021:) (masc.)
1993:) (fem.)
1983:) (masc.)
1955:) (fem.)
1949:) (masc.)
1921:) (fem.)
1915:) (masc.)
1887:) (fem.)
1881:) (masc.)
1285:numerator
1202:Fractions
645:Āryabhaṭa
590:Kharosthi
482:factorial
449:Bijective
350:(Iñupiaq)
180:Sundanese
175:Mongolian
122:Malayalam
3437:Numerals
3336:Research
3299:Numerals
3193:Category
3114:District
3109:Capitals
3094:Religion
3077:Titulary
3067:Pharaohs
3047:Military
3042:Medicine
3025:Hieratic
3015:Language
2941:Clothing
2895:Obelisks
2549:See also
2444:*šū́taj
2377:*ḫamnéw
2356:seventy
2353:*safḫéw
2329:*saʾséw
2311:ⲧⲁⲉⲓⲟⲩ (
2305:*díjjaw
2233:ϫⲟⲩⲱⲧⲉ (
2133:ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛⲉ (
1945:ϣⲟⲙⲛ̄ⲧ (
1816:Egyptian
1806:vocalism
1776:and the
1753:hieratic
1730:hieratic
1021:Tadpole
1005:Coil of
816:100,000
792:of ten:
778:hieratic
672:Georgian
662:Cyrillic
630:Armenian
585:Etruscan
580:Egyptian
488:Negative
348:Kaktovik
343:Cherokee
320:Pentadic
244:Historic
227:Japanese
160:Javanese
150:Balinese
137:Dzongkha
102:Gurmukhi
97:Gujarati
35:a series
33:Part of
3213:Outline
3203:Commons
3163:Museums
3099:Scribes
3089:Pottery
3020:Demotic
3010:History
2961:Cuisine
2890:Revival
2801:at the
2791:at the
2781:at the
2493:*ḏ˘báꜥ
2490:*ḏubáꜥ
2421:*šúwat
2409:pstaiou
2404:ninety
2383:ϩⲙⲉⲛⲉ (
2380:eighty
2302:*díjwu
2282:*ḥ˘méw
2265:ⲙⲁⲁⲃⲉ (
2256:thirty
2245:(masc.)
2227:ϫⲟⲩⲱⲧ (
2224:twenty
2179:(masc.)
2145:(masc.)
2127:ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛ (
2111:(masc.)
2099:ϣⲁϣϥⲉ (
2093:ϣⲁϣϥ̄ (
2077:(masc.)
2001:(masc.)
1979:ϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ (
1963:(masc.)
1951:ϣⲟⲙⲧⲉ (
1929:(masc.)
1917:ⲥⲛ̄ⲧⲉ (
1895:(masc.)
1827:English
1792:of the
1767:Demotic
1726:ostraca
1722:papyrus
1635:English
1503:
1450:
1389:⁄
1379:⁄
1369:⁄
1296:⁄
1277:solidus
1242:⁄
1232:⁄
1123:
999:Cattle
813:10,000
575:Chuvash
493:Complex
283:Ancient
275:History
222:Hokkien
210:Chinese
155:Burmese
145:Tibetan
132:Kannada
112:Sinhala
87:Bengali
3363:People
3354:(1988)
3346:(1927)
3308:Topics
3062:People
2929:Cities
2847:topics
2748:
2727:
2664:, 1975
2332:sixty
2313:taeiou
2308:fifty
2285:forty
2259:ⲙⲁⲁⲃ (
2235:jouōte
2201:ⲙⲏⲧⲉ (
2167:ⲯⲓⲧⲉ (
2135:šmoune
2124:eight
2090:seven
2055:ⲥⲟⲟⲩ (
1942:three
1911:ⲥⲛⲁⲩ (
1883:ⲟⲩⲉⲓ (
1835:Coptic
1798:Coptic
1678:) was
1639:thirty
1631:thirty
1283:, the
1034:Karnak
1001:hobble
810:1,000
798:Value
790:powers
776:. The
687:Hebrew
657:Coptic
570:Brahmi
555:Aegean
512:
496:
478:
465:
452:
315:Muisca
255:Tangut
232:Korean
215:Suzhou
127:Telugu
3384:Lists
3126:Trade
3104:Sites
3052:Music
2966:Dance
2900:Pylon
2862:Index
2538:ϩⲁϩ (
2532:*ḥaḥ
2529:*ḥaḥ
2499:ⲧⲃⲁ (
2470:*ḫaꜣ
2467:*ḫaꜣ
2453:ϣⲏⲧ (
2393:psḏjw
2385:hmene
2369:ḫmnjw
2359:ϣϥⲉ (
2345:sfḫjw
2321:sjsjw
2288:ϩⲙⲉ (
2267:maabe
2229:jouōt
2211:mḏwtj
2195:ⲙⲏⲧ (
2169:psite
2161:ⲯⲓⲥ (
2158:nine
2129:šmoun
2101:šašfe
2017:ϯⲟⲩ (
2014:five
1985:ϥⲧⲟ (
1981:ftoou
1976:four
1953:šomte
1947:šomnt
1877:ⲟⲩⲁ (
1859:wꜥt (
1855:masc.
1851:wꜥ(w)
1159:nefer
821:many
682:Greek
667:Geʽez
625:Abjad
605:Roman
565:Aztec
560:Attic
475:Mixed
433:table
325:Quipu
310:Mayan
165:Khmer
117:Tamil
3072:List
2991:List
2934:List
2746:ISBN
2725:ISBN
2591:2023
2476:ϣⲟ (
2430:ϣⲉ (
2335:ⲥⲉ (
2261:maab
2243:mꜥbꜣ
2203:mēte
2192:ten
2163:psis
2143:psḏw
2109:ḫmnw
2095:šašf
2075:sfḫw
2061:ⲥⲟ (
2057:soou
2052:six
2037:sjsw
2019:tiou
1991:ftoe
1961:jfdw
1927:ḫmtw
1919:snte
1913:snau
1908:two
1893:snwj
1885:ouei
1874:one
1861:fem.
1724:or
1281:i.e.
1237:and
1221:i.e.
1196:Edfu
1155:zero
1114:Zero
1007:rope
988:C11
982:D50
979:M12
973:V20
807:100
330:Rumi
185:Thai
107:Odia
2907:Art
2717:doi
2540:hah
2509:ḥfn
2501:tba
2486:ḏbꜥ
2455:šēt
2440:štj
2361:šfe
2298:dyw
2290:hme
2275:ḥmw
2197:mēt
2177:mḏw
2067:soe
2029:tie
2023:ϯ (
1999:djw
1987:fto
1879:oua
1601:100
1163:nfr
1121:nfr
1025:Heh
985:I8
976:V1
970:Z1
967:ID
804:10
362:By
170:Lao
3423::
2723:.
2581:.
2525:ḥḥ
2503:)
2480:)
2478:šo
2463:ḫꜣ
2457:)
2434:)
2432:še
2417:št
2411:)
2387:)
2363:)
2339:)
2337:se
2315:)
2292:)
2063:so
2025:ti
1863:)
1780:.
1676:30
1394::
1279:,
1219:,
1176:BC
1171:c.
801:1
427:60
422:20
417:16
412:12
407:10
37:on
3257:e
3250:t
3243:v
2837:e
2830:t
2823:v
2760:.
2733:.
2719::
2627:.
2593:.
1857:)
1853:(
1598:1
1593:=
1540:4
1537:3
1532:=
1487:3
1484:2
1479:=
1434:2
1431:1
1426:=
1391:4
1387:3
1381:3
1377:2
1371:2
1367:1
1345:3
1342:1
1337:=
1298:3
1294:1
1244:4
1240:3
1234:3
1230:2
1161:(
751:.
741:.
723:e
716:t
709:v
518:)
516:φ
514:(
505:)
502:i
500:2
498:(
484:)
480:(
471:)
467:(
458:)
456:1
454:(
435:)
431:(
402:8
397:6
392:5
387:4
382:3
377:2
20:)
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