Flying Tigers - Knowledge (XXG)

1449:(Lake Kunming). The fighter is believed to be a P-40E piloted by John Blackburn when it crashed into the lake on a gunnery training flight on 28 April 1942, killing the pilot. His body was recovered from the aircraft, which was submerged in 20 feet of water. In 1997 a U.S.-Chinese group called the Sino-American Aviation Heritage Foundation was formed to locate the aircraft and possibly raise and restore it. In March 1998, they contacted the China Expedition Association about conducting the recovery operation. Over 300 aircraft are believed to have crashed into Lake Dianchi (including a second AVG P-40) so locating the aircraft proved difficult. In 2003, an aircraft believed to be Blackburn's was found embedded in nine feet of bottom silt. An effort was made in September 2005 to raise the aircraft, but the recovery was plagued with difficulties and it remains deep under the lake bottom. Since the aircraft was complete and relatively undamaged when John Blackburn's body was removed from it in 1942, it is hoped that the aircraft will be in good condition and capable of being restored, possibly to flying condition. 436: 738: 1248:. On 4 July 1942, the AVG was replaced by the 23rd Fighter Group. Most AVG pilots refused to remain with the unit as a result of the strong arm tactics by the USAAF general sent to negotiate with them. However, five pilots accepted commissions in China including "Tex" Hill, one of Chennault's most loyal devotees, with others remaining for a two-week transition period. (U.S. airmen and the press continued to use the "Flying Tiger" name to refer to USAAF units in China to the end of the war, and the name continues to be applied to certain air force and army aviation squadrons.) Most AVG pilots became transport pilots in China, went back to America into civilian jobs, or rejoined the military services and fought elsewhere in the war. 564: 591:(CAMCO) before being delivered to the AVG training unit at Toungoo. One crate was dropped into the water and a wing assembly was ruined by salt water immersion, so CAMCO was able to deliver only 99 Tomahawks before war broke out. (Many of those were destroyed in training accidents.) The 100th fuselage was trucked to a CAMCO plant in Loiwing, China, and later made whole with parts from damaged aircraft. Shortages in equipment, with spare parts almost impossible to obtain in Burma (along with the slow introduction of replacement fighter aircraft), were continual impediments, although the AVG did receive 50 replacement P-40E fighters from 968:, it had only "four doctors, three nurses and a bottle of iodine." Pilots found the food disgusting, and the slow mail from home and lack of women hurt morale. A squadron had 45 maintenance personnel compared to the normal more than 100, and only one base could perform major repairs. Nonetheless, the AVG was officially credited with 297 enemy aircraft destroyed, including 229 in the air. Fourteen AVG pilots were killed in action, captured, or disappeared on combat missions. Two died of wounds sustained in bombing raids, and six were killed in accidents during the Flying Tigers' existence as a combat force. 4059: 3657: 882:. Opposing them were 271 Japanese aircraft, including 115 fighters. Although the AVG and the RAF scored some successes against the JAAF, Magwe was continuously bombed, including a very heavy raid on 21 March by 151 bombers and fighters. On 23 March with only four aircraft left, the AVG was forced to relocate to Loiwing, just across the Chinese border. The Tigers crossed into China on a rickety suspension bridge over a deep gorge. A few months later, they came back to destroy the bridge so no Japanese soldiers could come across that way into China. 119: 90: 903:

attacks intended to raise the morale of hard-pressed Chinese soldiers by showing they were getting air support. The AVG's pilots seethed with resentment at these dangerous missions (which some considered useless), a feeling which culminated in the so-called "Pilot's Revolt" of mid-April. Chennault suppressed the "revolt" and ordered the ground attack missions to continue. But despite their efforts, the Allied situation in Burma continued to deteriorate. On 29 April the AVG was ordered to evacuate Loiwing and relocate to

3461: 1381:, China and there is a museum dedicated exclusively to the Flying Tigers. The building is a steel and marble structure, with wide sweeping steps leading up to a platform with columns holding up the memorial's sweeping roof; on its back wall, etched in black marble, are the names of all members of the AVG, 75th Fighter Squadron, and 14th Air Force who died in China. In 2005, the city of Kunming held a ceremony memorializing the history of the Flying Tigers in China, and on 20 December 2012, the 386: 846:. Significantly outnumbered, the AVG was gradually reduced through attrition, but often exacted a disproportionate toll of their attackers. On 24 January, six Ki-21s of the 14th Sentai escorted by Ki-27s attacked Mingaladon. All the Ki-21s were shot down by the AVG and RAF defenders. On 28 January, a fighter sweep of 37 Ki-27s was engaged by 16 AVG P-40s and two RAF fighters. Three "Nates" were shot down for the loss of two P-40s. The next day, another sweep of 20 Ki-27s of the 70th 4460: 108: 79: 878:, a small British airfield more than 300 miles north of Rangoon. Chennault started moving elements of the now reconstituted 3rd Squadron to Magwe as reinforcement to his worn down 1st and 2nd squadrons. Aircraft attrition became so high that at this point, individual squadron distinctions became meaningless, and all three squadrons had elements based there, along with a number of RAF aircraft. In total, the Allies had 38 aircraft, including eight P-40s and 15 866:

near-obsolescence of their predominant fighter type in the theater, the Ki-27. Though more maneuverable than the P-40, its armament and performance was inferior. Lightly constructed and armed, it could not withstand frontal attacks nor could it out-dive Allied fighters such as the P-40; if it attempted to, it often came apart in the air. In fact, its cruising speed was less than that of the Ki-21 bombers it was intended to escort.

49: 1281: 911:

up actions. One of these was an attempt by a regiment of the Japanese 56th Division to drive for Kunming, an effort that was stopped by the Chinese army operating with strong air support from the AVG. On 7 May the Japanese Army began building a pontoon bridge across the upper Salween River, which would allow them to move troops and supplies into China and drive towards Kunming. To stem this tide, 2nd Squadron Leader

1293: 941: 548: 886: 639: 489: 820:'s Flying Squadron). A total of 63 bombers escorted by 25 fighters were committed. These were intercepted by 14 P-40s of the AVG's 3rd Squadron and 15 Buffalos of 67 Squadron. In the two encounters, 35 Japanese bombers and fighters were shot down. The Allies lost two pilots and five P-40s. Mingaladon airfield was once again damaged, and eight Buffalos were destroyed on the ground. 729:. Later, Chinese intelligence intercepted Japanese communications indicating that only 1 out of the 10 bombers ultimately returned to base. Furthermore, the Japanese discontinued their raids on Kunming while the AVG was based there. One P-40 crash-landed; it was salvaged for parts. This mission was one of the earliest American aerial victories in the Pacific War. 304: 1457:. On 25 May 2005, an American organization seeking to document airmen lost in China during the war was warmly welcomed and helped by the local people. After three days work, the remains of the pilot and his aircraft were recovered and transported to Hawaii. DNA testing later confirmed the pilot as Second Lt. Robert Hoyle Upchurch of North Carolina, USA. 397: 432:(CAMCO), which paid them $ 600 a month for pilot officers, $ 675 a month for flight leaders, $ 750 for squadron leaders (no pilot was recruited at this level), and about $ 250 for skilled ground crewmen. Some pilots were also orally promised a bounty of $ 500 for each enemy aircraft shot down, and this was later confirmed by Madame Chiang Kai-shek. 625:, sturdy construction, heavy armament, and a higher diving speed than most Japanese aircraft – qualities that Chennault's combat tactics were devised to exploit. To gain full advantage, Chennault created an early warning network of spotters that would give his fighters time to take off and climb to a superior altitude before engaging the Japanese. 916:

advanced farther than the west bank of the upper Salween. Claire Chennault later wrote of these critical missions, "The American Volunteer Group had staved off China's collapse on the Salween." Despite being on the defensive thereafter, the AVG continued to harass the JAAF with raids on their Vietnamese bases.

1551:

The recent scholar Li Rong argues that during and after the war Americans perceived the Flying Tigers as "proof of U.S. benevolence and superiority" and "helped many Americans regain confidence and assure their identities as racially and technologically superior people", a process that took attention

971:

The AVG's kill ratio was superior to that of contemporary Allied air groups in Malaya, the Philippines, and elsewhere in the Pacific theater. The AVG's success is all the more remarkable since they were outnumbered by Japanese fighters in almost all their engagements. The AVG's P-40s were superior to

504:

in 1939, and his judgment of the strengths and weaknesses of his own aircraft and pilots. The actual average strength of the AVG was never more than 62 combat-ready pilots and fighters. Chennault faced serious obstacles since many AVG pilots were inexperienced and a few quit at the first opportunity.

467:

outside Rangoon. Chennault set up a schoolhouse that was made necessary because many pilots had "lied about their flying experience, claiming pursuit experience when they had flown only bombers and sometimes much less powerful aeroplanes." They called Chennault "the Old Man" due to his much older age

423:

was refused a passport because he had earlier flown as a mercenary in Spain, so only 99 actually sailed for Asia. Ten more army flight instructors were hired as check pilots for Chinese cadets, and several of these would ultimately join the AVG's combat squadrons.) The volunteers were discharged from

274:

as to give hope to America that it might eventually defeat Japan. AVG pilots earned official credit and received combat bonuses for destroying 296 enemy aircraft, while losing only 14 pilots in combat. The combat records of the AVG still exist and researchers have found them credible. On 4 July 1942

1452:

On 6 October 1944, the Flying Tigers engaged a Japanese squadron over southern Hunan and a P-40N was shot down. The local authorities assembled a rescue team to rush to the spot; upon arrival, the team found that the plane had been torn to pieces and the pilot was dead. A group of locals covered the

915:

led a flight of four new P-40Es bombing and strafing into the mile deep Salween River Gorge. During the next four days, the AVG pilots flew continuous missions into the gorge, effectively neutralizing the Japanese forces. This prevented a Japanese advance on Kunming and Chongqing; the Japanese never

910:

Like the AVG's other bases, Baoshan was repeatedly bombed by the Japanese Army Air Force. Still, the AVG scored against their JAAF tormentors, bringing down four "Nates" of the 11th Sentai on 5 May and two "Anns". By 4 May, the successful Japanese Burma offensive was winding down, except for mopping

857:

Despite these minor victories and Chennault's reinforcement of the "Panda Bears" with pilots from the "Adam and Eves", by mid-February, only 10 P-40s were still operational at Mingaladon. Commonwealth troops retreated before the Japanese onslaught, and the AVG was pressed into the ground attack role

923:

had prompted the Japanese to launch an offensive to seize AVG air bases that could be used for attacks on the Japanese homeland. By 1 June, personnel that would form the nucleus of the new USAAF 23rd Fighter Group (the AVG's replacement) were beginning to trickle into the theater. Some of the last

797:

was particularly hard hit – it lost five out of the 15 bombers it had dispatched. Nevertheless, Rangoon and Mingaladon airfield were successfully bombed, with the city suffering more than 1,000 dead. Two Buffalos and two P-40s were destroyed on the ground, and one P-40 crashed when it attempted to

712:

near Rangoon. When the United States officially entered the war, the AVG had 82 pilots and 79 aircraft, although not all were combat-ready. Tiger Erik Shilling, part of the third squadron commented: "This was the beginning of the greatest adventure I would ever hope to experience. It wasn't until

1441:

to spirit him out of the prison to a PBY Catalina in the Gulf of Thailand. The wreck of his P-40 was discovered in 1991, and consists of the P-40's Allison engine, Hamilton Standard propeller and parts of the airframe. Today the wreckage is displayed at the Tango Squadron Wing 41 Museum in Chiang

1385:

opened in Kunming. The date is the 71st anniversary of the first combat from Kunming of the Flying Tigers. The Memorial Cemetery to Anti-Japanese Aviator Martyrs in Nanjing, China features a wall listing the names of Flying Tiger pilots and other pilots who defended China in World War II, and has

1006:

about forty-three, irreconcilably divorced. One of the youngest was a boy of nineteen who had enlisted in the army, then got right out again for this junket; he was longing for adventures with lots of shooting, perhaps because he was small for his age. A majority came from the South and West, and

471:

Of the 300 original members of the CAMCO personnel, nine were Chinese-Americans recruited from America's Chinatowns. All nine were trained at Allison Engineworks in Indianapolis, Indiana: all were P-40 mechanics. Upon arrival in Kunming, two other Chinese-Americans were hired, a Ford Motor truck

703:

leading from there to China were of crucial importance. Eastern China was under Japanese occupation, so all military supplies for China arrived via the Burma route. By November 1941, when the pilots were trained and most of the P-40s had arrived in Asia, the Flying Tigers were divided into three

571:

AVG fighter aircraft came from a Curtiss assembly line which had just started producing Tomahawk IIB models for the Royal Air Force in North Africa. The Tomahawk IIB was similar to the U.S. Army's P-40C, but there is some evidence that Curtiss actually used leftover components when building the

528:

When Japanese aircraft attacked, Chennault's doctrine called for pilots to take on enemy aircraft in teams from an altitude advantage, since their aircraft were not as maneuverable or as numerous as the Japanese fighters they would encounter. He prohibited his pilots from entering into a turning

902:

raided the base. In the ensuing series of dogfights, four Ki-43s were downed in exchange for one P-40E destroyed on the ground. During this period, Chinese and American commanders pressured Chennault to order his pilots to undertake so-called "morale missions". These were overflights and ground

1259:

from India. He convinced Chennault to loan him a P-40 which he flew to protect the supply route; his aggressiveness led to Chennault's recruiting him as commander of the 23rd Fighter Group. Scott brought recognition to his exploits and those of the Flying Tigers with his 1943 bestselling

897:

Reinforced by new P-40E "Kittyhawks" and by repaired aircraft from the AVG's excellent maintenance group, 12 P-40s were based at Loiwing on 8 April. Despite the long retreats, their losses and incessant air combat, the AVG still retained their abilities. That day, 12 Oscars from the 64th

865:

By 24 January, the Flying Tigers had destroyed 73 Japanese aircraft while losing only five themselves – a notable performance, considering the AVG was outnumbered and faced experienced and fully trained Japanese pilots. The main disadvantage of JAAF fighter pilots of this period was the

1001:

of the AVG described the background of the volunteers in his memoir, "Most men were escaping from frustrations or disappointments, as perhaps I was. They hoped an unknown future in unknown places would somehow give them a second chance. One of the oldest was a tough former

270:(local time). It demonstrated innovative tactical victories when the news in the U.S. was filled with little more than stories of defeat at the hands of the Japanese forces, and achieved such notable success during the lowest period of the war for both the U.S. and the 185: 357:

supplied fighter and bomber squadrons to China, but these units were mostly withdrawn by the summer of 1940. Chiang then asked for American combat aircraft and pilots, sending Chennault to Washington as an adviser to China's ambassador and Chiang's brother-in-law,

753:

The first squadron had flown up to Kunming to defend the terminus of the Burma Road and saw some combat action on 20 December 1941 while defending Rangoon from Japanese bombers, taking down four of them and disrupting their attack on the Burma Road.

529:

fight with the nimble Japanese fighters, telling them to execute a diving or slashing attack and to dive away to set up for another attack. This "dive-and-zoom" technique was contrary to what the men had learned in U.S. service as well as what the

258:

forces. The AVG were officially members of the Republic of China Air Force. The group had contracts with salaries ranging from $ 250 a month for a mechanic to $ 750 for a squadron commander, roughly three times what they had been making in the

2596: 704:

squadrons: 1st Squadron ("Adam & Eves"); 2nd Squadron ("Panda Bears") and 3rd Squadron ("Hell's Angels"). They were assigned to opposite ends of the Burma Road to protect this vital line of communications. Two squadrons were based at

982:. He notes that its pilots were "triple volunteers" who had volunteered for service with the U.S. military, the AVG, and brutal fighting in Burma. The result was a corps of experienced and skilled volunteer pilots who wanted to fight. 468:

and leathery exterior obtained from years flying open cockpit pursuit aircraft in the Army Air Corps. Most believed that he had flown as a fighter pilot in China, although stories that he was a combat ace are probably apocryphal.

435: 1408:

General Chennault retired to Monroe, Louisiana. The University of Louisiana at Monroe changed its mascots to the "Warhawks" in his honor, and a micro-brewery named Flying Tiger Brewery opened in downtown Monroe in November 2016.

475:

The AVG was created by an executive order of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. He did not speak English, however, and Chennault never learned to speak Chinese. As a result, all communications between the two men were routed through

724:

attacking Kunming. The bombers jettisoned their loads before reaching Kunming. Three of the Japanese bombers were shot down near Kunming and a fourth was damaged so severely that it crashed before returning to its airfield at

1465:

Just before their 50th reunion in 1992, the AVG veterans were retroactively recognized as members of the U.S. military services during the seven months the group was in combat against the Japanese. The AVG was then awarded a

1393:, devotes a wing in its military section to the history of the Flying Tigers, including a tribute wall featuring a thousand porcelain photos of members of the Flying Tigers as well as many historical artifacts from the era. 858:

to support them. One unfortunate result of these missions was a prolonged air attack on a suspected Japanese column on 21 February that turned out to consist of Commonwealth troops. More than 100 Allied people died in this

1610:

features an X-wing starfighter squadron named the "Lightspeed Panthers". Co-author Paul R. Urquhart confirmed in the book's endnotes that the squadron was intended to be a direct reference to the Flying Tigers.

1894:"One Last Combat Victory : The Flying Tigers tore up the Japanese in World War II. Now, they have won a U.S. admission that they were on 'active duty,' and memos disclose the operation's covert nature" 1425:, Thailand. The aircraft is believed to be that flown by William "Mac" McGarry when he was hit by anti-aircraft fire while flying top cover over Chiang Mai on 24 March 1942. The aircraft crashed into the 2590: 186: 188: 5062: 1561:, Jake Cutter and Corky, were formerly members of the Flying Tigers, the former a pilot and the latter a mechanic. Several episodes featured flashbacks or characters from their time with the AVG. 757:

At this time, the focus of Japan's offensive efforts in the AVG's coverage area was southern Burma. The 3rd Squadron – 18 aircraft strong – defended Rangoon from 23 to 25 December. On 23 December,

4249: 4448: 3450: 749:. The Chinese characters read, "This foreign person has come to China to help in the war effort. Soldiers and civilians, one and all, should rescue and protect him." (R. E. Baldwin Collection) 621:

and Erik Shilling.) About the same time, the AVG was dubbed "The Flying Tigers" by its Washington support group, called China Defense Supplies. The P-40's good qualities included pilot armor,

1681: 5057: 4676: 1365:

on 24 March 1942; and to Charles Mott and William McGarry, who were shot down and captured in Thailand. In Taiwan, Madame Chiang Kai-Shek requested a statue of Chennault in the New Park of

4681: 4048: 4976: 5052: 2788: 2449: 189: 4014: 737: 576:

coatings, rather than the more effective internal membranes as fitted to the P-40C/Tomahawk IIB, and the aircraft built for China lacked the later Tomahawk's fittings to carry a

5042: 5047: 516:

Starting from areas in Free China, in hundreds of small villages, in lonely outposts, in hills and caves, stretching from near Canton through all Free China to the capital in

1788: 587:

The 100 P-40 aircraft were crated and sent to Burma on third country freighters during spring 1941. At Rangoon, they were unloaded, assembled and test flown by personnel of

505:

However, he made a virtue out of these disadvantages, shifting unsuitable pilots to staff jobs and always ensuring that he had a squadron or two in reserve. (The AVG had

5027: 5022: 823:

After its losses in the 23–25 December battles, the 3rd Squadron was relieved by the 2nd Squadron "Panda Bears", which carried out a series of raids on JAAF airbases in

1453:

pilot's body with a red cloth and carried it to the county township. After a mourning ceremony, he was buried and a gravestone erected for the locals to pay respect on

4546: 2731: 2473: 1339:

has a display of memorabilia inside a mockup of AVG ground facilities, with a P-40N painted in AVG markings. Finally, a memorial to the AVG and 14th AF is located at

2757: 4570: 4441: 3443: 1396:

In March 2015, the Flying Tiger Heritage Park was opened in Guilin in collaboration with the Flying Tiger Historical Organization. The park is built on the site of

1656:

features the 45th Volunteer Squadron, who after scoring a number of victories is given the name 'Flying Tigers' due to their similar beginning and fighting style.

369:

fighters and the recruiting of 100 pilots and some 200 ground crew and administrative personnel that would constitute the 1st AVG. He also laid the groundwork for

3400: 1328: 1304: 472:

specialist and a doctor, raising the total to 11. Prior to 4 July 1942, three of the P-40 mechanics resigned. The official AVG roster lists the original eight.

401: 4898: 4893: 4641: 4610: 4244: 4037: 3693: 4951: 1624:

team saluted the Chinese military and the United States Navy and Marine Corps by wearing special Flying Tigers uniforms, including sharktooth designs on the

496:

Chennault preached a radically different approach to air combat based on his study of Japanese tactics and equipment, his observation of the tactics used by

4426: 240:, their mission was to bomb Japan and defend the Republic of China, but many delays meant the AVG first flew in combat after the US and Japan declared war. 1701: 572:

fighters intended for China, making them closer to the older P-40B/Tomahawk IIA specification - for instance the AVG aircraft had fuel tanks with external

1343:

in California, depicting a P-40 in AVG markings with a bronze plaque describing the unit's history and Vandenberg's role as headquarters for the 14th AF.

4434: 3436: 1471: 1467: 928:("Nick") heavy fighters. The AVG's last combat was over Hengyang on the day it was disbanded, 4 July 1942. In this final action, the AVG shot down four 187: 4656: 4646: 4531: 4007: 3931: 3857: 2696: 1636: 862:

incident. On 27 February, after hearing that the RAF was retreating and pulling out its radar equipment, the AVG withdrew to bases in northern Burma.

4493: 3836: 2493: 1644: 1632: 1236:. Chennault was reinstated as a colonel and immediately promoted to brigadier general commanding U.S. Army air units in China (initially designated 2186:"The Flying Tigers, American Volunteer Group – Chinese Air Force, A Brief History with Recollections and Comments by General Claire Lee Chennault." 1893: 5032: 3622: 1079:

Harry R. Bolster had one air-to-air victory with the 2nd Squadron AVG. He returned to the US Army Air Force and was killed flying an experimental

563: 4991: 1169: 4981: 4561: 1950: 588: 524:, far northwest, are a maze of alarm stations equipped with radios and telephones that give instant warning of the approach of Japanese planes. 429: 263:. While it accepted some civilian volunteers for its headquarters and ground crew, the AVG recruited most of its staff from the U.S. military. 455:, operated by Java-Pacific Lijn. The second batch, some 30 pilots, departed on 24 September 1941 and arrived on 12 November on the Dutch ship 3562: 3311: 3179: 3085: 3074: 2938: 501: 5037: 4961: 4000: 2780: 1629: 2445: 2429: 989:, and many AVG pilots received the Chinese Air Force Medal. Each AVG ace and double ace was awarded the Five Star or Ten Star Wing Medal. 1918: 713:

years later that I fully realized the magnitude and significance of this first step, to be a lifelong adventure in the mystic Far East."

459:. These volunteers used civilian passports on these trips. After arriving in Rangoon, they were initially based at a British airfield in 4919: 4556: 4526: 4103: 1068:, who bailed out at Rangoon, was strafed and killed while parachuting to the ground in January 1942, had earlier scripted and drawn the 1018:

broke his contract with the AVG in the spring of 1942 and returned to active duty with the U.S. Marine Corps. He went on to command the

580:

and the addition of an armor plate in front of the pilot. The fighters were purchased without "government-furnished equipment" such as

4541: 4108: 3607: 2652: 1502: 512:

Chennault and the Flying Tigers benefited from the country's warning network, called "the best air-raid warning system in existence":

2380: 342: 4946: 4536: 4505: 3841: 3688: 3557: 3341: 3326: 3296: 3253: 3238: 3223: 3208: 3164: 3149: 3134: 3056: 3040: 3011: 2968: 2953: 2895: 2866: 2851: 2836: 2358: 2312: 1613: 1316: 678: 2335: 533:(RAF) pilots in Burma had been taught; it had been used successfully, however, by Soviet units serving with the Chinese Air Force. 236:

aircraft, marked with Chinese colors, flew under American control. Recruited under President Franklin Roosevelt's authority before

1784: 4661: 4237: 1188: 1091: 782: 310:

in his Kunming office, May 1942. He wears a US Army brigadier general's star on his left shoulder but Chinese insignia otherwise.

2289: 2096: 4971: 4625: 4587: 4582: 4269: 4058: 2266: 2064: 1374: 4488: 4464: 3946: 2677: 2627: 2410: 2041: 1866: 716:

The AVG's first combat mission was on 20 December 1941, when aircraft of the 1st and 2nd squadrons intercepted 10 unescorted

660: 656: 31: 2717: 2470: 2243: 4375: 3522: 3464: 2753: 1233: 986: 592: 280: 2188: 1470:

for "professionalism, dedication to duty, and extraordinary heroism." In 1996, the U.S. Air Force awarded the pilots the

3716: 1434: 1297: 1111: 709: 464: 416: 266:

The Flying Tigers began to arrive in China in April 1941. The group first saw combat on 20 December 1941, 12 days after

217: 3187:

AVG & USAAF (China-Burma-India Theater) Credits for Destruction of Enemy Aircraft in Air to Air Combat, World War 2

4880: 4500: 4023: 3878: 3820: 1691: 1670: 1245: 559:, Tunisia. The ground crewman on the wing is directing the pilot, whose view ahead is hindered by the aircraft's nose. 425: 346: 205: 3093:"Wartime Storytelling and Mythmaking: Interpreting and Remembering the Flying Tigers in the United States, 1941–1945" 1133: 1101:

served under Lieutenant Colonel Dr. Fred P. Manget in Kunming, China. She was recruited by Colonel Dr. Thomas Gentry.

1033: 912: 3656: 439:

Resignation letter from the U.S. Marine Corps, used to accept a position with the Central Aircraft Manufacturing Co.

4966: 4931: 4885: 4875: 3612: 2517: 2156: 1621: 1433:. McGarry was captured and interrogated, and spent most of the war in a Thai prison. Toward the end of the war the 260: 225: 213: 649: 4826: 4083: 3757: 3572: 2547: 1736: 1696: 1522: 1340: 1269: 610: 2133: 1327:

in Monroe, Louisiana, has an extensive collection of Flying Tigers and AVG memorabilia. The AVG monument in the

287:

with General Chennault as commander. The 23rd FG went on to achieve similar combat success, while retaining the

4996: 4222: 3783: 3527: 3260:

Schaller, Michael (1976), "American Air Strategy in China, 1939–1941: The Origins of Clandestine Air Warfare",

1810:

Schaller, Michael (1976), "American Air Strategy in China, 1939–1941: The Origins of Clandestine Air Warfare",

1557: 1390: 1324: 370: 315: 1544: 985:

During their service with the Nationalist Chinese air force, 33 AVG pilots and three ground crew received the

584:, radios and wing guns; the lack of these items caused continual difficulties for the AVG in Burma and China. 893:

Hayabusa was a single-engined land-based fighter used by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force in World War II

4914: 4073: 3597: 3542: 3532: 3423: 2693: 1336: 1055: 1042:

earned a law degree postwar, became a California Superior Court judge, and presided at the murder trial of

5017: 4867: 4796: 4766: 4620: 4483: 4478: 4264: 3815: 3810: 3726: 1686: 1382: 1073: 919:

With the Burma campaign over, Chennault redeployed his squadrons to provide air protection for China. The

622: 573: 480:, "Madame Chiang" as she was known to Americans, and she was designated the group's "honorary commander." 271: 267: 237: 134: 112: 83: 1916:

Originally written by John Richards Rossi, published on Flying Tigers Association in 1998. Reprinted in:

1315:

worn by an AVG pilot in China, a banner presented to the AAF by the Chinese government, and a P-40E. The

4786: 4761: 4651: 4575: 4181: 4042: 3862: 3752: 3617: 3582: 3507: 1903: 1874: 1252: 412: 3460: 1397: 4274: 4176: 4151: 3971: 3966: 3747: 3485: 3467: 3394: 2722: 1730: 1497: 1488: 1241: 1237: 1121: 1065: 925: 618: 614: 603: 292: 284: 233: 229: 65: 3379: 1947: 385: 4841: 4821: 4521: 4191: 3981: 3976: 3767: 3762: 3678: 790: 374: 323: 247: 145: 3428: 4941: 4811: 4671: 4666: 4279: 4232: 4227: 3956: 3742: 3721: 3517: 3277: 3112: 3092: 1827: 1718: 1438: 1320: 1098: 408: 221: 1486:

A number of feature films have referenced the AVG directly or indirectly, the most famous being

972:

the JAAF's Ki-27s, but the group's kill ratio against modern Ki-43s was still in its favor. In

4924: 4836: 4806: 4801: 4776: 4078: 3961: 3936: 3683: 3627: 3592: 3352: 3337: 3322: 3307: 3292: 3249: 3234: 3219: 3204: 3190: 3175: 3160: 3145: 3130: 3081: 3070: 3052: 3036: 3022: 3007: 2993: 2979: 2964: 2949: 2934: 2920: 2906: 2891: 2877: 2862: 2847: 2832: 2818: 2673: 2648: 2623: 1928: 1898: 1750: 1740: 1640: 1475: 1454: 1080: 1059: 1049: 998: 879: 331: 327: 276: 1990: 1090:

served as Chennault's "staff secretary" while the AVG trained at Rangoon; he was interned at

4936: 4851: 4816: 4551: 4093: 3941: 3921: 3911: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3602: 3577: 3567: 3417: 3269: 3104: 1819: 1531: 1127: 851: 786: 766: 758: 319: 307: 244: 173: 17: 1369:

to commemorate this wartime friend after his death (the statue has since been relocated to

4846: 4781: 4751: 4747: 4315: 4196: 4126: 4098: 4088: 3951: 3926: 3916: 3906: 3587: 3537: 2700: 2477: 2414: 2384: 2377: 2362: 2339: 2316: 2293: 2270: 2247: 2192: 2160: 2137: 2100: 2068: 2045: 1954: 1923: 1746: 1724: 1625: 1617:, a 2017 video game developed and published by Ace Maddox, is based on the Flying Tigers. 1569: 1400:

and includes a museum, aircraft shelters, and relics of a command post located in a cave.

1184: 1175: 1151: 1023: 1015: 978: 945: 581: 530: 497: 390: 338: 255: 2355: 2309: 389:

3rd Squadron Hell's Angels, Flying Tigers, over China, photographed in 1942 by AVG pilot

3413:

The Air Force Story – The Drawing of the Battle Lines, December 1941 – April 1942 (1953)

2332: 2175:

Wambold Jr., Donald A.. "A Flying Tiger's War." World War II 20, no. 2, 2005, pp. 22–25.

924:

missions the AVG flew were defending Guilin against raids by JAAF Nates, Lilys, and new

48: 4771: 4743: 4400: 4345: 4310: 4186: 3552: 3547: 3512: 1535: 1303:

There are several museum displays in the United States honoring the Flying Tigers. The

1285: 1280: 1043: 1027: 1003: 949: 929: 920: 890: 843: 828: 806: 774: 717: 602:

on the front of the aircraft. This was done after pilots saw a photograph of a P-40 of

506: 477: 420: 365:

Chennault spent the winter of 1940–1941 in Washington, supervising the purchase of 100

3374: 2404: 1292: 463:

for training while their aircraft were assembled and test flown by CAMCO personnel at

5011: 4986: 4739: 4259: 4206: 3116: 2727: 2286: 2093: 1527: 1517: 1145: 1069: 1039: 859: 817: 444: 335: 124: 95: 2263: 2061: 874:

After Rangoon was lost to the Japanese at the end of February, the AVG relocated to

606:

in North Africa, which in turn had adopted the shark face from German pilots of the

254:

before the American entry into World War II to defend the Republic of China against

4956: 4729: 4305: 4300: 4146: 3471: 3389: 1539: 1512: 1507: 1446: 1358: 1335:

crowned with a brass model of a P-40; the monument stands nearly 14 feet tall. The

1308: 1265: 1087: 940: 904: 875: 552: 547: 542: 366: 354: 3411: 2038: 1878: 1785:"American Volunteer Group: Claire L. Chennault and the Flying Tigers – HistoryNet" 839:) launched fighter sweeps and counter raids on the Allied airfield at Mingaladon. 2240: 1117:

Nineteen pilots were credited by the AVG with five or more air-to-air victories:

4831: 4724: 4395: 4295: 4166: 4156: 1675: 1577: 1426: 1370: 1232:

The success of the AVG led to negotiations in spring 1942 to induct it into the

953: 885: 638: 488: 359: 27:

Group of American pilots who flew for the Republic of China Air Force in 1941–42

4791: 4410: 4405: 4390: 3992: 3108: 2185: 1652: 1564:

Similarly, the Flying Tigers have been the focus of several novels, including

1493: 1422: 1347: 1312: 742: 700: 4734: 4706: 4701: 4415: 4320: 4171: 4161: 4131: 2784: 2094:"Tale of a Tiger – From The Diary of Robert T. Smith, Flying Tiger, part 4." 1602: 832: 577: 517: 1867:"History: The Flying Tigers - American Volunteer Group - Chinese Air Force" 1052:

was a long-time Oregon legislator and mayor of his home town of Hood River.

303: 30:

This article is about the World War II aviation unit. For other uses, see

4756: 4350: 4325: 3194: 3033:

Roar of the Tiger: From Flying Tigers to Mustangs, A Fighter Ace's Memoir

2781:"Air Force finally got to wear awesome fighter plane shark teeth helmets" 1705: 1430: 1362: 1256: 824: 599: 556: 288: 3356: 2997: 2924: 2910: 2881: 2509: 2153: 1244:), while continuing to command the AVG by virtue of his position in the 793:. Eight Ki-21s were shot down for the loss of three AVG P-40s. The 60th 4719: 4715: 4711: 4380: 4370: 4365: 3281: 3142:

Tiger Tenacity: Courage and Determination Forged the Don Rodewald Story

3026: 2983: 2822: 2154:"The Flying Tigers" Claire Chennault and the American Volunteer Group." 1919:"A Flying Tiger's Story by Dick Rossi, Pilot, American Volunteer Group" 1831: 1354: 1019: 965: 961: 705: 692: 663: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 521: 460: 448: 424:

the armed services, to be employed for "training and instruction" by a

396: 350: 3384: 3127:

Flying Tiger: A Crew Chief's Story: The War Diary of an AVG Crew Chief

2961:

Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, 1941–1942

2539: 1552:

away from AVG flyers' misconduct and minimized Chinese contributions.

974:

Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, 1941–1942

4459: 4360: 4355: 4340: 4136: 3172:

The Old Man and the Harley: A Last Ride Through Our Fathers' America.

2815:

Old Leatherface of the Flying Tigers: The Story of General Chennault.

2130: 1366: 1351: 1332: 1058:, founder of the first scheduled cargo airline in America, named the 3273: 3067:

No Greater Ally: The Untold Story of Poland's Forces in World War II

1823: 1635:. The team first wore the uniform for its 10 September game against 1311:, Ohio, has an extensive display dedicated to the AVG, including an 3248:. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood-Heinemann Publishing, 1973. 2948:. Tollhouse, California: Scrub Jay Press (www.Scrubjay.net), 2004. 4385: 4335: 4330: 4201: 1733:, American volunteers in the French Air Service during World War I 1500:

as fighter pilots. Other wartime films with an AVG angle included

1378: 1291: 1279: 1008: 960:

The AVG lacked many resources. Despite its location in areas with

939: 884: 835:, and its remaining aircraft in the area (the 77th, 31st and 62nd 736: 726: 696: 562: 546: 509:, so no division between officers and enlisted soldiers existed.) 487: 434: 395: 384: 302: 251: 183: 1600:, a novel for younger readers, was written by Earle Rice Jr. The 4141: 801:

On 25 December, the JAAF returned, reinforced by Ki-21s of 12th

4430: 3996: 3432: 3369: 976:, Daniel Ford attributes the AVG's success to morale and group 2861:

College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 1993.

1357:

was dedicated on 11 November 2003, inscribed to Chennault; to

632: 617:

fighters in Crete. (The AVG nose-art is variously credited to

3375:

Extensive documentary with interviews about the Flying Tigers

3349:

The Flying Tigers: The Story of the American Volunteer Group.

2430:"Heritage park honoring U.S. 'Flying Tigers' opens in China". 216:. Operating in 1941–1942, it was composed of pilots from the 2241:"Complete Roster of the American Volunteer Group, 1941–'42." 2963:. Washington, D.C.: HarperCollins-Smithsonian Books, 2007. 854:). Four were shot down for the loss of no Allied aircraft. 3218:. Charleston, South Carolina: BookSurge Publishing, 2007. 2890:. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 2003. 1704:, who flew supplies to China over the eastern Himalayas (" 400:

P-40 Warhawk painted with Flying Tigers shark face at the

2446:"Ouachita Life: You'll never forget the Chennault Museum" 1948:"Claire Chennault and the Flying Tigers of World War II." 1373:). A Flying Tigers Memorial is located in the village of 4250:

Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)

2872:

Boyington, "Pappy" (Col. Gregory Boyington, USMC, Ret.).

1346:

There are also several memorials to the AVG in Asia. In

4977:

National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology

3019:

With General Chennault: The Story of the Flying Tigers.

2754:"Air Force's new helmets dip into World War II history" 2378:

http://www.cnac.org/rebeccachan_piloted_to_serve_01.pdf

3080:

Lee, Keith, 'a Chinese in the AVG' – Self-published –

3006:. Spartanburg, South Carolina: Honoribus Press, 2003. 2406:

Former 'Flying Tigers' Visit Nanjing Memorial Cemetery

1682:

Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–45)

1492:, a 1942 black-and-white film from Republic, starring 1251:

One of the pilots drawn to the success of the AVG was

5063:

Military units and formations disestablished in 1942

1727:, American volunteers in the RAF during World War II 785:(JAAF) formation was intercepted by the AVG and RAF 4907: 4860: 4694: 4634: 4603: 4596: 4514: 4471: 4288: 4215: 4119: 4066: 4030: 3871: 3850: 3829: 3803: 3796: 3776: 3735: 3709: 3702: 3671: 3664: 3500: 3493: 3321:. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 1997. 3129:. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 2000. 2831:. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 1999. 1445:The wreck of another AVG P-40 is believed to be in 850:was met by 10 Allied fighters (eight P-40s and two 371:

a follow-on bomber group and a second fighter group

167: 162: 154: 140: 130: 101: 72: 58: 41: 3416:is available for free viewing and download at the 3231:The Maverick War: Chennault and the Flying Tigers. 1386:several unmarked graves for such American pilots. 5058:Military units and formations established in 1941 3144:. Lake City, Colorado: Golden Stone Press, 2000. 2718:"Impressions: Flying Tigers - Shadows Over China" 2592:Spies in the Garden: A Novel of War and Espionage 2366:AFG: American Volunteer Group, The Flying Tigers, 2343:AFG: American Volunteer Group, The Flying Tigers, 2320:AFG: American Volunteer Group, The Flying Tigers, 2297:AFG: American Volunteer Group, The Flying Tigers, 2274:AFG: American Volunteer Group, The Flying Tigers, 2251:AFG: American Volunteer Group, The Flying Tigers, 2196:AFG: American Volunteer Group, The Flying Tigers, 2126: 2124: 2072:AFG: American Volunteer Group, The Flying Tigers, 2049:AFG: American Volunteer Group, The Flying Tigers, 1739:, American volunteers fighting for Poland in the 1555:The two lead characters of the television series 1331:Memorial Garden features a marble sculpture of a 1022:and was one of two AVG veterans (the other being 952:. The "Flying Tiger" insignia was created by the 773:, sortied against Rangoon. They were escorted by 761:"Sally" heavy bombers of the 60th, 62nd and 98th 3407:magazine article, including numerous photographs 3336:. Van Nuys, California: Tiger Originals, 1986. 3319:With Chennault in China: A Flying Tiger's Diary 2844:Escape From Hell: An AVG Flying Tiger's Journey 2670:Tiger, Lion, Hawk: A Story of the Flying Tigers 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1323:, Florida also has a Flying Tiger display. The 598:AVG fighter aircraft were painted with a large 514: 3291:. Pomona, California: Ben-Wal Printing, 1993. 2420:, 25 August 2005. Retrieved: 17 February 2010. 1417:The wreckage of a P-40 with CAF serial number 1329:National Museum of the United States Air Force 1305:National Museum of the United States Air Force 567:A ZG 76 Bf 110C with "sharks mouth" nose paint 402:National Museum of the United States Air Force 5053:Military history of China during World War II 4899:2023 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan 4894:2022 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan 4611:Chinese-American Composite Wing (Provisional) 4442: 4245:Chinese-American Composite Wing (Provisional) 4008: 3694:Chinese-American Composite Wing (Provisional) 3444: 3289:Destiny: A Flying Tigers Rendezvous With Fate 2931:American Volunteer Group Colours and Markings 2499:10 January 2007. Retrieved: 12 February 2012. 2039:"A Flying Tigers Story by Dick Rossi, Pilot." 1036:later commanded the USAAF 23rd Fighter Group. 8: 3304:China Pilot: Flying for Chiang and Chennault 3159:New York: William Morrow and Company, 1984. 2857:Bond, Maj. Gen. Charles and Terry Anderson. 5043:Groups of the United States Army Air Forces 3484:(AVG) "Flying Tigers" (Dec 1941-July 1942) 3397:at The Museum of Flight Digital Collections 3189:. Aurora, Ohio: Privately published, 1986. 3174:Nashville, Tennessee: Thoman Nelson, 2008. 3051:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 1721:, a USAF group descended from Flying Tigers 1671:Air warfare in the Second Sino-Japanese War 842:On 12 January, the Japanese launched their 250:of around 30 aircraft each that trained in 4600: 4449: 4435: 4427: 4015: 4001: 3993: 3800: 3706: 3668: 3497: 3451: 3437: 3429: 3380:Sino-American Aviation Heritage Foundation 2842:Bishop, Lewis S. and Shiela Bishop-Irwin. 2435:, 29 March 2015. Retrieved: 26 April 2015. 2227: 2148: 2146: 1991:"Chennault Fights to Hold the China Front" 1852: 1255:who was flying supplies into Kunming over 1083:at Eglin Field, Florida, October 10, 1944. 595:stocks toward the end of its combat tour. 555:of 112 Squadron, taxiing through scrub at 373:, though these would be aborted after the 275:the AVG was disbanded and replaced by the 4647:101st Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion 4532:Department of Conscription Administration 2206: 2204: 2166:, 27 June 2011. Retrieved: 26 April 2015. 1474:and the ground crew were all awarded the 745:" issued to the American Volunteer Group 679:Learn how and when to remove this message 283:, which was later absorbed into the U.S. 5028:Expatriate military units and formations 5023:Air units and formations of World War II 4992:Ship and Ocean Industries R&D Center 3395:Robert H. Neale Flying Tigers Collection 3097:Journal of American-East Asian Relations 2510:"Recovering that P-40 from Lake Kunming" 1011:were the largest group from any state." 443:The first batch, some 300 men, departed 4465:Republic of China (Taiwan) Armed Forces 2992:New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., 1943. 2224:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 68. 1767: 451:, Burma, on 28 July, on the Dutch ship 5048:China–United States military relations 4982:Taiwan and weapons of mass destruction 4562:Republic of China Armed Forces Reserve 1942: 1940: 1938: 1749:, American volunteers fighting in the 589:Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company 430:Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company 38: 4642:12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron 4038:12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron 3069:. New York: Osprey Publishing, 2009. 3049:With the Tigers over China, 1941-1942 2595:. Banana Tree Press. 6 January 2016. 2550:from the original on 8 September 2022 1958:U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission, 1678:, America's first ace in World War II 1389:The largest private museum in China, 827:. The Japanese had moved aircraft to 7: 4962:List of military accidents in Taiwan 3233:New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. 2978:Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1968. 2919:New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1949. 2888:Chennault: Giving Wings to the Tiger 2876:New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1958. 2540:"Biography of Robert Hoyle Upchurch" 2452:from the original on 30 January 2021 661:adding citations to reliable sources 4920:Coast Guard Administration (Taiwan) 4557:All-Out Defense Mobilization Agency 4104:Republic of China Air Force Academy 3002:Hill, David Lee and Regan Schaupp. 2933:. London: Osprey Publishing, 2001. 2846:. New York: Tiger Eye Press, 2005. 2817:New York: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1945. 2779:Kirshner, Alex (30 December 2016). 2760:from the original on 16 August 2016 2104:Planes and Pilots Of World War Two, 1753:(1936–1939) on the Republican side. 1692:Chinese Expeditionary Force (Burma) 1110:For a more comprehensive list, see 948:stands next to his P-40 fighter at 4109:Republic of China Air Force Museum 4045:(U.S. Air Force training squadron) 2905:New York: Paul S. Eriksson, 1963. 2706:2010. Retrieved: 17 November 2012. 2694:"EG to Warfare: Endnotes, pt. 10." 2692:Fry, Jason and Paul R. Urquhart. 2577: 1892:Vartabedian, Ralph (6 July 1991). 25: 4947:Heng Shan Military Command Center 2974:Frillmann, Paul and Graham Peck. 2599:from the original on 26 June 2022 2520:from the original on 24 July 2019 2115: 2007: 1969: 1713:Similar or related American units 1614:Flying Tigers: Shadows Over China 1596:, both written by Dr. Iris Yang. 1510:as a Flying Tiger ace on leave); 1317:National Museum of Naval Aviation 769:"Ann" attack bombers of the 31st 381:Original American volunteer group 4458: 4057: 3863:35th Photographic Reconnaissance 3858:21st Photographic Reconnaissance 3655: 3459: 3246:Flying Tiger: Chennault of China 2903:Chennault and the Flying Tigers. 2791:from the original on 26 May 2017 2618:Blankenship, William D. (1976). 1791:from the original on 2 July 2016 1461:Recognition by the United States 1296:Restored P-40 on display at the 1197:J. Richard Rossi: 6.25 victories 1170:John V. "Scarsdale Jack" Newkirk 1026:of the USAAF) to be awarded the 783:Imperial Japanese Army Air Force 637: 502:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 407:Of the pilots, 60 came from the 212:, was formed to help oppose the 117: 106: 88: 77: 47: 4972:National Airborne Service Corps 4626:Technical Air Intelligence Unit 4583:National Defense Medical Center 4270:Technical Air Intelligence Unit 3424:AVG colour schemes and markings 3021:New York: Coward-McCann, 1943. 2946:Longburst and the Flying Tigers 2734:from the original on 5 May 2016 2220:Frillmann, Paul; Peck, Graham. 2131:"History of the Flying Tigers." 1989:Belden, Jack (10 August 1942). 798:land on a bomb-damaged runway. 648:needs additional citations for 447:on 10 July 1941 and arrived in 5033:Mercenary units and formations 4049:Thunder Tigers Aerobatics Team 3351:New York: Viking Press, 1942. 2418:china.org (Xinhua News Agency) 2310:"Kenneth Jernstedt biography." 1927:. 22 July 2005. Archived from 1843:Ford 2007, pp. 45–45, 249-250. 1608:The Essential Guide to Warfare 1200:Robert Prescott: 5.5 victories 1194:C. Joseph Rosbert: 6 victories 944:Flight leader and fighter ace 202:First American Volunteer Group 32:Flying Tigers (disambiguation) 1: 4682:Thunder Tiger Aerobatics Team 4376:Sniper Advanced Targeting Pod 3900:United States Army Air Forces 3306:. New York, Brassey's, 1995. 2483:. Retrieved: 27 October 2007. 2368:1998. Retrieved: 5 July 2011. 2345:1998. Retrieved: 5 July 2011. 2322:1998. Retrieved: 5 July 2011. 2299:1998. Retrieved: 5 July 2011. 2276:1998. Retrieved: 5 July 2011. 2253:1998. Retrieved: 5 July 2011. 2198:1998. Retrieved: 5 July 2011. 2106:1986. Retrieved: 5 July 2011. 2074:1998. Retrieved: 5 July 2011. 2051:1998. Retrieved: 5 July 2011. 1960:2003. Retrieved: 5 July 2011. 1206:William Bartling: 5 victories 1187:: 6 victories (6 more in the 987:Order of the Cloud and Banner 281:United States Army Air Forces 243:The group consisted of three 228:(USMC), and was commanded by 4547:Ministry of National Defense 3482:1st American Volunteer Group 2829:Flying Tiger to Air Commando 2471:"Flying Tigers Curtiss P40." 2356:"Allen Christman biography." 2333:"Robert Prescott biography." 1435:Office of Strategic Services 1298:National World War II Museum 1218:Robert H. Smith: 5 victories 1157:William McGarry: 8 victories 1139:George Burgard: 10 victories 1112:List of Flying Tigers pilots 765:, along with single-engined 330:since August 1937, first as 318:was largely the creation of 218:United States Army Air Corps 42:1st American Volunteer Group 18:1st American Volunteer Group 5038:Republic of China Air Force 4571:National Defense University 4024:Republic of China Air Force 3390:Flying Tigers Heritage Park 3385:Annals of the Flying Tigers 3203:New York: Doubleday, 1987. 3047:Klinkowitz, Jerome (1999). 2976:China: The Remembered Life. 2716:Walker, John (4 May 2016). 2264:"David Lee Hill biography." 1665:About China in World War II 1628:, for two games during the 1588:by William D. Blankenship, 1215:Robert Sandell: 5 victories 1212:Edmund Overend: 5 victories 1142:Robert Little: 10 victories 720:"Lily" bombers of the 21st 613:heavy fighter wing, flying 426:private military contractor 341:in the early months of the 206:Republic of China Air Force 5079: 4967:Military history of Taiwan 4932:Defense industry of Taiwan 2643:Yang, Iris (25 May 2018). 2287:"Charles Older biography." 2222:China: The Remembered Life 2083:Ford 2007, pp. 82–83, 107. 1622:Air Force Falcons football 1472:Distinguished Flying Cross 1468:Presidential Unit Citation 1361:, who was killed in North 1203:Percy Bartelt: 5 victories 1181:Robert Hedman: 6 victories 1109: 540: 484:Chennault fighter doctrine 349:flight school centered in 326:officer who had worked in 214:Japanese invasion of China 29: 4084:Ching Chuan Kang Air Base 4055: 3895: 3653: 3478: 3109:10.1163/18765610-27040003 3035:. New York: Crown, 1991. 2140:Retrieved: 26 April 2015. 2062:"Charles Bond biography." 1871:Flying Tigers Association 1697:China Burma India Theater 1341:Vandenberg Air Force Base 1325:Chennault Aviation Museum 1209:John Garrity: 5 victories 1176:Gregory "Pappy" Boyington 1166:Frank Lawlor: 7 victories 1163:Charles Bond: 7 victories 1016:Gregory "Pappy" Boyington 708:in China, and a third at 492:Flying Tiger on the apron 46: 4997:Veterans Affairs Council 4537:National Security Bureau 4223:American Volunteer Group 3401:"Flying Tigers In Burma" 2990:The Lady and the Tigers. 2494:"Photo of P-8115 wreck." 2413:18 November 2010 at the 2361:19 November 2011 at the 2338:19 November 2011 at the 2315:19 November 2011 at the 2292:19 November 2011 at the 2269:19 November 2011 at the 2246:19 November 2011 at the 2067:19 November 2011 at the 2044:19 November 2011 at the 1558:Tales of the Gold Monkey 1391:Jianchuan Museum Cluster 1160:Roger Pryor: 8 victories 777:"Nate" fighters of 77th 345:, then as director of a 316:American Volunteer Group 62:April 1941 – 4 July 1942 4074:Chiashan Air Force Base 3370:AVG Flying Tigers Assn. 3244:Scott, Robert Lee, Jr. 3065:Koskodian, Kenneth. K. 3017:Hotz, Robert B. et al. 2915:Chennault, Claire Lee. 2859:A Flying Tiger's Diary. 2645:Wings of a Flying Tiger 2476:17 October 2007 at the 2191:5 November 2011 at the 1997:. Time Inc. p. 70. 1633:college football season 1590:Wings of a Flying Tiger 1437:(OSS) arranged for the 1337:Palm Springs Air Museum 1288:, Florida Memorial Park 1284:Flying Tigers Monument 1228:Transition to the USAAF 1094:on Christmas Day, 1941. 1056:Robert William Prescott 812:s (Oscars) of the 64th 623:self-sealing fuel tanks 195:Flying Tigers Bite Back 53:Flying Tigers personnel 4621:Soviet Volunteer Group 4265:Soviet Volunteer Group 4238:Squadron Memorial Hall 3004:Tex Hill: Flying Tiger 2699:21 August 2014 at the 2099:24 August 2011 at the 1687:Soviet Volunteer Group 1300: 1289: 1276:Tributes and memorials 1264:that was then made by 1020:"Black Sheep" Squadron 957: 894: 750: 568: 560: 526: 500:during the undeclared 498:Soviet pilots in China 493: 440: 404: 393: 311: 197: 4872:Taiwan Strait crises 4787:T75 light machine gun 4652:21st Fighter Squadron 4576:Fu Hsing Kang College 4043:21st Fighter Squadron 3140:Meredith, Kenneth T. 2159:12 March 2015 at the 1875:Fallbrook, California 1865:Rossi, John Richard. 1774:Ford 1991, pp. 30–34. 1545:China's Little Devils 1295: 1283: 1253:Robert Lee Scott, Jr. 943: 936:Assessment of the AVG 888: 740: 566: 550: 491: 438: 399: 388: 306: 234:Curtiss P-40B Warhawk 193:US Air Forces video: 192: 4275:Yemenite War of 1979 3488:(July 1942-Mar 1943) 3486:China Air Task Force 3468:Fourteenth Air Force 2874:Baa Baa Black Sheep. 2723:Rock, Paper, Shotgun 2704:Jason Fry's Dorkery, 2668:Rice, Earle (1982). 2383:30 June 2020 at the 2136:8 April 2015 at the 1731:Lafayette Escadrille 1702:India China Division 1639:, and again for the 1413:Flying Tigers wrecks 1383:Flying Tigers Museum 1238:China Air Task Force 1134:David Lee "Tex" Hill 1066:Allen Bert Christman 1034:David Lee "Tex" Hill 932:with no AVG losses. 926:Kawasaki Ki-45 Toryu 913:David Lee "Tex" Hill 657:improve this article 615:Messerschmitt Bf 110 604:No. 112 Squadron RAF 285:Fourteenth Air Force 230:Claire Lee Chennault 66:China Air Task Force 4822:XT-97 assault rifle 3842:427th Night Fighter 3837:426th Night Fighter 3125:Losonsky, Frank S. 2929:Clements, Terrill. 2028:Howard 1991, p. 65. 1931:on 27 January 2021. 1906:on 27 January 2021. 1881:on 16 October 2018. 1737:Kościuszko Squadron 1582:Spies in the Garden 1503:The Sky's the Limit 946:Robert "R.T." Smith 582:reflector gunsights 419:. (One army pilot, 375:Pearl Harbor attack 324:U.S. Army Air Corps 320:Claire L. Chennault 150:60 aircraft average 135:Fighter pilot group 4942:Han Kuang Exercise 4812:T112 assault rifle 4797:T77 submachine gun 4672:Black Cat Squadron 4667:Black Bat Squadron 4280:327th Air Division 4233:Black Bat Squadron 4228:Black Cat Squadron 3879:322d Troop Carrier 3784:443d Troop Carrier 3262:American Quarterly 3157:Herman the German. 3155:Neumann, Gerhard. 2988:Greenlaw, Olga S. 2756:. 14 August 2016. 2568:Ford 2007, p. 349. 2433:news.xinhuanet.com 2395:Ford 2007, ch. 17. 1953:6 May 2006 at the 1812:American Quarterly 1719:23rd Fighter Group 1542:as Tex Hill); and 1538:as Chennault, and 1523:God is My Co-Pilot 1439:Free Thai Movement 1301: 1290: 1262:God is My Co-Pilot 1191:for a total of 12) 1099:Rebecca Chan Chung 993:Members of the AVG 958: 895: 870:Retreat into China 751: 733:Defense of Rangoon 710:Mingaladon Airport 569: 561: 553:Kittyhawk Mark III 494: 465:Mingaladon Airport 441: 405: 394: 312: 277:23rd Fighter Group 198: 5005: 5004: 4925:Special Task Unit 4837:CS/MPQ-90 Bee Eye 4807:T91 assault rifle 4802:T86 assault rifle 4777:T65 assault rifle 4690: 4689: 4527:Air Force Academy 4424: 4423: 4079:Chihhang Air Base 3990: 3989: 3891: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3821:11th Combat Cargo 3792: 3791: 3722:341st Bombardment 3717:308th Bombardment 3651: 3650: 3347:Whelan, Russell. 3317:Smith, Robert M. 3312:978-1-57488-051-9 3185:Olynyk, Frank J. 3180:978-1-59555-180-1 3170:Newkirk, John J. 3091:Li, Rong (2020). 3086:978-0-9898826-0-6 3075:978-1-8490-8479-6 3031:Howard, James H. 2939:978-1-84176-224-1 2917:Way of a Fighter. 2901:Chennault, Anna. 2492:Lednicer, David. 2152:Sherman, Steven. 2092:Smith, Robert T. 2019:Ford 2007, p. 36. 1899:Los Angeles Times 1751:Spanish Civil War 1741:Polish-Soviet War 1598:Tiger, Lion, Hawk 1584:, by Bob Bergin, 1476:Bronze Star Medal 1455:Tomb-Sweeping Day 1421:is on display in 1398:Yangtang Airfield 1246:Chinese Air Force 1136:: 18.25 victories 1060:Flying Tiger Line 1050:Kenneth Jernstedt 999:military chaplain 880:Hawker Hurricanes 852:Hawker Hurricanes 787:Brewster Buffalos 689: 688: 681: 353:. Meanwhile, the 347:Chinese Air Force 343:Sino-Japanese War 332:military aviation 291:on the left-over 190: 179: 178: 158:The Flying Tigers 113:Republic of China 84:Republic of China 16:(Redirected from 5070: 4937:Forward Alliance 4817:T93 sniper rifle 4601: 4552:Armaments Bureau 4542:Military Academy 4463: 4462: 4451: 4444: 4437: 4428: 4094:Taoyuan Air Base 4061: 4017: 4010: 4003: 3994: 3811:1st Combat Cargo 3801: 3727:402d Bombardment 3707: 3669: 3659: 3498: 3463: 3453: 3446: 3439: 3430: 3418:Internet Archive 3403:, 30 March 1942 3287:Shilling, Erik. 3284: 3229:Schultz, Duane. 3214:Schramm, Leo J. 3120: 3062: 2827:Baisden, Chuck. 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2713: 2707: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2672:. Bantam Books. 2665: 2659: 2658: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2514:warbirdforum.com 2506: 2500: 2490: 2484: 2481:thaiaviation.com 2468: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2442: 2436: 2427: 2421: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2375: 2369: 2352: 2346: 2329: 2323: 2306: 2300: 2283: 2277: 2260: 2254: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2217: 2211: 2208: 2199: 2182: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2150: 2141: 2128: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2090: 2084: 2081: 2075: 2058: 2052: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2020: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1986: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1946:Feltus, Pamela. 1944: 1933: 1932: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1902:. Archived from 1889: 1883: 1882: 1877:. Archived from 1862: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1787:. 12 June 2007. 1781: 1775: 1772: 1532:Robert Lee Scott 1506:(1943, starring 1189:European Theater 1130:: 10.5 victories 767:Mitsubishi Ki-30 759:Mitsubishi Ki-21 684: 677: 673: 670: 664: 641: 633: 415:and 40 from the 208:, nicknamed the 191: 174:Claire Chennault 123: 121: 120: 111: 110: 109: 94: 92: 91: 82: 81: 80: 51: 39: 21: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4903: 4856: 4782:T74 machine gun 4686: 4630: 4592: 4510: 4506:Military Police 4467: 4457: 4455: 4425: 4420: 4316:Hsiung Feng III 4284: 4211: 4127:Beechcraft 1900 4115: 4099:Chiayi Air Base 4089:Hsinchu Airport 4062: 4053: 4026: 4021: 3991: 3986: 3883: 3867: 3846: 3825: 3816:2d Combat Cargo 3788: 3772: 3731: 3698: 3660: 3647: 3489: 3474: 3457: 3410:The short film 3366: 3361: 3334:Tale of a Tiger 3274:10.2307/2712474 3259: 3090: 3059: 3046: 2813:Ayling, Keith. 2809: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2701:Wayback Machine 2691: 2687: 2680: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2655: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2602: 2600: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2553: 2551: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2497:myaviation.net, 2491: 2487: 2478:Wayback Machine 2469: 2465: 2455: 2453: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2428: 2424: 2415:Wayback Machine 2403: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2385:Wayback Machine 2376: 2372: 2363:Wayback Machine 2353: 2349: 2340:Wayback Machine 2330: 2326: 2317:Wayback Machine 2307: 2303: 2294:Wayback Machine 2284: 2280: 2271:Wayback Machine 2261: 2257: 2248:Wayback Machine 2238: 2234: 2228:Klinkowitz 1999 2219: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2202: 2193:Wayback Machine 2183: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2161:Wayback Machine 2151: 2144: 2138:Wayback Machine 2129: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2101:Wayback Machine 2091: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2069:Wayback Machine 2059: 2055: 2046:Wayback Machine 2036: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2006: 2002: 1988: 1987: 1976: 1968: 1964: 1955:Wayback Machine 1945: 1936: 1924:Radio Free Asia 1917: 1915: 1911: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1864: 1863: 1859: 1853:Klinkowitz 1999 1851: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1824:10.2307/2712474 1809: 1808: 1804: 1794: 1792: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1747:Yankee Squadron 1725:Eagle Squadrons 1715: 1667: 1662: 1650:The video game 1606:reference book 1594:Will of a Tiger 1570:Pappy Boyington 1484: 1482:Popular culture 1463: 1442:Mai, Thailand. 1415: 1406: 1278: 1230: 1225: 1185:James H. Howard 1154:: 8.9 victories 1152:Robert T. Smith 1115: 1108: 1024:James H. Howard 995: 979:esprit de corps 938: 872: 735: 685: 674: 668: 665: 654: 642: 631: 545: 539: 531:Royal Air Force 486: 453:Jaegersfontaine 391:Robert T. Smith 383: 339:Chiang Kai-shek 301: 184: 182: 169: 149: 118: 116: 115: 107: 105: 89: 87: 86: 78: 76: 63: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5076: 5074: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5010: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4917: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4883: 4878: 4870: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4709: 4704: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4607: 4605: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4554: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4494:Naval Aviation 4491: 4481: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4446: 4439: 4431: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4311:Hsiung Feng II 4308: 4303: 4298: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4230: 4225: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4187:Air Force 3701 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4063: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4012: 4005: 3997: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3865: 3860: 3854: 3852: 3851:Reconnaissance 3848: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3807: 3805: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3713: 3711: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3684:69th Composite 3681: 3679:68th Composite 3675: 3673: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3504: 3502: 3495: 3491: 3490: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3458: 3456: 3455: 3448: 3441: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3408: 3398: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3365: 3364:External links 3362: 3360: 3359: 3345: 3330: 3315: 3302:Smith, Felix. 3300: 3285: 3257: 3242: 3227: 3212: 3199:Samson, Jack. 3197: 3183: 3168: 3153: 3138: 3122: 3121: 3103:(4): 347–373. 3088: 3078: 3063: 3057: 3044: 3029: 3015: 3000: 2986: 2972: 2959:Ford, Daniel. 2957: 2942: 2927: 2913: 2899: 2886:Byrd, Martha. 2884: 2870: 2855: 2840: 2825: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2802: 2771: 2745: 2708: 2685: 2678: 2660: 2654:978-1948598064 2653: 2647:. Open Books. 2635: 2628: 2610: 2582: 2580:, p. 347. 2570: 2561: 2531: 2501: 2485: 2463: 2437: 2422: 2397: 2388: 2370: 2347: 2324: 2301: 2278: 2255: 2239:Rossi, J. R. 2232: 2212: 2200: 2177: 2168: 2142: 2120: 2108: 2085: 2076: 2053: 2030: 2021: 2012: 2000: 1974: 1962: 1934: 1909: 1884: 1857: 1845: 1836: 1802: 1776: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1744: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1673: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1536:Raymond Massey 1526:, (1945, with 1483: 1480: 1462: 1459: 1414: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1379:Hunan Province 1350:, Thailand, a 1277: 1274: 1260:autobiography 1242:14th Air Force 1240:and later the 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1182: 1179: 1173: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1149: 1148:: 10 victories 1143: 1140: 1137: 1131: 1125: 1124:: 13 victories 1107: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1095: 1084: 1077: 1063: 1053: 1047: 1044:Charles Manson 1037: 1031: 1028:Medal of Honor 1004:sergeant major 994: 991: 950:Kunming, China 937: 934: 921:Doolittle Raid 891:Nakajima Ki-43 871: 868: 844:Burma Campaign 831:to finish off 807:Nakajima Ki-43 775:Nakajima Ki-27 734: 731: 718:Kawasaki Ki-48 687: 686: 645: 643: 636: 630: 629:Combat history 627: 541:Main article: 538: 535: 485: 482: 478:Soong Mei-ling 421:Albert Baumler 417:Army Air Corps 382: 379: 300: 297: 180: 177: 176: 171: 165: 164: 160: 159: 156: 152: 151: 142: 138: 137: 132: 128: 127: 103: 99: 98: 74: 70: 69: 60: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5075: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5018:Flying Tigers 5016: 5015: 5013: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4987:Thunder Squad 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4915:Civil defense 4913: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4762:IDF Ching-kuo 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4740:Hsiung Feng I 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4616:Flying Tigers 4614: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4588:Naval Academy 4586: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4515:Organizations 4513: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4452: 4447: 4445: 4440: 4438: 4433: 4432: 4429: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4260:NDF Rebellion 4258: 4256: 4255:Flying Tigers 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4018: 4013: 4011: 4006: 4004: 3999: 3998: 3995: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3894: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830:Night Fighter 3828: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3768:476th Fighter 3766: 3764: 3763:311th Fighter 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3689:312th Fighter 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3449: 3447: 3442: 3440: 3435: 3434: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3343: 3342:0-9618012-0-4 3339: 3335: 3331: 3328: 3327:0-7643-0287-6 3324: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3297:1-882463-02-1 3294: 3290: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3255: 3254:0-8371-6774-4 3251: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3239:0-312-00618-7 3236: 3232: 3228: 3225: 3224:1-4196-6285-6 3221: 3217: 3216:Leo The Tiger 3213: 3210: 3209:0-385-23171-7 3206: 3202: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3166: 3165:0-688-01682-0 3162: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3150:1-928590-05-5 3147: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3135:0-7643-0045-8 3132: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3058:9780813121154 3054: 3050: 3045: 3042: 3041:0-517-57323-7 3038: 3034: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3013: 3012:1-885354-15-0 3009: 3005: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2969:0-06-124655-7 2966: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2954:0-9646851-5-9 2951: 2947: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2897: 2896:0-8173-0322-7 2893: 2889: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2867:0-89096-178-6 2864: 2860: 2856: 2853: 2852:0-9763037-0-1 2849: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2837:0-7643-0690-1 2834: 2830: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2806: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2775: 2772: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2733: 2729: 2728:Gamer Network 2725: 2724: 2719: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2681: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2661: 2656: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2636: 2631: 2625: 2621: 2614: 2611: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2565: 2562: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2495: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2467: 2464: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2354:Rossi, J. R. 2351: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2331:Rossi, J. R. 2328: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2308:Rossi, J. R. 2305: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2285:Rossi, J. R. 2282: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2262:Rossi, J. R. 2259: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2216: 2213: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2184:Rossi, J. R. 2181: 2178: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2164:Acepilots.com 2162: 2158: 2155: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2089: 2086: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2060:Rossi, J. R. 2057: 2054: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2037:Rossi, J. R. 2034: 2031: 2025: 2022: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1913: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1888: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1861: 1858: 1855:, p. 43. 1854: 1849: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1806: 1803: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1777: 1771: 1768: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1654: 1648: 1646: 1645:South Alabama 1642: 1638: 1637:Georgia State 1634: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1615: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1559: 1553: 1549: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1528:Dennis Morgan 1525: 1524: 1519: 1518:Joseph Cotten 1515: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1489:Flying Tigers 1481: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1450: 1448: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1412: 1410: 1404:Monroe legacy 1403: 1401: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1299: 1294: 1287: 1282: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1178:: 6 victories 1177: 1174: 1172:: 7 victories 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1146:Charles Older 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1076:comic strips. 1075: 1071: 1070:Scorchy Smith 1067: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1040:Charles Older 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1010: 1005: 1000: 992: 990: 988: 983: 981: 980: 975: 969: 967: 963: 955: 951: 947: 942: 935: 933: 931: 927: 922: 917: 914: 908: 906: 901: 892: 887: 883: 881: 877: 869: 867: 863: 861: 860:friendly fire 855: 853: 849: 845: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 821: 819: 815: 811: 808: 804: 799: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 755: 748: 747:Flying Tigers 744: 739: 732: 730: 728: 723: 719: 714: 711: 707: 702: 698: 694: 683: 680: 672: 669:December 2012 662: 658: 652: 651: 646:This section 644: 640: 635: 634: 628: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 609: 605: 601: 596: 594: 590: 585: 583: 579: 575: 565: 558: 554: 549: 544: 536: 534: 532: 525: 523: 519: 513: 510: 508: 503: 499: 490: 483: 481: 479: 473: 469: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 445:San Francisco 437: 433: 431: 427: 422: 418: 414: 410: 403: 398: 392: 387: 380: 378: 376: 372: 368: 363: 361: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 337: 336:Generalissimo 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 309: 305: 298: 296: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 273: 272:Allied Forces 269: 264: 262: 257: 253: 249: 246: 241: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 210:Flying Tigers 207: 204:(AVG) of the 203: 196: 181:Military unit 175: 172: 166: 161: 157: 153: 147: 143: 139: 136: 133: 129: 126: 125:United States 114: 104: 100: 97: 96:United States 85: 75: 71: 67: 61: 57: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 4957:Kuma Academy 4908:Other topics 4868:Conscription 4842:Chien Hsiang 4772:Type 64 tank 4730:Sky Sword II 4615: 4522:Army Academy 4489:Marine Corps 4254: 4192:Chien Hsiang 3899: 3804:Combat Cargo 3758:81st Fighter 3753:51st Fighter 3618:Pungchacheng 3583:Laohwangping 3481: 3480:Previously: 3472:World War II 3412: 3404: 3348: 3333: 3332:Smith, R T. 3318: 3303: 3288: 3265: 3261: 3245: 3230: 3215: 3200: 3186: 3171: 3156: 3141: 3126: 3100: 3096: 3066: 3048: 3032: 3018: 3003: 2989: 2975: 2960: 2945: 2944:Dumas, Jim. 2930: 2916: 2902: 2887: 2873: 2858: 2843: 2828: 2814: 2793:. Retrieved 2774: 2762:. Retrieved 2748: 2736:. Retrieved 2721: 2711: 2703: 2688: 2669: 2663: 2644: 2638: 2619: 2613: 2601:. Retrieved 2591: 2585: 2573: 2564: 2552:. Retrieved 2543: 2534: 2522:. Retrieved 2513: 2504: 2496: 2488: 2480: 2466: 2454:. Retrieved 2440: 2432: 2425: 2417: 2405: 2400: 2391: 2373: 2365: 2350: 2342: 2327: 2319: 2304: 2296: 2281: 2273: 2258: 2250: 2235: 2230:, p. 43 2226:Quoted from 2221: 2215: 2195: 2180: 2171: 2163: 2118:, pp. 61–65. 2111: 2103: 2088: 2079: 2071: 2056: 2048: 2033: 2024: 2015: 2003: 1994: 1965: 1957: 1929:the original 1922: 1912: 1904:the original 1897: 1887: 1879:the original 1870: 1860: 1848: 1839: 1815: 1811: 1805: 1793:. Retrieved 1779: 1770: 1743:(1919–1921). 1651: 1649: 1641:Arizona Bowl 1619: 1612: 1607: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1573: 1565: 1563: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1543: 1540:John Ridgely 1521: 1516:(1943, with 1513:Hers to Hold 1511: 1508:Fred Astaire 1501: 1498:John Carroll 1487: 1485: 1464: 1451: 1447:Lake Dianchi 1444: 1429:in northern 1418: 1416: 1407: 1395: 1388: 1359:Jack Newkirk 1345: 1302: 1270:popular film 1266:Warner Bros. 1261: 1250: 1231: 1122:Robert Neale 1116: 1088:Joseph Alsop 1081:Fisher XP-75 996: 984: 977: 973: 970: 959: 918: 909: 899: 896: 873: 864: 856: 847: 841: 836: 822: 813: 809: 802: 800: 794: 778: 770: 762: 756: 752: 746: 721: 715: 691:The port of 690: 675: 666: 655:Please help 650:verification 647: 619:Charles Bond 607: 597: 586: 574:self-sealing 570: 543:Curtiss P-40 537:Curtiss P-40 527: 515: 511: 495: 474: 470: 457:Boschfontein 456: 452: 442: 413:Marine Corps 406: 367:Curtiss P-40 364: 355:Soviet Union 322:, a retired 313: 268:Pearl Harbor 265: 242: 238:Pearl Harbor 226:Marine Corps 209: 201: 199: 194: 68:in July 1942 36: 4832:XTR-101/102 4725:Sky Sword I 4167:T-34 Mentor 4157:E-2 Hawkeye 4152:Mirage 2000 3748:33d Fighter 3743:23d Fighter 3710:Bombardment 3268:(1): 3–19, 2210:Olynk 1986 1818:(1): 3–19, 1676:Arthur Chin 1578:Daniel Ford 1427:rain forest 1371:Hualian AFB 1086:Journalist 954:Walt Disney 791:67 Squadron 608:Luftwaffe's 360:T. V. Soong 334:advisor to 261:U.S. forces 224:(USN), and 155:Nickname(s) 5012:Categories 4792:T75 pistol 4604:Historical 4411:AN/TPS-117 4406:AN/FPS-117 4067:Facilities 3972:Fourteenth 3967:Thirteenth 3548:Hsingching 3201:Chennault. 2738:4 November 2679:0553208675 2629:0399116796 2622:. Putnam. 2554:20 October 2456:25 January 2116:Scott 1973 2008:Scott 1973 1970:Scott 1973 1758:References 1653:Starlancer 1494:John Wayne 1423:Chiang Mai 1348:Chiang Mai 1313:A-2 jacket 907:in China. 818:Tateo Katō 743:blood chit 701:Burma Road 600:shark face 170:commanders 163:Commanders 102:Allegiance 4852:Albatross 4735:Wan Chien 4712:Sky Bow I 4707:Sky Spear 4702:Sky Horse 4695:Equipment 4501:Air Force 4416:PAVE PAWS 4321:Wan Chien 4289:Equipment 4162:P-3 Orion 4132:Fokker 50 4031:Structure 3982:Twentieth 3977:Fifteenth 3872:Transport 3797:Squadrons 3777:Transport 3623:Shwangliu 3593:Liangshan 3528:Chihkiang 3518:Chengkung 3494:Airfields 3117:234552818 2785:SB Nation 2764:15 August 2620:Tiger Ten 2578:Li (2020) 1763:Citations 1603:Star Wars 1586:Tiger Ten 1321:Pensacola 1272:in 1945. 1128:Ed Rector 1092:Hong Kong 833:Singapore 816:(Colonel 578:drop tank 518:Chungking 308:Chennault 248:squadrons 220:(USAAC), 146:squadrons 4847:Cardinal 4757:Yun Feng 4472:Branches 4401:Skyguard 4351:Magic II 4326:AIM-120C 4197:Teng Yun 4120:Aircraft 3957:Eleventh 3628:Suichwan 3613:Peishiyi 3568:Kwanghan 3533:Hanchung 3195:23108588 2789:Archived 2758:Archived 2732:Archived 2697:Archived 2597:Archived 2548:Archived 2544:HMdb.org 2524:25 April 2518:Archived 2474:Archived 2450:Archived 2411:Archived 2381:Archived 2359:Archived 2336:Archived 2313:Archived 2290:Archived 2267:Archived 2244:Archived 2189:Archived 2157:Archived 2134:Archived 2097:Archived 2065:Archived 2042:Archived 2010:, p. 21. 1951:Archived 1789:Archived 1706:The Hump 1660:See also 1643:against 1548:(1945). 1431:Thailand 1375:Zhijiang 1363:Thailand 1257:the Hump 956:Company. 825:Thailand 810:Hayabusa 699:and the 557:Medenine 551:1943: A 507:no ranks 289:nose art 256:Japanese 232:. Their 4827:Kestrel 4635:Current 4381:LANTIRN 4371:Paveway 4366:AGM-154 4216:History 3962:Twelfth 3937:Seventh 3736:Fighter 3643:Yunnani 3638:Yangkai 3633:Tsuyung 3608:Nanning 3603:Luliang 3598:Liuchow 3578:Laifeng 3573:Kweilin 3563:Kunming 3558:Kanchow 3553:Huhsien 3523:Chengtu 3357:3531493 3282:2712474 2998:1337748 2925:1314119 2911:1294226 2882:2124961 2807:Sources 2795:10 July 2603:13 June 1972:, p. 7. 1832:2712474 1795:25 June 1626:helmets 1574:Remains 1355:obelisk 1268:into a 1074:Sandman 966:cholera 962:malaria 905:Baoshan 722:Hikōtai 706:Kunming 693:Rangoon 522:Lanchow 520:and to 461:Toungoo 449:Rangoon 351:Kunming 279:of the 245:fighter 168:Notable 73:Country 64:Became 4861:Issues 4361:AGM-84 4356:AGM-65 4341:AGM-88 4182:F-CK-1 4137:C-130H 3942:Eighth 3922:Fourth 3912:Second 3703:Groups 3588:Loping 3538:Hankow 3513:Chanyi 3508:Ankang 3355: 3340: 3325: 3310: 3295: 3280: 3252: 3237: 3222: 3207: 3193: 3178: 3163: 3148: 3133: 3115: 3084: 3073: 3055: 3039: 3027:385646 3025: 3010: 2996: 2984:712357 2982: 2967: 2952: 2937: 2923: 2909: 2894: 2880: 2865: 2850: 2835: 2823:527511 2821: 2676: 2651: 2626: 1830: 1419:P-8115 1367:Taipei 1352:marble 1333:pagoda 1309:Dayton 1223:Legacy 1097:Nurse 1009:Texans 930:Ki-27s 900:Sentai 848:Sentai 837:Sentai 829:Malaya 814:Sentai 803:Sentai 795:Sentai 781:. The 779:Sentai 771:Sentai 763:Sentai 428:, the 299:Origin 122: 93: 59:Active 4952:Ranks 4767:CM-32 4677:MPSSC 4597:Units 4386:PAC-3 4336:AIM-7 4331:AIM-9 4306:TC-2A 4202:EC225 3952:Tenth 3947:Ninth 3932:Sixth 3927:Fifth 3917:Third 3907:First 3672:Wings 3665:Units 3543:Hsian 3501:China 3465:USAAF 3278:JSTOR 3113:S2CID 1828:JSTOR 1576:, by 1568:, by 1566:Tonya 1286:Ocala 1234:USAAF 876:Magwe 727:Hanoi 697:Burma 611:ZG 76 593:USAAF 328:China 293:P-40s 252:Burma 4886:1996 4881:1958 4876:1955 4662:ASSC 4657:ARPU 4484:Navy 4479:Army 4396:TK-3 4391:TK-2 4346:MICA 4301:TC-2 4296:TC-1 4207:S-70 4172:AT-3 4142:F-16 3405:Life 3353:OCLC 3338:ISBN 3323:ISBN 3308:ISBN 3293:ISBN 3250:ISBN 3235:ISBN 3220:ISBN 3205:ISBN 3191:OCLC 3176:ISBN 3161:ISBN 3146:ISBN 3131:ISBN 3082:ISBN 3071:ISBN 3053:ISBN 3037:ISBN 3023:OCLC 3008:ISBN 2994:OCLC 2980:OCLC 2965:ISBN 2950:ISBN 2935:ISBN 2921:OCLC 2907:OCLC 2892:ISBN 2878:OCLC 2863:ISBN 2848:ISBN 2833:ISBN 2819:OCLC 2797:2017 2766:2016 2740:2019 2674:ISBN 2649:ISBN 2624:ISBN 2605:2021 2556:2022 2526:2020 2458:2021 1995:Life 1797:2016 1630:2016 1620:The 1592:and 1496:and 1106:Aces 1072:and 997:The 964:and 889:The 805:and 411:and 409:Navy 314:The 222:Navy 200:The 141:Size 131:Type 4752:III 4748:IIE 4720:III 4177:T-5 4147:F-5 3470:in 3270:doi 3105:doi 1820:doi 1530:as 1520:); 1319:in 1307:in 789:of 741:A " 695:in 659:by 5014:: 4750:/ 4746:/ 4744:II 4742:/ 4718:/ 4716:II 4714:/ 3276:, 3266:28 3264:, 3111:. 3101:27 3099:. 3095:. 2787:. 2783:. 2730:. 2726:. 2720:. 2546:. 2542:. 2516:. 2512:. 2448:. 2203:^ 2145:^ 2123:^ 1993:. 1977:^ 1937:^ 1921:. 1896:. 1873:. 1869:. 1826:, 1816:28 1814:, 1708:") 1647:. 1580:; 1572:; 1534:, 1478:. 1377:, 377:. 362:. 295:. 144:3 4888:) 4450:e 4443:t 4436:v 4016:e 4009:t 4002:v 3452:e 3445:t 3438:v 3420:. 3344:. 3329:. 3314:. 3299:. 3272:: 3256:. 3241:. 3226:. 3211:. 3182:. 3167:. 3152:. 3137:. 3119:. 3107:: 3077:. 3061:. 3043:. 3014:. 2971:. 2956:. 2941:. 2898:. 2869:. 2854:. 2839:. 2799:. 2768:. 2742:. 2682:. 2657:. 2632:. 2607:. 2558:. 2528:. 2460:. 2408:. 1822:: 1799:. 1114:. 1062:. 1046:. 1030:. 682:) 676:( 671:) 667:( 653:. 148:; 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index