353:
485:(LEDs) were located in positions 180ยฐ apart on opposite side of the hexagon. They had thin ~3 mm thick NaI detectors, also 5 inches (13 cm) in diameter, covering the energy range from ~10โ200 keV. Their FOV was defined to fan-shaped beams of 1.7ยฐ x 20ยฐ FWHM by passive, parallel slat-plate collimators. The slats of the two LEDs were inclined to ยฑ30ยฐ to the nominal HEAO scanning direction, crossing each other at 60ยฐ. Thus, working together, they covered a wide field of view, but could localize celestial sources with a precision determined by their 1.7ยฐ narrow fields.
38:
88:
2855:
539:
452:
to cover the energy range from about 20 keV to 10 MeV. It consisted of seven clustered modules, of three distinct designs, in a roughly hexagonal array. Each detector was actively shielded by surrounding CsI scintillators, in active-anti-coincidence, so that an extraneous particle or gamma-ray event
507:
Results of the experiment included a catalog of the positions and intensities of hard X-ray (10โ200 keV) sources, a strong observational basis for extremely strong magnetic fields (of order 10 G) on the rotating neutron stars associated with Her X-1 and 4U 0115+634, a definitive diffuse
495:
The primary data from A4 consisted of "event-by-event" telemetry, listing each good (i.e., un-vetoed) event in the NaI detectors. The experiment had the flexibility to tag each event with its pulse height (proportional to its energy), and a one or two byte time tag, allowing precision timing of
478:. Its NaI detector was 5 inches (13 cm) in diameter by 3 inches (7.6 cm) thick. The extreme penetrating power of photons in this energy range made it necessary to operate the HED in electronic anti-coincidence with the surrounding CsI and also the six other detectors of the hexagon.
457:
the undesired background rate, due to the intense showers of secondary particles and photons produced by the extremely high energy (GeV) particles characteristic of the space radiation environment.) A plastic anti-coincidence scintillation shield, essentially transparent to gamma-ray photons,
461:
For all seven modules, the unwanted background effects of particles or photons entering from the rear was suppressed by a "phoswich" design, in which the active NaI detecting element was optically coupled to a layer of CsI on its rear surface, which was in turn optically coupled to a single
466:
tube for each of the seven units. Because the NaI has a much faster response time (~0.25 ฮผs) than the CsI (~1 ฮผs), electronic pulse shape discriminators could distinguish good events in the NaI from mixed events accompanied by a simultaneous interaction in the CsI.
492:(MEDs), with a nominal energy range of 80 keV โ 3 MeV, had 3 inches (7.6 cm) dia by 1 inch (2.5 cm) thick NaI detector crystals, and occupied the four remaining positions in the hexagon of modules. They had circular FOVs with a 17ยฐ FWHM.
1772:
1270:
453:
from the side or rear would be vetoed electronically, and rejected. (It was discovered in early balloon flight by experimenters in the 1960s that passive collimators or shields, made of materials such as lead, actually
1737:
313:
was an X-ray telescope launched in 1977. HEAO-1 surveyed the sky in the X-ray portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (0.2 keV โ 10 MeV), providing nearly constant monitoring of X-ray sources near the
1662:
512:
power density spectrum, and discovery of slow intensity cycles in the X-Ray sources SMC X-1 and LMC X-4, resulting in approximately 15 Ph.D theses and ~100 scientific publications.
416:
instrument, provided high-precision positions of X-ray sources, accurate enough to permit follow-up observations to identify optical and radio counterparts. It was provided by the
2719:
2425:
2401:
3103:
1742:
568:
1889:
3926:
1618:
797:
400:, covered the 2โ60 keV energy range with high spatial and spectral resolution. The Principal Investigators were Dr. Elihu A. Boldt and Dr. Gordon P. Garmire.
1712:
2258:
1334:
1326:
1809:
1435:
1032:
474:(HED), occupied the central position and covered the upper range from ~120 keV to 10 MeV, with a field-of-view (FOV) collimated to 37ยฐ
3096:
2544:
2050:
1358:
368:
instrument, covered the 0.25โ25 keV energy range, using seven large proportional counters. It was designed, operated, and managed at the
352:
2714:
1141:
1080:
421:
340:
HEAO included four X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy instruments, known as A1, A2, A3, and A4, respectively (before launch, HEAO 1 was known as
3931:
2513:
1639:
2980:
2290:
2154:
914:
563:
2210:
1938:
1626:
1451:
1157:
1056:
1109:
3089:
2825:
2579:
2571:
2298:
1506:
790:
1677:
1350:
681:
373:
2734:
2218:
2178:
1727:
1707:
1692:
1530:
1411:
1262:
1246:
1214:
2619:
2282:
2162:
1427:
1302:
1294:
1189:
1072:
976:
960:
3777:
3289:
3916:
3208:
2960:
2950:
2891:
2835:
2724:
1962:
1921:
1910:
1419:
1395:
1230:
37:
3921:
3539:
2779:
2769:
2764:
2627:
2042:
1682:
783:
3414:
2815:
2697:
2685:
2441:
2433:
2417:
1403:
515:
The A4 instrument was provided and managed by the
University of California at San Diego, under the direction of Prof.
425:
397:
2603:
2587:
2316:
2306:
2274:
2202:
2122:
1986:
1905:
1149:
1048:
890:
475:
3911:
3906:
3060:
3018:
2955:
2945:
2858:
2789:
2739:
1222:
869:
369:
344:). The orbital inclination was about 22.7 degrees. HEAO 1 re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on 15 March 1979.
2820:
2759:
96:
75:
3646:
317:
poles and more detailed studies of a number of objects by observations lasting 3โ6 hours. It was the first of
2465:
2361:
2353:
1747:
853:
640:
619:
417:
3434:
2708:
2226:
1881:
1717:
1610:
1310:
1016:
449:
330:
3756:
81:
1767:
1757:
1697:
1318:
1093:
588:
2481:
1652:
3504:
428:, SAO/HCO). Principal Investigators were Dr. Daniel A. Schwartz of SAO and Dr. Hale V. Bradt of MIT.
3751:
3419:
3304:
3065:
2975:
2840:
2729:
2146:
2130:
1873:
734:
552:
516:
241:
17:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3692:
3532:
3525:
3264:
3835:
3145:
3128:
3117:
3113:
2691:
2670:
2643:
2385:
1930:
1777:
1554:
1206:
984:
271:
3881:
Payloads are separated by bullets ( ยท ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
3672:
3615:
3249:
3187:
2774:
2651:
2635:
2473:
2138:
1732:
1672:
1514:
1133:
1125:
1024:
882:
544:
524:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3825:
3788:
3783:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3746:
3741:
3721:
3709:
3687:
3657:
3652:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3620:
3610:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3514:
3509:
3499:
3494:
3484:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3424:
3409:
3399:
3379:
3374:
3364:
3359:
3349:
3344:
3334:
3324:
3309:
3299:
3294:
3284:
3274:
3259:
3254:
3244:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3202:
3192:
3182:
3165:
3155:
3150:
3140:
3677:
3234:
3840:
3820:
3793:
3682:
3429:
3369:
3339:
3319:
3314:
3239:
3197:
3170:
2884:
2497:
2082:
2074:
1801:
1793:
1647:
1000:
927:
861:
291:
192:
3605:
3394:
3160:
1762:
3703:
3354:
3214:
3070:
2914:
2266:
2194:
1040:
898:
742:
3039:
2830:
2799:
2369:
2250:
1202:
821:
806:
497:
463:
738:
508:
component spectrum between 13 and 200 keV, discovery of the power-law shape of the
3081:
2924:
1687:
1667:
1238:
281:
87:
3900:
1562:
1459:
1173:
837:
761:
445:
372:(NRL) under the direction of Principal Investigator Dr. Herbert D. Friedman, and the
182:
458:
protected the detectors from high-energy charged particles entering from the front.
2877:
1722:
1546:
558:
326:
829:
725:
Gruber, D. E. (1980), "Hercules X-1 hard X-ray pulsations observed from HEAO 1",
523:, where the initial A4 data reduction was performed under the direction of Prof.
2919:
2026:
1165:
1064:
906:
3830:
3726:
3667:
3662:
3519:
3489:
3479:
3404:
3384:
3329:
3279:
3269:
3034:
3007:
3000:
2505:
1817:
1657:
1374:
534:
509:
333:
upper stage, operated until 9 January 1979. During that time, it scanned the
3625:
3550:
3055:
2993:
2929:
2170:
1578:
1286:
1101:
992:
767:
380:. The HEAO A-1 X-Ray Source Catalog included 842 discrete X-ray sources.
3814:
3715:
3697:
3176:
2987:
2900:
2457:
2393:
2234:
1946:
1702:
1602:
1594:
1498:
1443:
1254:
1117:
943:
935:
377:
314:
133:
2680:
2611:
2449:
2098:
2058:
1954:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1538:
1522:
1490:
3736:
3731:
3389:
3013:
2784:
2521:
2377:
2090:
2034:
2002:
1994:
1917:
1897:
1752:
1467:
1366:
1342:
1181:
1008:
968:
845:
631:
Wood, K.S., The HEAO A-1 X-Ray Source
Catalog, NRL R-1984-00109, 1984
501:
3889:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
775:
746:
2754:
2749:
2552:
2489:
2409:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2311:
2242:
2106:
2066:
2018:
2010:
1978:
1970:
1570:
951:
351:
334:
261:
251:
2794:
2744:
2702:
2675:
2595:
2186:
1586:
1278:
599:
318:
68:
3085:
2873:
779:
762:
1st High Energy
Astrophysics Observatory (HEAO 1. GSFC. NASA )
520:
2869:
709:
Hercules X-1 Hard X-Ray
Pulsations Observed from HEAO-1
693:
The HEAO 1 (A4) Catalog of High-Energy X-Ray
Sources
3048:
3027:
2938:
2907:
2808:
2663:
2564:
2533:
1786:
1638:
1483:
1386:
1201:
1092:
926:
881:
820:
813:
587:Panagakos, Nicholas; Worrell, Don (17 March 1977).
290:
280:
270:
260:
250:
240:
235:
219:
211:
206:
188:
178:
170:
165:
147:
139:
129:
124:
108:
95:
74:
64:
56:
44:
569:Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
432:A4: Hard X-Ray / Low-Energy Gamma-ray experiment
711:, D.E. Gruber, et al., Astrophys. J. (Letters)
3885:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
3097:
2885:
791:
8:
442:Hard X-ray / Low Energy Gamma-ray Experiment
30:
667:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
519:, in collaboration with the X-ray group at
321:three High Energy Astronomy Observatories,
3104:
3090:
3082:
2967:High Energy Astronomy Observatory Program
2892:
2878:
2870:
817:
798:
784:
776:
112:1 year, 7 months and 2 days
86:
36:
29:
663:Instrumental Technique in X-Ray Astronomy
153:radius: 2.67 m (8 ft 9 in)
3927:August 1977 events in the United States
579:
695:, A.M. Levine, et al., Ap.J. Suppl.
422:Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
356:HEAO-1 being assembled at TRW Systems
325:, launched August 12, 1977 aboard an
18:1st High Energy Astronomy Observatory
7:
2976:High Energy Astronomy Observatory 2
404:A3: Modulation Collimator instrument
348:A1: Large-Area Sky Survey instrument
2981:High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3
2971:High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1
564:High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3
31:High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1
151:height:5.68 m (18.6 ft)
25:
2826:List of proposed space telescopes
1507:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
652:NASA HEASARC HEAO 1 A3 Experiment
2854:
2853:
537:
27:X-ray telescope launched in 1977
1728:Nautilus Deep Space Observatory
143:2,551.9 kg (5,626 lb)
715::L127-L131, 1980 September 15.
98:
1:
2961:Functional flow block diagram
2951:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
2836:List of heliophysics missions
394:Cosmic X-ray Experiment (CXE)
366:Large-Area Sky Survey (LASS)
3932:Spacecraft launched in 1977
2816:Great Observatories program
426:Harvard College Observatory
398:Goddard Space Flight Center
384:A2: Cosmic X-ray Experiment
296:13 August 1977 00:00:00 UTC
3948:
2307:Orbiting Solar Observatory
771:by Wallace H. Tucker, 1984
414:Modulation Collimator (MC)
3879:
3136:
3061:The Aerospace Corporation
3019:TRW Low Maintenance Rifle
2956:Descent propulsion system
2946:Chandra X-ray Observatory
2859:Category:Space telescopes
2849:
727:The Astrophysical Journal
370:Naval Research Laboratory
304:
300:
266:432 km (268 mi)
256:432 km (268 mi)
231:
227:
202:
198:
161:
157:
120:
116:
52:
35:
2821:List of space telescopes
490:Medium Energy Detectors
418:Center for Astrophysics
337:sky almost three times
2147:HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.)
661:Peterson, Laurence E,
450:scintillation counters
357:
3435:Meteor-Priroda No.2-2
1768:Space Solar Telescope
643:HEAO 1 A2 Experiment.
355:
125:Spacecraft properties
3917:Gamma-ray telescopes
3120:Orbital launches in
3066:Goodrich Corporation
2841:List of planetariums
1738:NRO donation to NASA
622:HEAO 1 A1 Experiment
553:Einstein Observatory
517:Laurence E. Peterson
483:Low Energy Detectors
472:High Energy Detector
3922:1977 in spaceflight
2537:(Mission completed)
822:Radio and Microwave
739:1980ApJ...240L.127G
32:
2474:Suzaku (Astro-EII)
2299:OAO-3 (Copernicus)
2283:Mikhailo Lomonosov
2131:Hinotori (Astro-A)
1733:New Worlds Mission
769:The Star Splitters
589:"Press Kit HEAO-A"
545:Spaceflight portal
525:Walter H. G. Lewin
358:
236:Orbital parameters
3894:
3893:
3079:
3078:
2867:
2866:
2765:SIM & SIMlite
2139:Hisaki (SPRINT-A)
2099:Hakucho (CORSA-b)
1653:Astro-1 Telescope
1479:
1478:
308:
307:
16:(Redirected from
3939:
3912:X-ray telescopes
3907:Space telescopes
3704:Intelsat IVA F-5
3355:Intelsat IVA F-4
3125:
3124:
3123:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3083:
3071:Northrop Grumman
3049:Related articles
2915:Lucas Industries
2894:
2887:
2880:
2871:
2857:
2856:
2656:
2652:Hitomi (Astro-H)
2648:
2640:
2632:
2624:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2576:
2557:
2549:
2538:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1495:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1448:
1440:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1389:or unclassified)
1379:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1347:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1291:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1134:Hinode (Solar-B)
1130:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1025:Hinode (Solar-B)
1021:
1013:
1005:
997:
989:
981:
973:
965:
957:
948:
940:
919:
911:
903:
895:
874:
866:
858:
850:
842:
834:
818:
807:Space telescopes
800:
793:
786:
777:
750:
749:
722:
716:
706:
700:
690:
684:
679:
673:
659:
653:
650:
644:
638:
632:
629:
623:
617:
611:
610:
608:
606:
593:
584:
547:
542:
541:
540:
498:gamma-ray bursts
496:objects such as
470:The largest, or
374:prime contractor
252:Perigee altitude
166:Start of mission
109:Mission duration
100:
91:
90:
84:
40:
33:
21:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3875:
3752:Molniya-3 No.18
3420:Molniya-1 No.45
3305:Molniya-3 No.19
3132:
3131:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3080:
3075:
3044:
3040:Dean Wooldridge
3023:
2934:
2903:
2898:
2868:
2863:
2845:
2831:X-ray telescope
2804:
2686:Constellation-X
2659:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2560:
2555:
2547:
2536:
2535:
2529:
2524:
2522:Yokoh (Solar-A)
2516:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2490:Tenma (Astro-B)
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2251:LISA Pathfinder
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2107:HALCA (MUSES-B)
2101:
2093:
2085:
2083:Ginga (Astro-C)
2077:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1900:
1892:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1802:Akari (Astro-F)
1796:
1782:
1634:
1629:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1501:
1493:
1475:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1388:
1387:Other (particle
1382:
1377:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1297:
1289:
1281:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1197:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1088:
1083:
1075:
1067:
1059:
1051:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1011:
1003:
995:
987:
979:
971:
963:
955:
946:
938:
922:
917:
909:
901:
893:
877:
872:
864:
856:
848:
840:
832:
809:
804:
764:on the internet
758:
753:
724:
723:
719:
707:
703:
691:
687:
680:
676:
660:
656:
651:
647:
639:
635:
630:
626:
618:
614:
604:
602:
591:
586:
585:
581:
577:
543:
538:
536:
533:
464:photomultiplier
434:
406:
386:
350:
262:Apogee altitude
152:
85:
80:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3945:
3943:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3899:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3811:
3809:OPS 8781 SSU-3
3806:
3804:OPS 8781 SSU-2
3801:
3799:OPS 8781 SSU-1
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3712:
3707:
3700:
3695:
3693:Interkosmos 17
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3536:
3533:TKS-VA No.009A
3529:
3526:TKS-VA No.009P
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3265:Meteor-M No.39
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3127:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3086:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2925:TRW Automotive
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2541:
2539:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2304:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1963:Compton (CGRO)
1960:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1895:
1890:ASCA (Astro-D)
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1688:Hypertelescope
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1668:Fresnel Imager
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1576:
1568:
1560:
1552:
1544:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1441:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1409:
1401:
1392:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1311:Max Valier Sat
1308:
1300:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1247:HXMT (Insight)
1244:
1239:Einstein Probe
1236:
1228:
1223:Chandra (AXAF)
1220:
1211:
1209:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1163:
1155:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1046:
1038:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1006:
998:
990:
982:
974:
966:
958:
954:constellation
949:
941:
932:
930:
924:
923:
921:
920:
912:
904:
896:
887:
885:
879:
878:
876:
875:
867:
859:
851:
843:
835:
826:
824:
815:
811:
810:
805:
803:
802:
795:
788:
780:
774:
773:
765:
757:
756:External links
754:
752:
751:
747:10.1086/183338
717:
701:
685:
682:HEASARC HEAO 1
674:
654:
645:
633:
624:
612:
578:
576:
573:
572:
571:
566:
561:
556:
549:
548:
532:
529:
433:
430:
405:
402:
385:
382:
349:
346:
306:
305:
302:
301:
298:
297:
294:
288:
287:
284:
278:
277:
274:
268:
267:
264:
258:
257:
254:
248:
247:
244:
238:
237:
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
217:
216:
215:9 January 1979
213:
209:
208:
207:End of mission
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
174:12 August 1977
172:
168:
167:
163:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
122:
121:
118:
117:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
102:
93:
92:
78:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
50:
49:
48:HEAO-1, HEAO-A
46:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3944:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3836:Meteor-2 No.3
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:Meteor-2 No.2
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3115:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2860:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2532:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2482:Taiyo (SRATS)
2480:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2376:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
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1751:
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1744:
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1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
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1724:
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1679:
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1656:
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1651:
1649:
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1645:
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1641:
1637:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1563:Solar-C EUVST
1561:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1460:Solar Orbiter
1458:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1212:
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183:Atlas Centaur
181:
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19:
3886:
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3714:
3702:
3673:Ekran No.12L
3645:
3616:Molniya-1-38
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3505:Gran' No.13L
3250:Molniya-1-36
3207:
3188:Molniya-2-17
3175:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2970:
2908:Subsidiaries
2707:
2690:
2534:Hibernating
2286:(2016โ2019?)
2114:
1829:(1962, 1964)
1723:Nano-JASMINE
1547:NEO Surveyor
1471:(since 2006)
1463:(since 2020)
1455:(since 1995)
1447:(since 2019)
1439:(since 2017)
1431:(since 2008)
1423:(since 2015)
1415:(since 2015)
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1234:(since 2015)
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1177:(since 2020)
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1012:(since 2005)
1004:(since 2013)
996:(since 2021)
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956:(since 2013)
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768:
730:
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712:
708:
704:
696:
692:
688:
677:
672:, 423 (1975)
669:
666:
662:
657:
648:
641:NASA HEASARC
636:
627:
620:NASA HEASARC
615:
603:. Retrieved
595:
582:
559:HEAO Program
514:
506:
494:
489:
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471:
469:
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454:
441:
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413:
409:
407:
393:
389:
387:
365:
361:
359:
341:
339:
327:Atlas rocket
322:
310:
309:
242:Eccentricity
193:CCAFS LC-36B
140:Payload mass
130:Manufacturer
57:Mission type
2920:LucasVarity
2647:(2014โ2015)
2599:(2012โ2013)
2565:Lost/Failed
2556:(1998โ2010)
2548:(1998โ2005)
2525:(1991โ2001)
2517:(2001โ2010)
2501:(1970โ1973)
2493:(1983โ1985)
2485:(1975โ1980)
2477:(2005โ2015)
2469:(2003โ2020)
2461:(2011โ2019)
2453:(1979โ1985)
2445:(1975โ1979)
2437:(1972โ1973)
2429:(1992โ2004)
2421:(1995โ2012)
2413:(1990โ1999)
2405:(2002โ2018)
2397:(1983โ1984)
2389:(2009โ2013)
2373:(2006โ2016)
2302:(1972โ1981)
2294:(1968โ1973)
2278:(1996โ1997)
2270:(2003โ2019)
2262:(2015โ2017)
2254:(2015โ2017)
2246:(1997โ2002)
2238:(1990โ2001)
2230:(2009โ2018)
2222:(1996โ2004)
2214:(1978โ1996)
2206:(1996โ1998)
2198:(1995โ1996)
2174:(1989โ1993)
2166:(2000โ2008)
2158:(1979โ1981)
2150:(1978โ1982)
2142:(2013โ2023)
2134:(1981โ1991)
2126:(2009โ2013)
2118:(1977โ1979)
2110:(1997โ2005)
2102:(1979โ1985)
2094:(1989โ1998)
2086:(1987โ1991)
2078:(1990โ1992)
2070:(2003โ2013)
2062:(1987โ2001)
2054:(1999โ2007)
2046:(1992โ2001)
2038:(1983โ1986)
2027:Explorer 11
1998:(2017โ2019)
1990:(1989โ1993)
1982:(1975โ1982)
1974:(2006โ2013)
1966:(1991โ2000)
1958:(2003โ2008)
1950:(1996โ2003)
1942:(1974โ1976)
1934:(1983โ1991)
1893:(1993โ2000)
1885:(1973โ1974)
1877:(2017โ2019)
1869:(1979โ1982)
1861:(1974โ1980)
1853:(1971โ1972)
1845:(1967โ1969)
1821:(1962โ1972)
1813:(1993โ2005)
1805:(2006โ2011)
1797:(2007โ2024)
1094:Ultraviolet
699::581, 1984.
396:, from the
272:Inclination
212:Deactivated
189:Launch site
171:Launch date
3901:Categories
3871:Kosmos 973
3866:Kosmos 972
3861:Kosmos 971
3856:Kosmos 970
3851:Kosmos 969
3846:Kosmos 968
3831:Kosmos 967
3826:Kosmos 966
3789:Kosmos 965
3784:Kosmos 964
3772:Kosmos 963
3767:Meteosat 1
3762:Kosmos 962
3747:Kosmos 961
3742:Kosmos 960
3727:Kosmos 959
3722:Kosmos 958
3710:Kosmos 957
3688:Kosmos 956
3668:Kosmos 955
3663:Kosmos 954
3658:Kosmos 953
3653:Kosmos 952
3641:Kosmos 951
3636:Kosmos 950
3631:Kosmos 949
3621:Kosmos 948
3611:Kosmos 947
3601:Kosmos 946
3596:Kosmos 945
3591:Kosmos 944
3586:Kosmos 943
3581:Kosmos 942
3576:Kosmos 941
3571:Kosmos 940
3566:Kosmos 939
3561:Kosmos 938
3556:Kosmos 937
3520:Kosmos 936
3515:Kosmos 935
3510:Kosmos 934
3500:Kosmos 933
3495:Kosmos 932
3490:Kosmos 931
3485:Kosmos 930
3480:Kosmos 929
3475:Himawari 1
3470:Kosmos 928
3465:Kosmos 927
3460:Kosmos 926
3455:Kosmos 925
3450:Kosmos 924
3445:Kosmos 923
3440:Kosmos 922
3425:Kosmos 921
3410:Kosmos 920
3405:Kosmos 919
3400:Kosmos 918
3385:Kosmos 917
3380:Kosmos 916
3375:Kosmos 915
3365:Kosmos 914
3360:Kosmos 913
3350:Kosmos 912
3345:Kosmos 911
3335:Kosmos 910
3330:Kosmos 909
3325:Kosmos 908
3310:Kosmos 907
3300:Kosmos 906
3295:Kosmos 905
3285:Kosmos 904
3280:Kosmos 903
3275:Kosmos 902
3270:Kosmos 901
3260:Kosmos 900
3255:Kosmos 899
3245:Kosmos 898
3230:Kosmos 897
3225:Kosmos 896
3220:Kosmos 895
3203:Kosmos 894
3193:Kosmos 893
3183:Kosmos 892
3166:Kosmos 891
3156:Kosmos 890
3151:Kosmos 889
3141:Kosmos 888
3035:Simon Ramo
3008:Pioneer 11
3001:Pioneer 10
2506:Vanguard 3
1818:Alouette 1
1658:AstroSat-2
1375:XMM-Newton
891:James Webb
575:References
510:Cygnus X-1
220:Decay date
148:Dimensions
3883:underline
3678:Prognoz 6
3626:Voyager 1
3551:Voyager 2
3235:Palapa A2
3056:Astrolink
2994:Pioneer 1
2930:TRW Vidar
2709:Eddington
2664:Cancelled
2171:Hipparcos
1579:Spektr-UV
1444:Mini-EUSO
1436:ISS-CREAM
1287:Spektr-RG
1207:Gamma-ray
1102:Aditya-L1
993:Hayabusa2
870:Queqiao 2
814:Operating
488:The four
82:1977-075A
76:COSPAR ID
3841:Sakura 1
3821:OPS 4258
3815:Soyuz 26
3794:OPS 8781
3716:Soyuz 25
3698:Salyut 6
3683:OPS 7471
3430:OPS 4800
3370:OPS 5644
3340:OPS 9751
3320:OPS 9438
3315:OPS 9437
3240:OPS 4915
3198:Tansei 3
3177:Soyuz 24
3171:OPS 3151
2988:N2 chart
2939:Products
2901:TRW Inc.
2760:Sentinel
2458:Spektr-R
2394:RELIKT-1
2235:Kristall
2123:Herschel
1947:BeppoSAX
1703:JEM-EUSO
1698:iWF-MAXI
1640:Proposed
1603:LiteBIRD
1595:Spektr-M
1327:MinXSS-2
1255:INTEGRAL
1118:Astrosat
944:Astrosat
883:Infrared
733:: L127,
605:28 March
555:(HEAO 2)
531:See also
455:increase
424:and the
315:ecliptic
65:Operator
3887:italics
3778:Unnamed
3757:Transat
3606:Sirio 1
3540:Unnamed
3395:Signe 3
3209:Unnamed
3161:NATO 3B
2809:Related
2720:FINESSE
2698:Destiny
2681:Astro-G
2644:Tsubame
2636:Astro-E
2612:ABRIXAS
2466:Spitzer
2450:Solwind
2402:R/HESSI
2362:Orion 2
2354:Orion 1
2059:Kvant-1
1955:CHIPSat
1918:Astro-2
1898:Astro-1
1874:ASTERIA
1866:Ariel 6
1858:Ariel 5
1850:Ariel 4
1842:Ariel 3
1834:Ariel 2
1826:Ariel 1
1787:Retired
1778:THESEUS
1763:Solar-D
1758:PhoENiX
1598:(2030+)
1555:JASMINE
1523:Xuntian
1491:SPHEREx
1484:Planned
1033:NEOSSat
928:Optical
854:Queqiao
735:Bibcode
502:pulsars
444:, used
331:Centaur
329:with a
97:SATCAT
60:orbiter
3737:ISEE-2
3732:ISEE-1
3546:HEAO-1
3390:GOES 2
3290:GEOS-1
3215:Kiku 2
3129:1978 โ
3114:โ 1976
3028:People
3014:TR-201
2785:TAUVEX
2692:Darwin
2671:Aelita
2655:(2016)
2639:(2000)
2631:(1999)
2623:(1996)
2620:HETE-1
2615:(1999)
2607:(1965)
2591:(1976)
2583:(1970)
2575:(1966)
2509:(1959)
2426:SAMPEX
2386:Planck
2381:(2018)
2378:PicSat
2370:PAMELA
2365:(1973)
2357:(1971)
2259:MinXSS
2227:Kepler
2190:(1983)
2182:(2024)
2163:HETE-2
2155:HEAO-3
2115:HEAO-1
2091:Granat
2035:EXOSAT
2030:(1961)
2022:(2010)
2014:(2008)
2006:(1993)
1995:CXBN-2
1931:Astron
1926:(1995)
1901:(1990)
1837:(1964)
1810:ALEXIS
1753:PETREL
1713:LUVOIR
1663:EXCEDE
1630:(2035)
1622:(2035)
1619:Athena
1614:(2033)
1606:(2032)
1590:(2030)
1582:(2030)
1574:(2029)
1566:(2028)
1558:(2028)
1550:(2027)
1542:(2027)
1534:(2027)
1526:(2026)
1518:(2026)
1510:(2026)
1502:(2026)
1499:K-EUSO
1494:(2025)
1468:STEREO
1404:AMS-02
1367:XPoSat
1343:NuSTAR
1182:STEREO
1126:Hibari
1017:Hubble
1009:HiRISE
985:Euclid
977:DSCOVR
969:CHEOPS
846:STEREO
448:(NaI)
342:HEAO A
323:HEAO 1
319:NASA's
311:HEAO-1
282:Period
179:Rocket
3647:OTS-1
3415:NTS-2
2780:SPOrt
2775:SPICA
2755:OSO K
2750:OSO J
2604:OSO C
2588:CORSA
2580:OAO-B
2572:OAO-1
2553:TRACE
2498:Uhuru
2442:SAS-C
2434:SAS-B
2410:ROSAT
2347:OSO 8
2342:OSO 7
2337:OSO 6
2332:OSO 5
2327:OSO 4
2322:OSO 3
2317:OSO B
2312:OSO 1
2291:OAO-2
2243:LEGRI
2179:ILO-X
2075:Gamma
2067:GALEX
2019:EPOXI
2011:EPOCh
1979:Cos-B
1971:CoRoT
1906:BBXRT
1794:AGILE
1773:THEIA
1743:ORBIS
1693:ILO-1
1678:HabEx
1673:FOCAL
1648:Arcus
1611:Taiji
1571:ARIEL
1515:PLATO
1420:DAMPE
1412:CALET
1359:XRISM
1335:NICER
1303:Swift
1271:GECAM
1263:Fermi
1231:DAMPE
1215:CALET
1203:X-ray
1190:Swift
1166:SOLAR
1110:ASO-S
1073:Swift
1065:SOLAR
961:CHASE
952:BRITE
907:SOLAR
665:. in
592:(PDF)
440:, or
412:, or
392:, or
364:, or
335:X-ray
292:Epoch
104:10217
45:Names
3122:1977
2800:XIPE
2795:XEUS
2770:SNAP
2745:LOFT
2740:JDEM
2725:GEMS
2715:FAME
2703:EChO
2676:AOSO
2628:WIRE
2596:CXBN
2545:SWAS
2514:WMAP
2418:RXTE
2267:MOST
2219:IXAE
2195:IRTS
2187:IRAS
2051:FUSE
2043:EUVE
1987:COBE
1718:Lynx
1708:LUCI
1627:LISA
1587:UVEX
1539:LORD
1531:COSI
1452:SOHO
1428:IBEX
1351:LEIA
1319:MAXI
1295:SVOM
1279:IXPE
1205:and
1158:SOHO
1142:IRIS
1081:TESS
1057:SOHO
1041:Odin
1001:Gaia
915:WISE
899:Odin
862:Wind
830:NCLE
607:2016
600:NASA
500:and
481:Two
476:FWHM
436:The
408:The
388:The
376:was
360:The
69:NASA
2790:TPF
2735:IXO
2730:HOP
2275:MSX
2211:IUE
2203:ISO
2003:DXS
1939:ANS
1922:HUT
1911:HUT
1882:ATM
1748:OST
1683:HWO
1396:ACE
1150:SDO
1049:SDO
936:Aoi
743:doi
731:240
713:240
521:MIT
378:TRW
276:23ยฐ
134:TRW
99:no.
3903::
1924:)
741:,
729:,
697:54
670:13
598:.
594:.
527:.
504:.
438:A4
410:A3
390:A2
362:A1
3105:e
3098:t
3091:v
2893:e
2886:t
2879:v
1920:(
799:e
792:t
785:v
745::
737::
609:.
420:(
246:0
20:)
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