20:
92:
231:
166:; until December 1918 those units had no central command or organization and many of them were named after the local cities or regions (like 'Samoobrona Lidy'). The first task of those units was curbing the crime wave by German
202:
which included the First and the Second
Lithuanian–Belarusian Divisions. The pro-communist Jews had won the first skirmish, forcing the Poles and Belarusians to retreat several kilometers. On August 8, 1919, Polish troops
207:. The main attack was in the direction of Maladzechna, Minsk, and Polatsk along the railroad lines. However, due to Russian numerical superiority and lack of support from the side of the short-lived
118:. Starting in the last years of the First World War, many smaller units of self-defence forces were created out of local volunteers in those areas, among them likely the best known being the
755:
750:
770:
79:, and several other local provisional governments. The Division took part in several key battles of the war. According to Paulius Pacevičius around 15-18% of the division were ethnic
656:
648:
195:
199:
304:
Parts of the 1st
Lithuanian–Belarusian Division (1.DL-B) were transferred, in July 1919, to form the parallel 2nd Lithuanian–Belarusian Division (
114:
and several other local provisional governments erupted in a series of wars in
Central and Eastern Europe, the most prominent of these being the
760:
273:, where it suffered heavy losses. Finally, two days prior to the cease-fire ending the war, the units of the division – then commanded by Gen.
119:
765:
745:
711:
Pacevičius, Paulius (2014). "Lietuvos kariuomenės dezertyrai nepriklausomybės kovų ir valstybingumo įtvirtinimo laikotarpiu 1918–1923 m. ".
451:
494:
289:
691:
582:
552:
433:
393:
660:
198:. In June 1919, the Bolsheviks deployed the Jewish First Guard Battalion from Minsk (at the insistence of its own members) against
292:
and the state merger with Poland in 1923, the division was partially demobilized, while its remnants were incorporated into the
514:
353:
321:
208:
91:
775:
316:. The division suffered heavy casualties during the Soviet invasion in summer 1920; some soldiers were forced to retreat into
251:
599:
98:, the most important battle of the war, was one of the battles the 1st Lithuanian-Belarusian Infantry Division took part in.
211:, the group withdrew towards central Poland. Other such self-defence groups, resistance organizations, and veterans of the
293:
282:
194:, where a group of roughly 1,500 Poles and Belarusians rose to arms to defend the city against the advancing forces of
63:. It was created out of several dozen smaller units of self-defence forces composed of local volunteers in what is now
242:
Another large group of volunteers to join the division were the remnants of roughly 2,500 men strong force created in
484:
270:
235:
250:, the Polish forces were pushed back and the city had to be abandoned. The newly formed division took part in the
246:
to defend it against the Reds in
January 1919. In the effect of four-day-long fights for the city and the area of
19:
329:
262:
675:
536:
325:
266:
95:
320:
territory where they were interned by the
Bolsheviks. The division was soon reinforced and renamed as the
179:
107:
72:
261:, took part in many of the largest battles of that conflict. Among others, it played a major role in the
220:
115:
60:
224:
577:. Translated by Andrzej Pawelec. Kraków: Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak, 1st ed. pp. 31–32 in PDF.
274:
126:
region with Polish majorities or significant minorities – usually urbanized areas like the cities of
48:
40:
603:
724:
687:
626:
595:
578:
548:
522:
490:
459:
429:
389:
383:
361:
258:
219:
also reached Poland, where they were reformed into a single unit under the command of general
216:
622:
178:, and therefore supported the cause of attaching those territories with the newly recreated
111:
305:
204:
32:
426:
Fight for Wilno. From the history of the Self-Defence of
Lithuania and Belarus, 1918-1919
163:
155:
174:
groups. Despite its name, most of the members of that organization were either Poles or
122:('Samoobrona Litwy i Białorusi'). Self-Defence units were organized in the areas of the
278:
739:
568:
281:
from the
Lithuanian forces and formed the core of the armed forces of the disputed
247:
212:
76:
616:
313:
103:
80:
56:
230:
515:"Cossacks, Russians, and Ukrainians on the Polish side in the War of the 1920"
354:"Cossacks, Russians, and Ukrainians on the Polish side in the War of the 1920"
254:
of
January 8 of that year, one of the first battles of the Polish–Soviet War.
147:
728:
526:
365:
686:] (Collection of documents). Warsaw: Rytm. pp. 265, 345, 390, 647.
630:
547:] (Collection of documents). Warsaw: Rytm. pp. 265, 345, 390, 647.
517:[Kozacy, Rosjanie i Ukraińcy po stronie polskiej w wojnie 1920 r.].
356:[Kozacy, Rosjanie i Ukraińcy po stronie polskiej w wojnie 1920 r.].
317:
175:
171:
64:
234:
1st
Lithuanian-Belarusian Infantry Division suffered heavy losses in the
167:
720:
243:
159:
151:
127:
68:
574:
White Eagle, Red Star (Polish edition): Biały Orzeł, Czerwona
Gwiazda
143:
135:
676:"1 dywizja Litewsko-Białoruska (1st Lithuanian–Belarusian Division)"
537:"1 dywizja Litewsko-Białoruska (1st Lithuanian–Belarusian Division)"
324:. It temporarily returned to the old name of the 2nd Division after
229:
191:
131:
123:
90:
18:
422:
Walka o Wilno. Z dziejow Samoobrony Litwy i Bialorusi, 1918-1919
190:
The initial core of the division was formed in December 1918 in
139:
572:
106:
in the West, a growing series of territorial disputes between
71:, amidst a growing series of territorial disputes between the
269:, the decisive struggle of the war. It also took part in the
501:
The battalion 'forced the Poles to retreat several versts' .
655:. Gazetka. Szkoła im. Stefana Żeromskiego w Nałęczowie.
59:
formed around December 1918 and January 1919 during the
649:"General from Nałęczow - biography of Władysław Wejtko"
489:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 373, 364.
486:
Russian Jews Between the Reds and the Whites, 1917-1920
723:: Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos Karo Akademija.
680:Battle of the Niemen; August 29 - October 18, 1920
541:Battle of the Niemen; August 29 - October 18, 1920
756:Military units and formations established in 1919
751:Military units and formations established in 1918
594:—— English ed. (2011) Random House,
663:on May 13, 2007 – via Internet Archive.
8:
478:
476:
420:Grzegorz Łukowski, and Rafal E. Stolarski,
771:Lithuania–Second Polish Republic relations
445:
443:
441:
408:
458:(in Polish). Republika.pl. Archived from
647:A. Łowczak, J.M. Sołdek (May 13, 2007).
377:
375:
341:
120:Lithuanian and Belarusian Self-Defence
16:1918–1923 Polish Army combat formation
7:
347:
345:
205:recaptured Minsk from the Bolsheviks
53:1-oji Lietuvos-Baltarusijos divizija
684:Bitwa niemeńska 29 VIII - 18 X 1920
545:Bitwa niemeńska 29 VIII - 18 X 1920
300:2nd Lithuanian–Belarusian Division
170:, and later, defence from the pro-
29:1st Lithuanian–Belarusian Division
23:1st Lithuanian–Belarusian Division
14:
621:. Doubleday & Page. p.
521:. Toruń: Inne Oblicza Historii.
360:. Toruń: Inne Oblicza Historii.
288:Following the elections held in
257:The division, commanded by Gen.
45:1-ая Літоўска-Беларуская дывізія
651:[Nałęczowski generał].
310:2. Dywizja Litewsko-Białoruska
55:) was a volunteer unit of the
37:1. Dywizja Litewsko-Białoruska
1:
761:Republic of Central Lithuania
587:. First published in 1972 as
388:. Bellona. pp. 227–230.
328:, when it became part of the
294:Polish 19th Infantry Division
283:Republic of Central Lithuania
746:Infantry divisions of Poland
450:Janikula, Krzysztof (2004).
209:Belarusian People's Republic
454:[Wojna roku 1920].
792:
674:Tarczyński, Marek (1998).
615:Morgenthau, Henry (1922).
535:Tarczyński, Marek (1998).
513:Gdański, Jarosław (2017).
382:Wyszczelski, Lech (2008).
352:Gdański, Jarosław (2017).
604:pp. 59, 70. Google Books.
483:Budnitskii, Oleg (2012).
330:Army of Central Lithuania
252:Battle of Brześć Litewski
44:
766:Belarus–Poland relations
336:Citations and references
519:Magazyn IOH (Bimonthly)
322:20th Infantry Division
309:
296:stationed in Vilnius.
239:
99:
73:Second Polish Republic
52:
36:
24:
589:White Eagle, Red Star
233:
225:Imperial Russian Army
94:
22:
271:Battle of the Niemen
102:With the end of the
96:The Battle of Warsaw
326:Żeligowski's Mutiny
186:Operational history
618:All in a Life-time
591:(doctoral theses).
428:), Adiutor, 1994,
263:Battle of Radzymin
240:
223:formerly from the
100:
25:
776:Polish–Soviet War
715:(in Lithuanian).
635:Minsk Bolsheviks.
452:"The War of 1920"
312:, 2.DL-B) of the
275:Lucjan Żeligowski
217:Russian Civil War
116:Polish–Soviet War
61:Polish–Soviet War
783:
732:
698:
697:
671:
665:
664:
659:. Archived from
644:
638:
637:
612:
606:
592:
565:
559:
558:
530:
510:
504:
503:
480:
471:
470:
468:
467:
456:Flotylle Rzeczne
447:
436:
418:
412:
406:
400:
399:
379:
370:
369:
349:
267:Battle of Warsaw
265:, a part of the
236:Battle of Niemen
221:Władysław Wejtko
146:, or towns like
46:
791:
790:
786:
785:
784:
782:
781:
780:
736:
735:
710:
707:
702:
701:
694:
673:
672:
668:
646:
645:
641:
614:
613:
609:
593:
585:
567:
566:
562:
555:
534:
512:
511:
507:
497:
482:
481:
474:
465:
463:
449:
448:
439:
419:
415:
409:Pacevičius 2014
407:
403:
396:
385:Wilno 1919-1920
381:
380:
373:
351:
350:
343:
338:
302:
200:the Polish Army
188:
89:
17:
12:
11:
5:
789:
787:
779:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
738:
737:
734:
733:
706:
703:
700:
699:
692:
666:
639:
607:
583:
569:Davies, Norman
560:
553:
505:
496:978-0812208146
495:
472:
437:
413:
401:
394:
371:
340:
339:
337:
334:
301:
298:
279:Vilnius Region
259:Jan Rządkowski
187:
184:
88:
85:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
788:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
741:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:Karo Archyvas
709:
708:
705:Cited sources
704:
695:
693:83-87893-55-2
689:
685:
681:
677:
670:
667:
662:
658:
654:
650:
643:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:
611:
608:
605:
601:
597:
590:
586:
584:83-240-0749-0
580:
576:
575:
570:
564:
561:
556:
554:83-87893-55-2
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
528:
524:
520:
516:
509:
506:
502:
498:
492:
488:
487:
479:
477:
473:
462:on 2007-02-13
461:
457:
453:
446:
444:
442:
438:
435:
434:83-900085-0-5
431:
427:
423:
417:
414:
411:, p. 84.
410:
405:
402:
397:
395:9788311112490
391:
387:
386:
378:
376:
372:
367:
363:
359:
355:
348:
346:
342:
335:
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331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
299:
297:
295:
291:
286:
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280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
237:
232:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
197:
196:Soviet Russia
193:
185:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:Soviet Russia
109:
105:
97:
93:
86:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
42:
38:
34:
30:
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716:
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683:
679:
669:
661:the original
652:
642:
634:
617:
610:
588:
573:
563:
544:
540:
531:
518:
508:
500:
485:
464:. Retrieved
460:the original
455:
425:
421:
416:
404:
384:
357:
303:
287:
277:– took over
256:
248:Nowa Wilejka
241:
189:
180:Polish state
101:
77:Russian SFSR
28:
26:
358:Magazyn IOH
314:Polish Army
104:World War I
81:Lithuanians
57:Polish Army
740:Categories
600:1446466868
466:2006-06-27
318:Lithuanian
213:Green Army
49:Lithuanian
41:Belarusian
39:, 1.DL-B;
729:1392-6489
571:(2006) .
527:1734-9060
366:1734-9060
176:polonized
172:Bolshevik
168:deserters
164:Panevėžys
156:Nemenčinė
65:Lithuania
657:(Part 2)
631:25930642
532:Also in:
721:Vilnius
244:Vilnius
215:of the
152:Wilejka
148:Ašmiany
128:Vilnius
87:History
69:Belarus
727:
690:
653:Part 1
629:
598:
581:
551:
525:
493:
432:
392:
364:
306:Polish
144:Kaunas
136:Hrodna
108:Poland
75:, the
33:Polish
682:[
543:[
290:Wilno
192:Minsk
132:Minsk
124:Kresy
725:ISSN
717:XXIX
688:ISBN
627:OCLC
596:ISBN
579:ISBN
549:ISBN
523:ISSN
491:ISBN
430:ISBN
390:ISBN
362:ISSN
162:and
160:Świr
142:and
140:Lida
67:and
27:The
623:414
742::
719:.
678:.
633:.
625:.
602:,
539:.
499:.
475:^
440:^
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344:^
332:.
308::
285:.
227:.
182:.
158:,
154:,
150:,
138:,
134:,
130:,
110:,
83:.
51::
47:;
43::
35::
731:.
696:.
557:.
529:.
469:.
424:(
398:.
368:.
238:.
31:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
