514:
future crisis. The main initiatives, implemented during the 2003 crisis, consisted of the creation of new geophysical and geochemical volcanic detection networks and a local civil protection structure (AOC, Advanced
Operations Centre), where signals from volcanic monitoring are displayed in real-time and possibly used by the staff of the Civil Protection Department (DPC) for the immediate activation of response procedures. In 2005, at the DPC in Rome, the Central Functional Volcanic Risk Centre (CFCRV) was established, where the most relevant monitoring signals of the active volcanoes are displayed in real-time and where simple processing activities are carried out daily, for risk assessment and data sharing within the scientific community, coordinated by civil protection personnel with training in volcanic problems. The response effectiveness of the new system was tested in the months of February–March 2007 when a new volcanic crisis occurred. During this crisis, the DPC coordinated information activities with the media and islanders. The effective management of the crisis consisted of minimizing the risk to people and, at the same time, facilitating normal activities and regular access to the island.
439:
fires in the vegetation. The effusive activity fed by the mouths present in the lava field, set at an altitude of 600 m above sea level, followed by modest explosive activity at the craters, with sporadic explosive episodes of greater energy. Between June and the second half of July, there was a progressive decrease in the flow of lava and a gradual increase in explosive activity. On July 21, the effusive activity was exhausted while the explosive activity started to involve all the craters in the summit area and had the typical characteristics of
Strombolian activity with the launch of slag and lapilli. At the beginning of August, the magma was very superficial and the explosions were still low-energy. During the following months, the explosive activity resumed the typical characteristics of normal Strombolian volcanic activity. The first result which was caused by the volcano was an impressive scar which was 800 m deep, whereas on the coast the scar was over 40 m deep. Once the event occurred, the submarine morphology started to evolve quickly due to lava emission and rockfall from the
289:, but it was not provoked by explosive activity, it was caused by frictional sliding. This revealed the concept of their formation, which started from 500m at the eastern wall of the Sciara del Fuoco and went down on the slope. 20 minutes later new breaks opened on the west side at about 500m, which defined the border of the upcoming landslides that formed a few hours later. The gaps were filled with a massive mass of rock, and probably because of the difference of the rocks in the middle resulted in the two rock's part failure that provoked two different landslides. The first part crashed into the sea at 13.14.05 and the second one at 13.22.38. These caused two tsunamis, that can be felt at
338:
acquired during the sequence of the various phenomena of instability that followed the eruption. These data were used for the analysis of backward stability of the slope that gave the first clues about the triggering mechanisms. Thus, it was possible to reconstruct the dynamics of the events. This reconstruction highlighted the fundamental role of the magma intrusion on the slope during the types of volcanic eruptions, which triggered the first deep movements of the north-east sector of the Sciara slope at least one day before the destructive landslide events, and of the instability of the submarine portion of the slope, from which the subsequent landslides propagated upstream.
492:. All of them had 30 days of prognosis: the first one resulted to have a fractured leg, the second one a fractured foot, whereas the third injured person was a German citizen who had a slight head cut. Part of the island of Stromboli was evacuated: 100 people were transferred by the Civil protection helicopters to Messina and 40 to Lipari. Two helicopters from the Air Force have taken part in rescue operations after the event. Since the tsunami occurred in late December, the island was not filled with tourists and the reports on the casualties state that there were no deaths.
375:, based on tourism and safety, with the risk in having many tourist during volcano explosions, Stromboli has come up with a safety guide for hiking trials and a handbook full of information related to the island, in order to behave in the best way during emergency situations. Whenever the Aeolian volcano erupts again, the locals remember what happened on 30 December 2002. From 2019, almost 12 years have passed since that day when an anomalous wave affected all the coasts of the lower Tyrrhenian Sea between
652:
CNT) digital recorders with 24-bit analog-to-digital converter and a sampling frequency set at 50 samples per second for each channel. The timing system of these stations is based on the synchronization of the internal clock with the absolute time signal of the Global
Positioning System (GPS) which has an accuracy of 5 seconds. Signals are transmitted continuously via radio modem to two different data logging centers. The first is located on the island of Stromboli, at the INGV Observatory of
277:) on 28 December, a not usual activity characterized by a 300m long eruptive break occurred, causing the break of the northern wall of Crater 1, displacing the North West upper eastern part of the Sciara del Fuoco wall. The lava flows were steep, two of them came out from the base and one from the middle of the break. It covered a 400m unstable surface. The first flow reached the sea, which was about 1,1 km away, in 30 minutes. Significant volcanic activity changes did not occur, a
397:
501:
events of national importance". The first national planning document was drawn up during the emergency events that affected the island from the end of 2002 to 2003. An effusive phase of the volcano began on 28 December 2002 and followed two days later, on 30 December, from a landslide along the Sciara del Fuoco and from an ascertained tsunami, determining the predisposition of a first planning of civil protection for the management of the emergency deriving from the tsunami risk for
307:
595:) for all stations. Eolo has a Web interface that allows access to all information and it is available online. The system developed for Stromboli has ensured seismic monitoring during the eruptive crises of 2002–2003 and 2007 by providing a large amount of data processed daily. Thanks to its advanced design and the development of new automatic analysis systems, it allows us to obtain in real-time the maximum information from the acquired data and to highlight its significance.
453:
567:
225:
518:
because
Stromboli is still considered a 12-month destination from tourists all over the world. Increasing involvement of the local population in civil protection activities led to establishing two groups of civil protection volunteers on the island. These two groups took active part in the tsunami information campaign "Io non Rischio" in 2015 and 2016, which were right in the middle of the summer period.
622:
609:
understand what had happened without being influenced by the interviewer's point of view. The local witnesses agreed on a negative first wave pulse and one of them affirmed that "a sort of vertical cut" opened in the seawater at the Sciara del Fuoco foot and spread around. Others reported that two sets of tsunami waves reached the coast, even if in two different moments.
591:
methods on clusters and uses a supercomputer with 132 processors. This allows to perform continuous semblance analysis, automatically locating all the VLP signals generated by
Stromboli activity, which in certain periods can exceed 500 events per day, and perform numerous other signal analyses such as spectrograms, polarization, Real-time Seismic-Amplitude Measurement (
333:
in morphological conditions produced by the intense erosive and effusive activity of
Stromboli. A decisive contribution to the analysis of the phenomena came from the work carried out in the months before the events by the members of the research group. They were involved in two projects of the National Volcanology Group in which detailed surveys of the
29:
468:, hitting the whole village. The event also forced the Civil Protection to close the island to the tourists, until an efficient alarm system against similar phenomena had been tested. No evacuation orders have ever been issued, although most residents preferred to spend the last night of 2002 in a safer environment on the island of
651:
monitoring system of the
Stromboli volcano has been active since January 2003 and was designed to detect and analyze the seismicity related to the eruptive processes taking place on the island. The network consists of 13 digital stations with broadband sensors. The data are acquired from GAIA (INGV –
574:
In front of the Sciara del Fuoco slope, an initial survey has been carried out a week after the event. The results obtained were precise and they varied from about 1 meter in shallow water to around 5 meters in deep water. In order to improve the precision and resolution of the final results, further
500:
The national emergency planning activities for the Island of
Stromboli started in 2003, which saw the participation and involvement of Sicily, the Prefecture – UTG of Messina and the Municipality of Lipari and which ended with the approval, in August 2015, of the "National emergency plan for volcanic
438:
activity fed by the mouths, present in the lava field, set at an altitude of 600 m above sea level, continued accompanied by modest explosive activity at the craters, with sporadic explosive episodes of greater energy. The expelled products fell on the flank of the volcano up to low altitude, causing
660:
Observatory, and receives signals from the stations on the southern side. From Lipari, the signals are sent again to
Stromboli, at the San Vincenzo Observatory, via TCP/IP connection. The signals of the entire network are then retransmitted to the INGV section of Catania and the Vesuvian Observatory
590:
allows to perform the detection and localization of VLP events with a technique based on a "semblance" analysis. This technique involves rather long calculation times that generally prevent its implementation in "real-time" monitoring systems. To overcome this problem, Eolo uses parallel calculation
443:
slope. The development has been rapidly documented by a series of multibeam surveys. Firstly, an estimate of the rock volume involved in the submarine landslide shows that it might have been the origin of the tsunami. One of the reasons for the instability of Sciara del Fuoco is due to the submarine
337:
of the emerged and submerged slopes and studies on the stability of the slopes were carried out. These surveys were compared with those carried out in the days following the landslides of 30 December and integrated with the analysis of aerial photos following the landslide and with helicopter photos
332:
and the
Institute of Environmental Geology and Geoengineering of the CNR undertook, on behalf of the Civil Protection Department, in the days after the landslide events, a special study aimed at assessing the evolution of the stability conditions in the following months, following the strong changes
612:
The inhabitants remember what happened on 30 December 2002, every time the Stromboli volcano erupts again. Almost 12 years have passed since an anomalous wave has affected all the coasts of the lower Tyrrhenian Sea between Calabria and Sicily. It is possible to reconstruct what happened thanks to a
517:
Hotel owners and other touristic facilities were given leaflets and further information which has been spread among tourists to increase awareness. Most of the inhabitants thought that giving this information to the visitors would have had a negative impact on tourism; actually, this never happened
413:
lasted until the end of March, with small variations in the flow rate of lava and the positions of the eruptive mouths was accompanied by reduced or no explosive activity in the craters. Between the end of March and the beginning of April, the flow rate of the fluxes showed a significant decrease
284:
In the morning of 29 December, the lava flows along the Sciara del Fuoco were no longer fueled and two horizontal cracks opened on the surface, which were the evidence of the continuous failure. On 30 December, the two-gap at 500m and 600m were being fuelled once more, so lava flows started again.
319:
times. The landslides that produced the tidal waves are the result of a sequence of deep movements (up to 70 m) that involved the North-East sector of the subaerial and submarine side of the Sciara after the beginning of the volcanic eruptions, which occurred on 28 December. The complex evolution
642:
processes have been studied carefully. Thanks to thirteen surveys in 4 years, it has been possible to reconstruct the morpho-sedimentary evolution of the submarine slope. The scar has been progressively filled with lava; at the beginning, the filling rate was high because of the entrance of lava
293:
Island, which is 20 km away from Stromboli. It took 6–7 minutes to reach them and it was visible for 10s. That was the first time a tsunami was recorded on the island. Many minor landslides and collapses occurred, including the two major landslides resulted in 6–8 Hz frequency content.
232:
Significant phenomena affected Stromboli during its fifth life cycle between 13,000 and 4000 BP (Neostromboli). After the major eruptive phase ended about 7500–7000 years ago, the volcano has been affected by massive collapses, until it had reached its maximum expansion of the north sector for a
513:
The emotional impact on public opinion of the tsunami of December 2002 was felt as a stimulus for the initiatives of the National Civil Protection System and Local authorities to aim at structurally improve standard safety measures and increase prevention and mitigation to deal effectively with
475:
The tsunami swept away boats, damaged houses situated along the coast and injured six people, who were evacuated by helicopter and brought to two hospitals in Sicily. A tanker was seriously hit by the wave, causing oil spills. Other minor effects of the giant wave were recorded in the confining
608:
post-tsunami survey field guide. 17 eyewitnesses were selected and grouped, based on their geographic location at the time of the events, and they were asked to have a more detailed interview, either directly by phone or through email. The purpose was to clarify what the witnesses had seen and
302:
On 30 December 2002, a part of the Sciara del Fuoco collapsed causing a land movement of 18 million cubic meters of material. The detachment of the wall occurred in two different phases, firstly the landslide was caused in the submerged part of the Sciara del Fuoco and later on spread to the
354:, recorded by the tide-gauge installed in the port of Panarea. From sources recorded by the seismic stations, it is evident that the two main landslides detached at 13:15 and at 13:22–13:23 local time, that the tsunamis hit north Panarea around 13:20 and 13:27, arriving at the Panarea
603:
In 2003 people who lived in Stromboli and Panarea were interviewed, though there were not many witnesses since only civil protection authorities and scientists had been allowed in the area. Some witnesses were asked to fill in a questionnaire which was adopted following the
575:
techniques for acquiring data and nonstandard processing were applied. Different grids were used for different depth ranges, but also tinning (which is a triangular irregular network) and random points visualization were performed when the maximum resolution was required.
256:
Since May 2002, Stromboli was characterized by a high explosive activity at 100m above the summit craters. In November the level of the lava located in the craters was very high, which resulted in an overflow in the upper part of the Sciara del Fuoco, which has increased
370:
attracts many people to visit the island. Instead of discouraging tourists, the powerful activity of the volcano has attracted people to witness the spectacular volcanic explosions and has increased the economy of the island. In order to manage and balance the
1537:
383:. The greatest danger of the Stromboli eruptions is linked precisely to the risk of tsunami and to the unpredictability of volcanic activity, which, although classified as 'low-energy', is uninterrupted and can trigger devastating events.
200:, called Stromboli, entered a new phase of explosive activity that was initially characterized by gas and ash emission from the summit craters. On 30 December 2002, the seismic network recorded two large collapses of a huge portion of the
404:
On 30 December, two days after the start of the effusion phase, there was a partial collapse of one side of the volcano involved in the lava flow. The landslide event also affected submarine portions of the Sciara del Fuoco and caused a
429:
and shreds of lava with the formation of a volcanic cloud characterized by a mushroom-shaped that reached a height of about 1150 m. The expelled products fell on the flanks of the volcano up to low altitude, causing fires in the
643:
flows into the sea and to the morphological readjustment of the slope; later on, the rate dramatically decreased when the eruption stopped. In February 2007, the scar was already filled by 40%, but then a new type of
314:
The north-west side is the result of the filling by the products of volcanic activity; a depression created as a result of multiple collapses of the same side occurred, according to recent studies at least in
1397:
Tinti, Stefano; Maramai, Alessandra; Armigliato, Alberto; Graziani, Laura; Manucci, Anna; Pagnoni, Gianluca; Zaniboni, Filippo, eds. (2006). "Sequence of events reconstructed from the eyewitness accounts".
1055:
Chiocci, F. L.; Bosman, A.; Romagnoli, C.; Tommasi, P.; De Alteris, G. (2003). "The December 2002 Sciara del Fuoco (Stromboli Island) submarine landslide: a first characterization".
488:
On 30 December 2002, a large amount of rock fell into the sea causing an anomalous wave; because of it three people were injured and two people were transferred to hospitals in
366:
Stromboli is an active volcano whose persistent activity is considered of mid-intensity explosive and it occurs every 10 to 20 minutes. The presence of an active volcano in the
638:. Marine surveys occurred offshore of Sciara del Fuoco for monitoring the Stromboli submarine slope after the two tsunamis in December 2002. All the morphological changes and
1436:
346:
The seismograms recorded by the seismic stations installed in Stromboli and in Panarea provide time values that fit the scientific standards and are therefore of high
464:
which first caused the sea to recede and then provoked two anomalous waves of 20 meters that caused major damages in the Strombolian inhabited area called
1025:
212:
was around 13:15 and the second one around 13:23 which lasted for 5–7 minutes. The event caused damages on the eastern coast side of Stromboli and
97:
1594:
1584:
998:
656:, and receives signals from the stations on the north side, which there is direct visibility with. The second is located in Lipari, at the
1317:
976:
421:
observed in the crater area began to be recorded. On April 5, at 8.12 a.m. (local time), a strong explosion occurred at the north-east
905:"Dynamics of the December 2002 flank failure and tsunami at Stromboli volcano inferred by volcanological and geophysical observations"
1133:
555:
233:
period which lasted 3000 years. These were the most recent landslides which led to the formation of the Sciara del Fuoco, a steep
1261:
728:"The 30 December 2002 landslide-induced tsunamis in Stromboli: sequence of the events reconstructed from the eyewitness accounts"
347:
281:
started to increase. 12 hours later two new gaps opened at about 500m and 600m high causing the start of two lava flows.
480:, especially in Panarea. The total damage to the infrastructures of Stromboli, Panarea and Ginostra is worth €600,000.
674:
539:
410:
321:
1230:
826:
1579:
1564:
586:
Observatory, called Eolo. VLP signals require unconventional analysis techniques. The current configuration of the
320:
that led to the destructive landslides of 30 December 2002, was reconstructed when a group of researchers from the
39:
639:
613:
brief summary written by Dr. Sonia Calvari, an expert at the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology.
531:
216:. These tsunamis have been considered the most violent ones that have struck Stromboli in the past 100 years.
948:
1462:
1400:
1574:
1569:
1488:
1372:
1080:"Observations of physical effects from tsunamis of 30 December 2002 at Stromboli volcano, southern Italy"
1033:
979:. Tsunami Unit & Ocean Observation Services Section Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission UNESCO
1345:
1149:
653:
543:
325:
396:
1113:
1060:
916:
797:
739:
258:
1437:"Stromboli e l'eruzione che il 30 dicembre 2002 ha provocato uno tsunami in tutto il basso Tirreno"
1202:
535:
306:
878:
786:"The Stromboli 2002 tsunamigenic submarine slide: Characteristics and possible failure mechanisms"
452:
1589:
1417:
757:
644:
465:
209:
1104:
Bertolaso, Guido (2008). "Stromboli (2002–2003) crisis management and risk mitigation actions".
1129:
701:"Near- and far-field survey report of the 30 December 2002 Stromboli (Southern Italy) tsunami"
592:
435:
177:
409:
whose maximum height was simulated around 10 m, the well-known tsunami of December 2002. The
265:
were intense at Crater 1. Afterward, it reached 200m above Crater 1, and the explosions left
1409:
1121:
924:
805:
747:
679:
582:
analysis is carried out continuously by an automatic system at the monitoring center of the
372:
201:
132:
1207:
477:
426:
422:
367:
278:
250:
185:
1117:
1064:
920:
801:
743:
583:
551:
285:
These flows went along the December 28 cracks while cutting through it. There was only
193:
1269:
566:
526:
After the eruption of December 2002, many newspapers, newscasts and websites, such as
1558:
1421:
1291:
1079:
700:
527:
334:
246:
853:"Historiographical contribution to the dating of the Sciara del Fuoco of Stromboli"
761:
316:
270:
224:
857:
Historiographical contribution to the dating of the Sciara del Fuoco of Stromboli
852:
621:
261:
and has caused several explosions in the early December as well. The heights of
999:"Stromboli, uno dei vulcani più attivi al mondo: dallo tsunami alle esplosioni"
784:
Francesco L. Chiocci Claudia Romagnoli Paolo Tommasi Alessandro Bosman (2008).
1413:
648:
587:
431:
274:
752:
727:
112:
99:
1176:
538:, have reported the incident. The event was studied by researchers from the
502:
440:
418:
351:
181:
456:
Panarea, January 2003, tsunami effects caused by the eruption of Stromboli.
1238:
947:
Tinti, S.; Manucci, A.; Pagnoni, G.; Armigliato, A.; Zaniboni, F. (2005).
1024:
Osservatorio Vesuviano – Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia.
929:
904:
810:
785:
376:
205:
903:
A. Bonaccorso S. Calvari G. Garfì L. Lodato D. Patanè (September 2003).
547:
489:
461:
406:
329:
290:
242:
213:
197:
1511:"Le grandi frane della Sciara del Fuoco (Stromboli) del dicembre 2002"
1106:
Washington DC American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph Series
662:
635:
605:
469:
380:
355:
262:
189:
69:
1125:
28:
1463:"Monitoring deformations through Ground-Based radar interferometry"
665:
where they are monitored 24 hours a day by the surveillance staff.
620:
565:
451:
395:
305:
266:
234:
546:, the INGV-Section of Catania and the Institute of Environmental
460:
On the island of Stromboli, the 2002 eruption has originated two
879:"A Stromboli l'origine di tre grandi tsunami di epoca medievale"
657:
579:
238:
1346:"Stromboli, continua l'eruzione "Possibili altre onde anomale""
949:"The 30 December 2002 landslide-induced tsunamis in Stromboli"
415:
286:
400:
Effects in a building after the tsunami of 2002, Stromboli.
1510:
634:
The Sciara del Fuoco stability is monitored by an elastic
1325:
National Civil Protection Department – Volcanic Risk Unit
1150:"La popolazione di Stromboli alle prese con un maremoto"
625:
SAR for seismic monitoring, Stromboli, February 20, 2002
1268:. Dipartimento della protezione Civile. Archived from
162:
154:
146:
138:
128:
91:
83:
75:
64:
49:
38:
505:and the other islands of the Aeolian archipelago.
425:. The explosion was followed by the expulsion of
253:of Stromboli (750 m above sea level) to the sea.
1316:Mangione, Ricciardi, Domenico e Antonio (2017).
1030:Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
196:. In May 2002, one of the island's two active
8:
21:
350:. Equally reliable is the time read in the
27:
20:
1203:"Stromboli eruption unleashes tidal wave"
956:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
928:
809:
751:
732:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
223:
1489:"Monitoraggio Sismologico di Stromboli"
1373:"Monitoraggio Sismologico di Stromboli"
1026:"MONITORAGGIO SISMOLOGICO DI STROMBOLI"
691:
414:and weak signals associated with small
1318:"Tsunami risk mitigation in Stromboli"
1311:
1309:
825:Bertagnini, Rossi (22 January 2011).
7:
942:
940:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
570:Eruption of Stromboli by day, 2006.
310:Structure of the Stromboli volcano.
1515:Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
1201:Willan, Philipe (5 January 2003).
14:
33:Eruption of the Stromboli Volcano
1262:"Stromboli and Civil Protection"
1108:. Geophysical Monograph Series.
1461:Catani, Filippo (28 May 2015).
790:Journal of Geophysical Research
738:(6). Allen Institute: 763–775.
496:National emergency plan history
249:waste, which descends from the
1057:Egs – AGU – Eug Joint Assembly
562:Data collection and processing
1:
1595:December 2002 events in Italy
1585:21st-century volcanic events
1538:"Stromboli hit by a tsunami"
977:"Stromboli hit by a tsunami"
909:Geophysical Research Letters
362:Economic and cultural impact
1435:Redazione MeteoWeb (2014).
675:List of earthquakes in 2002
540:Sapienza University of Rome
322:Sapienza University of Rome
1611:
877:Di piazza, Andrea (2019).
176:was a tsunami caused by a
53:30 December 2002
1487:Vesuviano, Osservatorio.
1414:10.1007/s00445-005-0021-x
1371:Vesuviano, Osservatorio.
358:between 13:19 and 13:24.
26:
753:10.5194/nhess-5-763-2005
532:Corriere del Mezzogiorno
484:Casualties and first aid
204:, which resulted in the
1401:Bulletin of Volcanology
827:"Eruption of Stromboli"
726:Tinti, Stefano (2005).
647:occurred. The wideband
599:Interviews of witnesses
273:. At local time 18.30 (
626:
571:
457:
401:
328:, the INGV-Section of
311:
229:
174:2002 Stromboli tsunami
22:2002 Stromboli tsunami
851:Manni, Marco (2015).
699:Maramai, Alessandra.
624:
569:
544:University of Bologna
455:
399:
326:University of Bologna
309:
227:
113:38.79389°N 15.21111°E
1352:. la Republica. 2002
1175:Seach, John (2019).
930:10.1029/2003GL017702
811:10.1029/2007JB005172
259:Strombolian activity
228:Aeolian Islands map.
1536:van Zijll de Jong.
1509:Inguscio, Massimo.
1377:INGV Sezione Napoli
1272:on 1 September 2020
1229:Protezione Civile.
1177:"Stromboli Volcano"
1118:2008GMS...182..373B
1065:2003EAEJA....12069C
921:2003GeoRL..30.1941B
802:2008JGRB..11310102C
744:2005NHESS...5..763T
536:Corriere della Sera
109: /
23:
1231:"Storia del Piano"
627:
617:Monitoring systems
572:
458:
402:
312:
230:
118:38.79389; 15.21111
1580:Volcanic tsunamis
1565:Tsunamis in Italy
1235:Protezione Civile
1036:on 8 January 2012
192:, located on the
180:on the island of
178:volcanic eruption
170:
169:
1602:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1241:on 2 August 2020
1237:. Archived from
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1032:. Archived from
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1010:
995:
989:
988:
986:
984:
973:
967:
966:
964:
962:
953:
944:
935:
934:
932:
900:
894:
893:
891:
889:
874:
868:
867:
865:
863:
848:
842:
841:
839:
837:
822:
816:
815:
813:
781:
766:
765:
755:
723:
717:
716:
714:
712:
707:. Marine Geology
696:
680:List of tsunamis
202:Sciara del Fuoco
133:Volcanic tsunami
124:
123:
121:
120:
119:
114:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
79:Around 7 minutes
60:
58:
45:2002-12-30 12:15
31:
24:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1350:la Republica.it
1344:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1208:TheGuardian.com
1200:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1181:volcanolive.com
1174:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1126:10.1029/182GM30
1103:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1078:Tinti, Sefano.
1077:
1076:
1072:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1008:
1006:
997:
996:
992:
982:
980:
975:
974:
970:
960:
958:
951:
946:
945:
938:
902:
901:
897:
887:
885:
876:
875:
871:
861:
859:
850:
849:
845:
835:
833:
824:
823:
819:
796:(B10): B10102.
783:
782:
769:
725:
724:
720:
710:
708:
698:
697:
693:
688:
671:
632:
619:
601:
588:seismic network
564:
524:
511:
509:Risk mitigation
498:
486:
478:Aeolian islands
450:
394:
389:
364:
344:
300:
279:volcanic tremor
269:closely to the
222:
186:Aeolian Islands
117:
115:
111:
108:
103:
100:
98:
96:
95:
65:Local time
56:
54:
50:Local date
34:
17:
16:Italian Tsunami
12:
11:
5:
1608:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1528:
1501:
1479:
1453:
1427:
1408:(5): 450–461.
1389:
1363:
1337:
1305:
1283:
1266:Prevention Web
1260:Fulvi, Marco.
1252:
1221:
1193:
1167:
1156:. 19 June 2017
1141:
1134:
1096:
1070:
1047:
1016:
990:
968:
936:
895:
869:
843:
817:
767:
718:
690:
689:
687:
684:
683:
682:
677:
670:
667:
631:
630:Elastic beacon
628:
618:
615:
600:
597:
563:
560:
552:Geoengineering
523:
522:Media coverage
520:
510:
507:
497:
494:
485:
482:
449:
446:
393:
390:
388:
385:
368:Aeolian Island
363:
360:
343:
340:
299:
296:
221:
218:
194:Tyrrhenian Sea
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
148:
144:
143:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
66:
62:
61:
51:
47:
46:
43:
36:
35:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1607:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1575:2002 in Italy
1573:
1571:
1570:2002 tsunamis
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1539:
1532:
1529:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1502:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1393:
1390:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1135:9781118666340
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1004:
1000:
994:
991:
978:
972:
969:
957:
950:
943:
941:
937:
931:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
899:
896:
884:
880:
873:
870:
858:
854:
847:
844:
832:
828:
821:
818:
812:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
768:
763:
759:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
719:
706:
705:Research gate
702:
695:
692:
685:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
668:
666:
664:
659:
655:
650:
646:
641:
637:
629:
623:
616:
614:
610:
607:
598:
596:
594:
589:
585:
581:
576:
568:
561:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:la Repubblica
521:
519:
515:
508:
506:
504:
495:
493:
491:
483:
481:
479:
473:
471:
467:
463:
454:
447:
445:
442:
437:
433:
428:
424:
420:
417:
412:
408:
398:
391:
386:
384:
382:
378:
374:
369:
361:
359:
357:
353:
349:
341:
339:
336:
331:
327:
323:
318:
317:protohistoric
308:
304:
297:
295:
292:
288:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
226:
219:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
165:
161:
158:70 m (230 ft)
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
122:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
63:
52:
48:
44:
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
1541:. Retrieved
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1514:
1504:
1492:. Retrieved
1482:
1470:. Retrieved
1466:
1456:
1444:. Retrieved
1440:
1430:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1376:
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1349:
1340:
1328:. Retrieved
1324:
1296:. Retrieved
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1270:the original
1265:
1255:
1243:. Retrieved
1239:the original
1234:
1224:
1212:. Retrieved
1206:
1196:
1184:. Retrieved
1180:
1170:
1158:. Retrieved
1154:swisseduc.ch
1153:
1144:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1087:. Retrieved
1083:
1073:
1056:
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1034:the original
1029:
1019:
1007:. Retrieved
1005:. INGV. 2019
1003:la Republica
1002:
993:
981:. Retrieved
971:
959:. Retrieved
955:
915:(18): 1941.
912:
908:
898:
886:. Retrieved
882:
872:
860:. Retrieved
856:
846:
834:. Retrieved
830:
820:
793:
789:
735:
731:
721:
709:. Retrieved
704:
694:
654:San Vincenzo
640:depositional
633:
611:
602:
577:
573:
525:
516:
512:
499:
487:
474:
459:
403:
365:
345:
313:
301:
287:ash emission
283:
271:crater's rim
255:
247:incandescent
231:
208:. The first
173:
171:
150:20 m (66 ft)
139:Total damage
18:
1521:30 November
1472:30 November
1330:24 November
1298:25 November
1276:19 November
1245:19 November
1214:16 November
1186:25 November
1160:15 November
1112:: 373–385.
1089:30 November
1009:24 November
961:28 November
888:22 November
836:30 November
444:landslide.
348:reliability
116: /
87:10-1000 (m)
1559:Categories
1543:2 December
1494:6 December
1446:5 December
1382:6 December
1356:7 November
1292:"ABSTRACT"
1040:4 November
983:3 December
862:3 December
711:2 December
686:References
661:(INGV) of
432:vegetation
419:explosions
407:tidal wave
335:morphology
237:formed by
163:Casualties
155:Landslides
104:15°12′40″E
101:38°47′38″N
57:2002-12-30
42: time
1590:Stromboli
1422:140202799
1059:: 12069.
503:Stromboli
441:subaerial
387:Aftermath
352:sea level
210:landslide
198:volcanoes
184:, in the
182:Stromboli
92:Epicenter
1441:MeteoWeb
1084:Research
669:See also
645:eruption
584:Vesuvian
466:Ginostra
462:tsunamis
436:effusive
411:eruption
377:Calabria
303:surface.
243:lapillus
206:tsunamis
142:€600,000
76:Duration
1114:Bibcode
1061:Bibcode
917:Bibcode
798:Bibcode
762:7258551
740:Bibcode
649:seismic
554:of the
548:Geology
490:Messina
448:Damages
392:Results
373:economy
330:Catania
291:Panarea
220:History
214:Panarea
147:Tsunami
55: (
1420:
1294:. 2009
1132:
883:Natura
760:
663:Naples
636:beacon
606:UNESCO
542:, the
470:Lipari
434:. The
427:lithic
423:crater
381:Sicily
356:harbor
342:Timing
324:, the
298:Causes
263:ejecta
251:crater
190:Sicily
68:13:15
1517:. CNR
1467:ISSUU
1418:S2CID
1321:(PDF)
952:(PDF)
831:Earth
758:S2CID
275:UTC+1
267:magma
235:slope
84:Depth
70:UTC+1
1545:2019
1523:2019
1496:2019
1474:2019
1448:2019
1384:2019
1358:2019
1332:2019
1300:2019
1278:2019
1247:2019
1216:2019
1188:2019
1162:2019
1130:ISBN
1091:2019
1042:2019
1011:2019
985:2019
963:2019
890:2019
864:2019
838:2019
713:2019
658:INGV
593:RSAM
580:data
578:The
550:and
534:and
379:and
245:and
239:lava
172:The
166:None
129:Type
1410:doi
1122:doi
1110:182
925:doi
806:doi
794:113
748:doi
556:CNR
416:ash
188:of
40:UTC
1561::
1513:.
1465:.
1439:.
1416:.
1406:68
1404:.
1375:.
1348:.
1323:.
1308:^
1264:.
1233:.
1205:.
1179:.
1152:.
1128:.
1120:.
1082:.
1028:.
1001:.
954:.
939:^
923:.
913:30
911:.
907:.
881:.
855:.
829:.
804:.
792:.
788:.
770:^
756:.
746:.
734:.
730:.
703:.
558:.
530:,
472:.
241:,
1547:.
1525:.
1498:.
1476:.
1450:.
1424:.
1412::
1386:.
1360:.
1334:.
1302:.
1280:.
1249:.
1218:.
1190:.
1164:.
1138:.
1124::
1116::
1093:.
1067:.
1063::
1044:.
1013:.
987:.
965:.
933:.
927::
919::
892:.
866:.
840:.
814:.
808::
800::
764:.
750::
742::
736:5
715:.
59:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
