345:
to ever take place. Opinions in response to the decision to go to war remained polarized, but most
Americans express their preference for a diplomatic solution over the invasion. In polls conducted by major media outlets, the justifications by Iraq war supporters were broken down. More Americans, in a 2-1 ratio, supported the idea of invasion if it was on the principle of removing Saddam Hussein from power, and 60% of those with this view were ready to see this invasion take place within weeks. This view was expressed shortly before the draft was suspended and the invasion actually occurred. Public opinion on the war before the invasion also heavily hinged on the UN's response to the United States–British–Spanish Draft Resolution on Iraq. As of March 16, 2003, a day before the abandonment of the resolution, those who were previously in support of invasion would drop to 54% if the UN Security Council rejected the resolution for military action. That number dropped even lower, to 47%, if President Bush would not seek a final Security Council vote before taking military action. Anti-war sentiment was somewhat pervasive among civilians before the war and correlated to one's placement on the political spectrum, but was increasingly more dominant across party lines in the later years when it became clear that the war progressed long past its expected timeline and the more people believed the costs were outweighing the benefits.
388:
Nations...the United States and our allies are authorized to use force in ridding Iraq of weapons of mass destruction. This is not a question of authority, this is a question of will.” Expressing his disappointment in the disagreement within the
Security Council, he said, “The United Nations Security Council has not lived up to its responsibilities, so we will rise to ours.” President Bush then issued an ultimatum to Saddam Hussein, giving him and his sons 48 hours to leave Iraq. If they chose not to comply, the country would face military action. President Bush also advised Americans working in Iraq to leave the country as soon as possible. He promised to aid Iraqis if the United States did go to war with the country's government, and announced further security measures that were being undertaken by the states and coast.
283:
twenty-five percent of world oil production in 2003 came from Iraq. Saddam
Hussein controlled about 60% of the world's known oil reserves. The United States economy relies on oil and is the world's largest net importer of oil. An invasion meant the Bush administration would gain control of Iraqi oil fields and potentially decrease the price of oil in other OPEC countries. The UN resolution gave the US greater control of what was happening in the country. Any invasion for failing to cooperate with the resolution gave the Bush administration direct control over the country's resources and thus increasing their power in the middle east. Inspecting Iranian weapons also gave the United States a greater presence in the middle east and allowed for the monitoring of extremism in Iran and Saudi Arabia.
341:
invasion, surveyors broke down 10 findings on public opinion. The survey showed that at around this time a majority were still in support of invasion but this support was arguably waning. Support was divided along party lines, with a majority of
Republicans in support and a majority of Democrats opposed. President Bush was pushing the message that the United States had attempted all diplomatic methods and was left with no other choice, but only around 46% of the public bought into that narrative, with 49% wanting to see more diplomatic efforts before an invasion took place. Further requisites for stronger public support included an assurance that casualties would be minimized and that the U.N. backed the invasion, which the public later observed was not the case.
323:) held a mini-summit in Paris where they discussed their opposition to the resolution. There was no representative of China at the meeting, but Ivanov announced that China agreed with the three countries in opposition to the resolution. After the meeting, de Villepen spoke at a press conference, saying, “We will not allow a resolution to pass that authorises resorting to force...Russia and France, as permanent members of the security council, will assume their full responsibilities on this point.” de Villepen noted that Iraq should cooperate better with the inspectors, but all three agreed that they had seen progress from Iraq in disarmament and use of force against Iraq would not be the right decision.
451:, who has since admitted made up the story because he saw an opportunity to topple Saddam Hussein's regime. Curveball was first discovered to be an unreliable source in 2005, and admitted to his false statements in February 2011, revealing himself to be Rafid Ahmed Alwan al-Janabi, an Iraqi defector living in Germany. He stated, “I had a problem with the Saddam regime. I wanted to get rid of him and now I had this chance...Believe me, there was no other way to bring about freedom in Iraq. There were no other possibilities." Janabi stated to the Guardian that he is proud in his part in taking down Saddam. In 2007,
405:, in which he announced, “Major combat operations in Iraq have ended. In the Battle of Iraq, the United States and our allies have prevailed. And now our coalition is engaged in securing and reconstructing that country.” with a banner reading “Mission Accomplished” visible behind him. However, this United States military involvement did not formally end until December 15, 2011, when United States held a ceremony to mark the full withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq.
297:
The draft was largely in response to Iraq's refusal to follow
Resolution 1441. In the ninth point the draft proposes that the council “recognise the threat of Iraq’s non-compliance with Council resolutions” The amendment to the draft on March 7 gives Iraq a deadline, stating that if Iraq refuses to comply with Resolution 1441 by March 17, that there will be further actions taken against Iraq.
362:. He spoke on behalf of the United Kingdom, United States, and Spain, and ended his statement by saying, “Given this situation, the co-sponsors have agreed that we will not pursue a vote on the UK/US/Spanish resolution in blue...The co-sponsors reserve their right to take their own steps to secure the disarmament of Iraq.” On the same day, United Nations Secretary General
434:
The U.N. Special
Representative to Iraq became Vieira de Mello. The main tasks of the representative were to work with U.S. authorities to create a representative government in Iraq, coordinate humanitarian relief, aid reconstruction of Iraq's infrastructure, boost the protection of human rights, and
282:
Critics of the war in Iraq argue the Bush
Administration had ulterior motives for the UN resolution. Some argue the Bush administration sought to protect American economic interests and used the investigation and eventual invasion of Iraq to preserve control over massive oil preserves. In 2003 about
344:
In the months leading up to the Iraq War and the abandoning of the resolution, anti-war protests and rhetoric gained momentum. On
February 15, 2003, protests emerged in around 650 cities globally with estimates of somewhere between 6 and 11 million participants in the largest standing global protest
87:
September 11: 19 militants of the
Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda hijacked four planes in the United States and carried out suicide attacks. Two of the hijacked planes were flown into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, a third plane hit the Pentagon just outside Washington,
396:
The United States moved forward without the support of the United
Nations on March 19, 2003. President Bush followed through on his ultimatum to Saddam Hussein and ordered the United States Army to invade Iraq without a declaration of war under the codename “Operation Iraqi Freedom”, signaling the
387:
On the evening of March 17, President Bush gave an address on live television explaining the current threat of Iraq's weapons, and saying, “America tried to work with the United Nations to address this threat because we wanted to resolve the issue peacefully. We believe in the mission of the United
331:
Protests in Iraq sprung up shortly after the inception of the war and occasionally caused violent exchanges with the United States military. On April 28, 2003, United States soldiers fired on Iraqi protesters in Baghdad. 13 people were killed and 75 wounded. Two days later, U.S. soldiers fired on a
401:. President Bush gave an address to the United States within an hour of the first attacks on Baghdad, and warned the country that the fight ahead may be, “could be longer and more difficult than some predict.” The operations continued for about a month and a half, On May 1, President Bush gave his
296:
While the draft consisted of no hard deadlines or explicit threats of military intervention, it states that Saddam Hussein, president of Iraq, has failed to comply with previous UN resolutions. The draft also warned of “serious consequences” if Iraq continued to pursue weapons of mass destruction.
422:
refused to endorse the joint resolution and US-UK invasion and occupation in March 2003, the US and UK hoped to ignore the UN and operate without restriction in Iraq. However, Iraqi resistance, economic and political problems, and international criticism forced the US and UK to seek international
32:". Initially introduced on February 24, 2003, and amended on March 7, 2003, the draft set a March 17 deadline for Iraq to demonstrate "full, unconditional, immediate and active cooperation in accordance with its disarmament obligations." The draft was based on information from the Iraqi defector "
340:
The impact of 9/11 and the nationalizing sentiment that came with it was a heavy influence on the support of American-initiated invasion and in public support for the president. In a poll published in October 2002, days after President George W. Bush issued a public address on the possibility of
211:
February 23: Blair makes an address to the Commons, denying that the US and Britain are rushing towards a war. “We are now 12 years after Saddam was first told by the UN to disarm; nearly six months after President Bush made his speech to the UN accepting the UN route to disarmament; nearly four
423:
partners, including assistance from the UN. Controversy ensued as some thought the UN could be the wedge for internationalization and would force US-UK withdrawal, while others thought a UN presence in the war would discredit the UN. Two months after the war, the UN Security Council adopted
263:
President Bush gives Saddam and his sons 48 hours to leave the country. “Their refusal to do so will result in military conflict, commenced at a time of our choosing. For their own safety, all foreign nationals -- including journalists and inspectors -- should leave Iraq
1072:
438:
In August 2003, there was a massive bombing of the UN Headquarters in Baghdad which confirmed critics fears. The UN then withdrew from Iraq until February 2004, when under heavy US pressure the UN agreed to send a mission to Iraq to help construct a new government.
310:
France, Germany, and Russia were the leaders in the opposition to the draft resolution, and were very vocal in representing the disapproval of the resolution amongst members of the UN Security Council. On March 5, the foreign ministers of France
417:
began on March 19, 2003, when the United States and United Kingdom launched a bombing campaign. The war commenced two days after the United States, United Kingdom, and Spain abandoned their joint resolution in the United Nations (UN). Since the
201:, addresses the UN to present evidence of Iraq's ongoing weapons program, saying that “the facts and Iraq's behavior show that Saddam Hussein and his regime are concealing their efforts to produce more weapons of mass destruction.”
134:
November 8: The UN security council unanimously approves US-drafted resolution aimed at getting Saddam Hussein to disarm his country. The resolution says Saddam will face "serious consequences" if he does not comply with weapons
1312:
1294:
371:
447:
Much of the United States’ justification for starting the war was the claim that the Iraqi government was hiding a biological weapon mobile laboratory program. This came from an informant known as
242:
Blix reports to the Security Council that the process of disarmament has been steady, but Baghdad has not been transparent in questions regarding their chemical and biological weapons programs.
168:
January 9: Blix announces that his team has been unable to locate a “smoking gun” in Iraq but adds that Baghdad has failed to sufficiently answer questions in regards to their weapons program.
774:
44:, which Curveball later admitted was untrue. The widely discussed UN resolution was not brought up for formal vote after it became clear that it would not have passed due to opposition from
254:, confirms to Blair (in a phone call) that France is willing to compromise on some draft resolution on disarming Saddam, but will not accept any resolution that sets an ultimatum for war.
147:
December 18: The British government say the first assessment of Iraq's weapons declaration shows it is not the "full and complete declaration" requested by the security council.
1579:
455:
told reporters that he had no idea that Curveball's information was at all untrustworthy. Leaders in intelligence, including former deputy director of National Intelligence,
131:
September 24: Britain publishes a report claiming Iraq could produce a nuclear weapon within one or two years, if it obtains fissile material and other necessary materials.
92:
November 21: According to Bob Woodward in Plan of Attack, the US president, George Bush, says to the secretary of defense, Donald Rumsfeld: "Let’s get started on this."
1350:
424:
29:
1477:
1456:
245:
The US, Britain, and Spain present a revised version of the February 27 resolution that states Saddam had until March 17 to disarm, or face a movement towards war.
594:
204:
February 14: In his address to the Security Council, Blix admits that his team had not found any weapons of mass destruction as of yet. French foreign minister
236:
March 5: Foreign ministers of France, Russia, and German release a joint declaration that they will not allow any resolution that authorizes military action.
1574:
1594:
125:
September 12: In a speech to the United Nations, then President Bush says world leaders must get tough with Iraq or stand aside as the United States acts.
158:
says the omissions mean Iraq is in "material breach" of the resolution and has "spurned its last opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations".
1599:
1604:
765:
194:
January 31: President Bush and Prime Minister Blair meet at the White House to discuss a new UN resolution to authorize military force against Iraq.
1236:
188:, report to the UN that, "Iraq appears not to have come to a genuine acceptance, not even today, of the disarmament which was demanded of it,"
1516:
1497:
476:
1584:
367:
1589:
1082:
570:
844:
1149:
226:
February 27: Security Council opens to discussion of US-British-Spanish draft resolution that lays the groundwork for war in Iraq.
212:
months on from Resolution 1441; and even now today we are offering Saddam the prospect of voluntary disarmament through the UN.”
88:
D.C., and the fourth plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania. Almost 3,000 people were killed during the 9/11 terrorist attacks
419:
25:
878:
653:
208:
reminds the Council that there is no justification for war yet, and that the weapons inspections are still producing results.
128:
September 16:The Iraqi government announces weapons inspectors are welcome to return unconditionally after nearly four years.
1173:
678:
1538:
402:
218:
Washington, London, and Madrid introduce a draft resolution declaring that Iraq wasted its final opportunity to disarm
1123:
902:
795:
41:
358:
On March 17, the revised draft resolution was withdrawn by the United Kingdom's Ambassador to the United Nations,
172:
154:, says gaps remain in Iraq's declaration, but they continue to cooperate with UN inspectors. Then US ambassador
1520:
1501:
1555:
733:
702:
1412:
1364:
366:
announced the decision to pull United Nations employees out of Iraq. The 156 inspectors and employees of the
1223:"Disarmament Documentation: Withdrawal of Spain-UK-US Resolution on Iraq, March 17: Statements and Reaction"
175:, remarks “Time is running out on Saddam Hussein. He must disarm. I'm sick and tired of games and deception”
819:
1240:
448:
398:
312:
270:
205:
33:
1437:
1004:
629:
1544:
1098:
138:
November 13: Iraq accepts the UN resolution, while denying that it has any banned weapons programs.
1550:
588:
1330:
431:
appointed a Special Representative for Iraq and the UN assumed small responsibilities in Iraq.
1078:
1051:
1031:
854:
740:
709:
576:
566:
359:
221:
A French counter proposal, backed by Germany and Russia, calls for more UN weapons inspections
185:
1222:
501:
1558:
1279:
1259:
1056:
1036:
849:
316:
155:
101:
21:
1274:
1254:
979:
953:
927:
191:
January 28: Britain declared Iraq to be in “material breach” of UN disarmament agreement.
251:
144:
December 7: Iraq hands a 12,000-page declaration of its arms programs to UN inspectors.
119:
97:
37:
181:
January 20: Iraq promises to help inspectors search from any remaining banned weapons.
1568:
456:
57:
1551:
Inspectors Brief Security Council; British Resolution Receives Underwhelming Support
1150:"The Largest Protest Ever Was 15 Years Ago. The Iraq War Isn't Over. What Happened?"
452:
198:
608:
1388:
320:
230:
1009:
609:"Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Assessment of the British Government"
428:
363:
115:
858:
744:
713:
580:
525:
171:
President Bush, in a discussion and photo opportunity with Polish President
151:
502:"CNN.com - U.S., U.K., Spain introduce new Iraq resolution - Feb. 24, 2003"
1478:"Report: 'Curveball' Admits for First Time That He Lied About Iraq's WMD"
1457:"Report: 'Curveball' Admits for First Time That He Lied About Iraq's WMD"
1335:
549:
414:
65:
1198:
1517:"Iraqi Defector 'Curveball' Admits WMD Lies, is Proud of Tricking U.S."
1498:"Iraqi Defector 'Curveball' Admits WMD Lies, is Proud of Tricking U.S."
1005:"Text of UN draft resolution setting March 17 deadline for disarmament"
1313:"Bush Declares Start of Iraq War; Missile Said to be Aimed at Hussein"
1295:"Bush Declares Start of Iraq War; Missile Said to be Aimed at Hussein"
563:
Fear, power, and politics : the recipe for war in Iraq after 9/11
459:, have made clear that the decision to trust Curveball was a mistake.
178:
January 16: 12 empty chemical warheads found by UN inspectors in Iraq.
1545:
Text of UN draft resolution setting March 17 deadline for disarmament
49:
45:
820:"CNN.com - Transcript of Powell's U.N. presentation - Feb. 6, 2003"
260:
The joint resolution between the US, Britain and Spain is abandoned
53:
372:
United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission
796:"President and Prime Minister Blair Discussed Iraq, Middle East"
233:
missiles in time for UN deadline, as agreed to the previous day.
61:
903:"President Says Saddam Hussein Must Leave Iraq Within 48 Hours"
118:
visits former President Bush where they discuss getting rid of
1482:
1461:
28:
decide that Iraq is not complying, is out of compliance, with
1438:"Iraqi Says He Made up Tale of Biological Weapons Before War"
374:(UNMOVIC), were seen leaving their headquarters in Baghdad.
141:
November 18: First UN weapons inspectors arrive in Baghdad.
766:"Iraq is in 'material breach' of resolution, says Straw"
435:
encourage international cooperation to aid the country.
18:
United States–British–Spanish Draft Resolution on Iraq
64:
without UN support on March 20, 2003, initiating the
1174:"Public Attitudes Toward the War in Iraq: 2003-2008"
879:"United Nations rift deepens over second resolution"
764:
630:"Iraq hands over arms declaration - Dec. 8, 2002"
1124:"Top Ten Findings About Public Opinion and Iraq"
1539:US/UK/SPAIN DRAFT RESOLUTION: 24 FEBRUARY, 2003
845:"Even now, Saddam can save himself, says Blair"
332:group protesting earlier shootings in Falluja.
150:December 19: The chief UN weapons inspector,
8:
477:"Iraqi Defector 'Curveball' Admits WMD Lies"
409:United Nations Reaction and Role in Iraq War
184:January 27: Dr. Blix and weapons inspector
1580:United Nations General Assembly resolutions
679:"President Bush Discusses Iraq (Text Only)"
1351:"Timeline of Major Events in the Iraq War"
1237:"US, Britain and Spain Abandon Resolution"
1052:"UN war doubters unite against resolution"
1032:"UN war doubters unite against resolution"
593:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
273:, the first stage of the Iraq War, began.
468:
1556:USUN PRESS RELEASE # 27, March 7, 2003
843:George Jones, Political (2003-02-26).
586:
7:
980:"The Real Reasons Bush Went to War"
954:"The Real Reasons Bush Went to War"
928:"The Real Reasons Bush Went to War"
907:georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov
800:georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov
683:georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov
100:, says to the Secretary of Defense
1575:Causes and prelude of the Iraq War
1476:Memmott, Mark (15 February 2011).
1455:Memmott, Mark (15 February 2011).
368:International Atomic Energy Agency
14:
1436:Risen, James (16 February 2011).
1071:ʻĀnī, ʻAbd al-Ḥaqq (2008-01-01).
616:Federation of American Scientists
425:Security Council Resolution 1483
306:Opposition within United Nations
114:April 6: British Prime Minister
1605:United Nations and the Iraq War
1148:Blumenthal, Paul (2018-02-15).
777:from the original on 2022-05-01
229:March 1: Iraq disposed of four
978:Chapman, John (27 July 2004).
952:Chapman, John (27 July 2004).
926:Chapman, John (27 July 2004).
354:Withdrawal of Draft Resolution
1:
1595:Iraq–United Kingdom relations
1547:Amended 7 March 2003 version.
654:"Text: In Negroponte's Words"
561:Cardaras, Mary (2013-05-16).
20:was, according to Ambassador
1600:Iraq–United States relations
1393:Council on Foreign Relations
301:Responses and Public Opinion
250:March 14: French President,
104:"Let’s get started on this."
24:, "a resolution to have the
1074:The Trial of Saddam Hussein
403:Mission Accomplished speech
292:Summary of Draft Resolution
96:November 21: US president,
42:weapons of mass destruction
1621:
1585:2003 in the United Nations
1275:"Full text: Bush's speech"
1255:"Full text: Bush's speech"
734:"Powell's Remarks to U.N."
703:"Powell's Remarks to U.N."
427:, and UN Security General
1099:"Bush and Public Opinion"
618:. September 2002. 114567.
336:Media and Public Opinion
1541:The initial resolution.
278:The Bush Administration
1559:Ambassador Negroponte
1389:"IRAQ: The U.N. Role"
1331:"Text of Bush Speech"
1203:www.pollingreport.com
660:. Reuters. 2002-12-19
399:2003 invasion of Iraq
378:Beginning of Iraq War
313:Dominique de Villepin
206:Dominique de Villepin
40:was in possession of
1590:Iraq–Spain relations
1417:www.globalpolicy.org
1369:www.globalpolicy.org
1077:. SCB Distributors.
526:"Timeline: Iraq War"
1178:Pew Research Center
1103:Pew Research Center
420:UN Security Council
1442:The New York Times
1317:The New York Times
1299:The New York Times
737:The New York Times
706:The New York Times
658:The New York Times
1413:"UN Role in Iraq"
1365:"UN Role in Iraq"
370:, as well as the
360:Jeremy Greenstock
186:Mohamed ElBaradei
1612:
1526:
1525:
1513:
1507:
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1361:
1355:
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1347:
1341:
1340:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1319:. 20 March 2003.
1309:
1303:
1302:
1301:. 20 March 2003.
1291:
1285:
1284:
1283:. 18 March 2003.
1271:
1265:
1264:
1263:. 18 March 2003.
1251:
1245:
1244:
1239:. Archived from
1233:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1170:
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1145:
1139:
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1130:. 8 October 2002
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605:
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584:
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541:
540:
538:
537:
522:
516:
515:
513:
512:
498:
492:
491:
489:
488:
473:
392:Invasion of Iraq
383:Bush’s Ultimatum
287:Draft Resolution
271:Invasion of Iraq
1620:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1565:
1564:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1496:
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1329:
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1311:
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1306:
1293:
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1288:
1280:TheGuardian.com
1273:
1272:
1268:
1260:TheGuardian.com
1253:
1252:
1248:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1221:
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1216:
1207:
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1197:
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1128:news.gallup.com
1122:
1121:
1117:
1108:
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1097:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1060:. 5 March 2003.
1057:TheGuardian.com
1050:
1049:
1045:
1040:. 5 March 2003.
1037:TheGuardian.com
1030:
1029:
1025:
1016:
1014:
1003:
1002:
998:
988:
986:
977:
976:
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946:
936:
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911:
909:
901:
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896:
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883:The Irish Times
877:
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850:Daily Telegraph
842:
841:
837:
828:
826:
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804:
802:
794:
793:
789:
780:
778:
771:The Independent
763:
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732:
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623:
611:
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484:
475:
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470:
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445:
411:
394:
385:
380:
356:
351:
338:
329:
319:), and Russia (
317:Joschka Fischer
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