1673:, representative of the Coordinadora Democrática, published a preliminary report entitled "Fraud to Democracy", the result of the work of 40 professionals diversified in 14 thematic areas, concluding that "qualitative, continued, selective, massive fraud" occurred in the manual and automated procedures, for which the coalition decided to challenge the process. The report explains that it was detected that in Venezuela the scheme of the electoral population averages was broken and in two months it went from 48 points to 53 points of proportion in the electoral population, meaning that close to 1.8 million people who never voted were accounted for, a mobilization of a non-existent population was made to commit fraud in the manual voting according to the report. The study states that mostnew registrants were oriented to rural centers or urban areas of manual voting, in an attempt to disguise the electronic fraud with a voting trend in favor of the "No" option. In the automated process, a collective manipulation of 28% of the vote was detected, which "compromises officials of the National Electoral Council and of the company in charge of the automation". Likewise, evidence of "bidirectionality of communication" was found, since according to the data obtained from
519:
1730:, added that the results of the referendum "speak for themselves", saying that the quest for Venezuelan democracy "does not end with a single electoral process or referendum" and urging the "democratically elected government of Venezuela to address and recognize the legitimate concerns, rights, and aspirations of all of its citizens". Regarding the recall effort, in testimony before the U.S. Senate, Maisto also pointed out that Carter had said that " 'expression of the citizen must be privileged over excessive technicalities' in resolving issues surrounding the tabulation of the signatures".
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1815:; Isbelia Martin discovered anomalous patterns in telecommunications; Ricardo Hausmann and Roberto I. Rigobón analyzed patterns related to exit polls; Raúl Jiménez examined the distribution of valid votes, null votes, and abstentions in each precinct; while Gustavo Delfino and Guillermo Salas reported on the anomalous relation between signatures requesting the recall, and the yes-votes. The section is introduced by an article written by
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993:
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evidence to reject the official results given by the CNE. The irregularities detected were observed consistently in numerous voting centers and the magnitude of the irregularities imply that the official results do not reflect the intention of voters with statistical confidence." They estimated that 56.4% had voted yes to recall Chavez, as opposed to the official result of 41%.
36:
2307:"Several polls in the run-up to the referendum showed Chavez to be the likely winner; the most recent ( 4–8 August) and comprehensive was the poll by Evans/McDonough Company, Inc., with Varianzas Opinion. With a nationwide sample of 2000 and a margin of error of 2.2 percent, it showed Chavez ahead by 50 to 38 percentage points among registered voters (up from 49–41 in July)."
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1205:. The court reinstated over 800,000 of the disputed signatures, bringing the total to 2.7 million, above the 2.4 million needed to authorise the referendum. However, about a week later, the Constitutional chamber of the Supreme Court overturned the Electoral chamber's ruling alleging that the latter did not have jurisdiction for that ruling.
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several hours before the closing of the polling booths, and since
Carrasquero declared the recording to be fake, this appeared to be a case of attempted sabotage of the referendum. The attorney-general was called on to conduct a full inquiry into the incident and to locate and arrest those responsible for the spurious audio recording.
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had "refused to use the random number generating program offered by the Carter Center for the 18 August audit and instead used its own program installed in its own computer and initialed with their own seed." They also noted that opposition witnesses and international observers were not allowed near
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there was traffic to and from the machines before printing the ballots, and it is indicated that there was "a pattern of communications intervention. At certain hours, traffic was concentrated to receive information, send and manipulate it", transmissions "outside the allowed hours, since 7:00 a.m.",
1538:
The preliminary result was announced on 16 August 2004 on national television and radio after 94% of the vote had been counted, with 58% having voted no and 42% voted yes.. According to these early-morning results, the first condition (a quorum of 25% of the electorate) had been satisfied. The second
1235:
as justifying petition related layoffs by saying "all those who have signed to activate the recall referendum against
President Chávez should be fired from the Health Ministry". He retracted these remarks several days later by saying that they were his own personal opinions and not a matter of public
1790:
that the opposition was "shocked not so much by the results as by the ease with which international observers condoned the
Electoral Council's flimsy audit of the results." The sample for the audit was selected by the government controlled National Electoral Council and, according to the opposition,
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showed him to have won by 20%. A poll company representative, Schoen commented, "I think it was a massive fraud". Coordinadora Democrática also told the press that no opposition representation was present when the votes were counted and that the physical ballots had not yet been taken into account.
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Polling stations opened at 6 am
Venezuelan time on 15 August 2004. Later in the day, faced with a 70% turnout, lengthy queues of waiting voters, and delays exacerbated by the use of novel electronic voting equipment and fingerprint scanners, the electoral authorities agreed to extend the close
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When the
President of the Republic becomes permanently unavailable to serve during the first four years of his constitutional term of office, a new election by universal suffrage and direct ballot shall be held within 30 calendar days. Pending the election and inauguration of the new President, the
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and sanctioned by the electorate in a referendum. Under its provisions, an elected official can be subjected to a recall referendum if a petition gathers signatures from 20% of the corresponding electorate. Thus, to order a presidential recall vote in 2004, 2.4 million signatures were needed -
1710:
gave a joint press conference in which they endorsed the preliminary results announced by the CNE. The monitors' findings "coincided with the partial returns announced today by the
National Elections Council" said Carter, while Gaviria added that the OAS electoral observation mission's members had
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suggested that since the chance of sample error in the exit poll was so low and observers did not find any signs of fraud, it may have been the survey's methodology that led to the discrepancy in results. PSB was criticized in the press for how the poll was carried out considering the Súmate group
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Journalist Fausto Malavé declared in an interview in RCR that the recording was an evident parody that had been circulating in city streets for at least two months, claiming that it was surprising that it was only brought to public attention then. He also expressed concern at the significance that
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Although support for Chávez had been low in 2003 and early 2004, polling data showed a shift as the campaign got under way. Most polls, including those by firms linked to the opposition which had showed low support for Chávez in 2003 and early 2004, predicted a rejection of the recall in the weeks
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In
November 2003, the opposition collected a new set of signatures, with 3.6 million names produced in four days. The CNE rejected the petition, saying that only 1.9 million were valid, while 1.1 million were dubious and 460,000 completely invalid. Reaction to the decision to reject
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drew on the Carter Center analysis and elaborated on the issue, criticising
Hausmann and Rigobón's statistical model. Furthermore, the CEPR analysis noted that "although Hausmann and Rigobón's analysis does not require this data to be accurate, it does require that its errors be uncorrelated with
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and CNE president
Francisco Carrasquero announced on national television that they had found an audio CD where a imitation voice of Carrasquero declared that the opposition had won the referendum with a total of 11,436,086 "yes" votes, and that Chávez's mandate was thereby revoked. Since this was
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exit poll, which was performed by volunteers from Súmate, the NGO which had organized the referendum) put the "Yes" vote at 59% and the "No" vote at 40%. Their exit poll showed the opposite result to the official voting data, predicting that Chávez would lose by 20%, whereas the election results
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would have taken over and served out the rest of Chávez's presidency (in accordance with
Article 233 of the Constitution, above). With the vote called for 15 August, Chávez was not yet into the last two years of his term in office; an unfavourable result would therefore have meant the calling of
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announced that the signatures presented to request the recall referendum had to be examined a second time. Protests against the decision began on 27 February 2004 in Caracas and fifteen other cities of the country, lasting five consecutive days. Negotiations between the opposition and government
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When a number of voters equal to or greater than the number of those who elected the official vote in favour of the recall, provided that a number of voters equal to or greater than 25% of the total number of registered voters vote in the recall referendum, the official's mandate shall be deemed
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to review differences in vote patterns between voting certificates on the basis that voters were randomly assigned to certificates (each voting center had on average 2 or 3 certificates, typically for computerised and manual voting systems). It concluded: " Venezuelan opposition has statistical
1155:
In the cases described above, the new President shall complete the current constitutional term of office. If the President becomes permanently unavailable to serve during the last two years of his constitutional term of office, the Executive Vice President shall take over the Presidency of the
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said, "The Hausmann/Rigobon study is more credible than many of the other allegations being thrown around." The Carter Center looked into the allegations and released a paper with a statistical analysis in response; this stated that the audit sample data, in particular the statistical
1514:, a NGO which was the primary organizer of the recall referendum, and involved around 200 polling places out of 8500. With over 20,000 responses the exit poll produced a much larger amount of data than most opinion polls (typically around 1000 responses), leading to an extremely low
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Election observers insisted that no fraud had taken place, but scholarly analyses published over the years to come disagreed. A statistical study by Maria M. Febres Cordero and Bernardo Márquez was published in 2006 in a peer-reviewed academic statistics journal. The study used
1702:
The day before the polling, former U.S. President Jimmy Carter expressed confidence that the vote would proceed in a calm and orderly fashion. Carter commented that, "I might project results that will be much more satisfactory than they were in 2000 in Florida".
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performed a statistical analysis at Súmate's request, analyzing how fraud could have occurred during the referendum. They concluded that the vote samples audited by the government were not a random representation of all precincts, noting that the Chávez-backed
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Once one-half of the term of office to which an official has been elected has elapsed, a number of voters representing at least 20% of the registered voters in the affected constituency may petition for the calling of a referendum to revoke that official's
1427:¿Está usted de acuerdo con dejar sin efecto el mandato popular otorgado mediante elecciones democráticas legítimas al ciudadano Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías como presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela para el actual período presidencial? ¿NO o SÍ?
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fresh presidential elections within the following 30 days. Chávez had expressed his clear intention to stand in the election, had he been recalled; the opposition factions, however, maintained that he would have been disqualified from doing so.
1191:, a Venezuelan volunteer civil association, founded in 2002. These signatures were rejected by the National Electoral Council (CNE) on the grounds that they had been collected prematurely; i.e., before the midpoint of the presidential term.
1711:"found no element of fraud in the process". Directing his remarks at opposition figures who made claims of "widespread fraud" in the voting, Carter called on all Venezuelans to "accept the results and work together for the future". The
1474:, who was in Venezuela to observe the electoral process, said of the patiently waiting Venezuelan electors, "This is the largest turnout I have ever seen." In previous presidential elections, turnout figures were at an average 55%.
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last week. Carter is untroubled by any of this, and declares that Chavez won 'fair and square.'" The Carter Center looked into the allegations and released a paper and statistical analysis reaffirming their original conclusions.
1689:, "Our internal sourcing tells us that there was fraud in the Venezuelan central commission. There are widespread reports of irregularities and evidence of fraud, many of them ably recorded by Mary Anastasia O'Grady in
1247:
The date chosen for the recall referendum was significant: had the recall vote been held on 19 August or later, Chávez would have been into the fifth year of his six-year term and had he been voted out, Vice President
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Do you agree to revoke, for the current term, the popular mandate as President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela conferred on citizen Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías through democratic and legitimate elections? NO or
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Do you agree to annul the popular mandate granted through legitimate democratic elections to the citizen Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías as president of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela for the current presidential
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agreeing on signatures led to the end of the protests. During the protests, 9 people were killed, of which at least 4 were due to the response of security officials, hundreds were injured and 300 were arrested.
3153:
Carter Center's Report on an Analysis of the Representativeness of the Second Audit Sample, and the Correlation between Petition Signers and the Yes Vote in the August 15, 2004, Presidential Recall
1082:, the electoral observers and other analysts denied fraud, saying the referendum was performed in a free and fair manner. The Carter Center released a paper and statistical analysis at the request of the NGO
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All Venezuelans aged 18 and up whose names appear on the electoral roll were eligible to vote, including those residing abroad: polling stations were set up in Venezuelan embassies and consulates abroad.
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Report on an Analysis of the Representativeness of the Second Audit Sample, and the Correlation between Petition Signers and the Yes Vote in the 15 August 2004 Presidential Recall Referendum in Venezuela
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Report on an Analysis of the Representativeness of the Second Audit Sample, and the Correlation between Petition Signers and the Yes Vote in the Aug. 15, 2004 Presidential Recall Referendum in Venezuela
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between the number of "Yes" voters and the number of petition signatories in each audited voting centre, were consistent with nationwide results, and reaffirmed the Carter Center's earlier conclusions.
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condition (more votes against Chávez than he received in 2000) would probably be satisfied. However, the third condition (a simple majority: more people voting "yes" than "no") had clearly failed.
2002:
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said that Súmate "deliberately distributed this erroneous exit poll data in order to build up, not only the expectation of victory, but also to influence the people still standing in line".
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Publication or broadcast of exit polls was banned by electoral authorities, but results of the PSB poll went out to media outlets and opposition offices several hours before polls closed.
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In September 2003, that the government used a "rapid reaction" squad to raid the offices of CNE, the government body overseeing the petition drive, where the petitions were stored.
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of voting twice: a four-hour extension of the deadline that took it to 8 p.m., followed by an additional four hours announced later in the evening, which took it to midnight.
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Between late May 2004, when the CNE set the referendum date, and 15 August, the date chosen, a contentious campaign took place, with both sides convinced of victory.
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1144:: The President of the Republic shall become permanently unavailable to serve by reason of any of the following events: death; resignation; recall by popular vote.
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de Cordoba, Jose and Luhnow, David. "Venezuelans Rush to Vote on Chavez: Polarized Nation Decides Whether to Recall President After Years of Political Rifts".
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as claiming that the Chávez government had begun dismissing petition signers from government ministries, the state oil company, the state water company, the
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After the preliminary results were broadcast, the opposition Coordinadora Democrática declared that fraud had taken place, stating that its own data (the
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1819:. One of the papers, by Hausmann and Rigobón, was a later version of a paper disputed by the Carter Center, and contains a response to that criticism.
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Maria M. Febres Cordero and Bernardo Márquez (2006), "A Statistical Approach to Assess Referendum Results: the Venezuelan Recall Referendum 2004",
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European Union observers did not oversee the elections, saying too many restrictions were put on their participation by the Chávez administration.
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2865:"Black Swans, Conspiracy Theories, and the Quixotic Search for Fraud: A Look at Hausmann and Rigobón's 1 Analysis of Venezuela's Referendum Vote"
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2004 Venezuelan Presidential Recall Referendum (2004 PRR): A Statistical Analysis from the Point of View of Electronic Voting Data Transmissions
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Black Swans, Conspiracy Theories, and the Quixotic Search for Fraud: A Look at Hausmann and Rigobon's Analysis of Venezuela's Referendum Vote
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Black Swans, Conspiracy Theories, and the Quixotic Search for Fraud: A Look at Hausmann and Rigobón's Analysis of Venezuela's Referendum Vote
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accepted that the results of the subsequent audit were "consistent with the results announced by (Venezuela's) National Electoral Council."
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The CNE later admitted that 15,863 signatures of those signatures that were verified in May 2004 belonged to people who had died in 2003.
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Quick Anomaly Detection by the Newcomb–Benford Law, with Applications to Electoral Processes Data from the USA, Puerto Rico and Venezuela
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Some individuals have disputed the center's endorsement of the electoral process in the Venezuelan recall referendum of 2004. Fox News'
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those of the signatures, something that cannot be assumed without any verifiable knowledge or observation of where the data came from.
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The presence of systemic election fraud was also supported by six analyses in a special section in the November 2011 issue of
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revoked and immediate action shall be taken to fill the permanent vacancy as provided for by this Constitution and by law.
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Pre-referendum polls, both by opposition and by pro-Chávez groups, during the previous months and weeks predicted the
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The recall mechanism was introduced into Venezuelan law in 1999 under the new Constitution drafted by the National
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and Bruno Sansó examined the exit polls; Luis Raul Pericchi and David A Torres examined the no-votes against the
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A record number of voters turned out to defeat the recall attempt with a 59% "no" vote. Former U.S. president
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The 2004 Venezuelan Presidential Recall Referendum: Discrepancies Between Two Exit Polls and Official Results
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Hellinger, Daniel (2005), "When 'No' Means 'Yes to Revolution': Electoral Politics in Bolivarian Venezuela",
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the petition (for the second time) resulted in riots that led to nine dead, 339 arrested, and 1,200 injured.
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had been involved in organizing the recall and was considered anti-Chávez by the Venezuelan government.
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declared that fraud had taken place and published a preliminary report supporting the conclusions. The
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and municipal governments controlled by Chávez's party. The Associated Press also quoted Venezuela's
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when it was established that "the machine would not be connected until the closing of the process".
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In Search of the Black Swan: Analysis of the Statistical Evidence of Electoral Fraud in Venezuela
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Analysis of the 2004 Venezuela Referendum: The Official Results Versus the Petition Signatures
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2044:"A Statistical Approach to Assess Referendum Results: The Venezuelan Recall Referendum 2004"
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Election Forensics and the 2004 Venezuelan Presidential Recall Referendum as a Case Study
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Carter Center's Audit of the Results of the Presidential Recall Referendum in Venezuela
2595:"Radio Nacional de Venezuela -> Presidente Chávez gana con casi 5 millones de votos"
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Statistical evaluations published in 2006 and 2011 concluded that fraud was committed.
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The names of petition signers were posted publicly online in what became known as the
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to effect a recall. The result of the referendum was not to recall Chávez (59% no).
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Carter Center's Executive Summary of Comprehensive Report: 2004 Venezuela Elections
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A turnout of at least 25% of the country's 14.25 million registered voters.
1361:
1296:
1114:
The recall referendum is provided for in two articles of the 1999 Constitution:
178:
76:
5470:
1048:
1951:
Observing the Venezuela Presidential Recall Referendum: Comprehensive Report.
1150:
Executive Vice President shall take charge of the Presidency of the Republic.
5115:
4327:
3865:
3218:
3054:
3034:
3017:
3000:
2983:
2966:
1511:
1344:
wrote that recent polls ranged from 8% to 31% for margins in favour of the
1187:
1083:
280:
5448:
4917:
3974:
2683:
2400:
1899:
1894:
1865:
1510:, which showed Chávez losing by a 60–40 margin. PSB used volunteers from
5196:
5053:
2849:
Luhnow, David. Academics' Study Backs Fraud Claim in Chavez Election.
1301:
1063:
from office. The recall referendum was announced on 8 June 2004 by the
2763:
Venezuelan opposition seeks revenge as audits confirm Chavez’s victory
1208:
The list of signatories was subsequently collected by the government.
3834:
2213:
2154:
1706:
On the afternoon of 16 August 2004, Carter and OAS Secretary General
2702:
USNews.com: The National Interest: Exit polls in Venezuela (8/20/04)
1185:
In August 2003, about 3.2 million signatures were presented by
1090:
and Roberto Rigobon, reaffirming the center's original conclusions.
1926:"CNN.com - Observers endorse Venezuela vote results - Aug 16, 2004"
1450:
More votes against Chávez than the number who voted for him in the
4421:
4367:
2863:
Weisbrot, Mark; Rosnick, David; Tucker, Todd (20 September 2004).
1674:
1332:, both commissioned by the opposition, found margins in favour of
1340:
found a margin of 14% in favour of Chávez in June. On 11 August,
5503:
4965:
1122:: All offices filled by popular vote are subject to revocation.
5119:
4684:
3838:
3189:
1866:"Tulio Álvarez: Resultados preliminares sobre fraude electoral"
4680:
2405:
1443:
For the recall to be successful, there were three conditions:
1355:
1260:
274:
172:
70:
29:
2653:
Coordinadora Democrática rechaza resultados oficiales del CNE
2261:"Official transcript 'Aló Presidente' N°180, 1 February 2004"
1422:
The following question was put to the Venezuelan electorate:
1324:
vote to win by a margin of between 5% and 31%. For example,
2823:. (Eastern edition). New York, NY: 16 August 2004. pg. A11.
2788:
U.S. Urges Venezuela to Choose "Peaceful Path" to Democracy
2744:
2372:"U.S. Supports Anti-democratic Forces In Venezuela Recall"
2084:
Special Section: Revisiting the 2004 Venezuelan Referendum
1961:
1959:
1300:
A rally in favor of the recall referendum in the capital,
2834:
Súmate: There is a 99% probability of fraud in referendum
1791:
was not of sufficient size to be statistically reliable.
1201:
The petitioners appealed to the Electoral Chamber of the
4971:
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)
3117:
2021:
2019:
2915:
Preliminary Report: The Presidential Recall Referendum.
1277:
2519:. Center for Economic and Policy Research. August 2004
3018:
Forensic Analysis of the Venezuelan Recall Referendum
2810:
United States Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations.
1998:
Weisbrot M, Rosnick D, Tucker T (20 September 2004).
27:
Refendum in Venezuela to recall President Hugo Chávez
2042:
Cordero, Maria M. Febres; Márquez, Bernardo (2006).
1506:
commissioned an exit poll from the American firm of
5517:
5489:
5349:
5284:
5157:
4984:
4951:
4885:
4834:
4781:
4731:
4563:
4481:
4393:
4346:
4306:
4261:
4252:
4110:
4032:
3876:
3771:
3635:
3594:
3531:
3323:
3230:
2776:
Daily Press Briefing for August 17– Transcript
2624:
Chávez Ratificado Con el 58 Por Ciento de los votos
2514:"Polling and the Ballot: The Venezuelan Referendum"
2309:"Polling and the Ballot: The Venezuelan Referendum"
393:
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1968:"Venezuela: Divisions harden after Chávez victory"
2935:
2933:
2333:Chávez ganará revocatorio según encuesta de EEUU
2079:
2077:
1759:the computer hub on election day. According to
1994:
1992:
1990:
1945:
1943:
1920:
1918:
1895:"Observer teams endorse Venezuela vote results"
2982:Luis Raul Pericchi and David A Torres (2011),
2479:. El Universal. 15 August 2004. Archived from
2345:"Are the Polls Credible in Venezuela? Vote NO"
1486:At 3:50pm local time on 15 August, CNE rector
5131:
4696:
3850:
3201:
2714:"Opinion & Reviews - Wall Street Journal"
2312:CEPR: Center for Economic and Policy Research
2011:CEPR: Center for Economic and Policy Research
1024:
8:
3123:CNE's Official Results for Recall Referendum
3033:Gustavo Delfino and Guillermo Salas (2011),
2927:(7 September 2004). Retrieved 8 August 2006.
2641:
2639:
342:
5504:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)
4966:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)
2347:. Narcosphere.narconews.com. Archived from
1889:
1887:
1542:The final results showed 59% had voted no.
1390:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5202:United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV)
5138:
5124:
5116:
4703:
4689:
4681:
4487:
4399:
4258:
4249:
4116:
4038:
3882:
3857:
3843:
3835:
3208:
3194:
3186:
3114:announced on national radio and television
2832:Juan Francisco Alonso (6 September 2004).
2745:"Yahoo News - Latest News & Headlines"
2569:"U.S. poll firm in hot water in Venezuela"
1544:
1031:
1017:
529:
5276:2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis
2492:
2490:
1844:2022 Venezuelan recall referendum project
1839:2016 Venezuelan recall referendum project
1410:Learn how and when to remove this message
1336:by 5% and 12% respectively in June 2004;
328:Learn how and when to remove this message
263:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
5244:2006 Chávez speech at the United Nations
5005:Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century
3100:Head-to-head: Should Chávez leave power?
2539:"Pollsters predicting recall under fire"
1295:
399:
305:of all important aspects of the article.
3180:Center for Economic and Policy Research
2808:STATEMENT BY AMBASSADOR JOHN F. MAISTO.
2183:
2181:
2108:"Capturan "paramilitares" en Venezuela"
1854:
1780:Center for Economic and Policy Research
1726:, U.S. Permanent Representative to the
1715:"concluded the results were accurate."
1640:
1629:
1618:
1607:
1596:
1592:
1581:
1520:Center for Economic and Policy Research
1326:Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research (GQR)
532:
5336:2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election
4877:2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election
4857:2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election
4847:Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003
3224:Elections and referendums in Venezuela
3127:National Electoral Council (Venezuela)
2881:from the original on 27 February 2008.
1457:More "yes" votes cast than "no" votes.
341:
301:Please consider expanding the lead to
199:Please improve this article by adding
1630:
1619:
1608:
1597:
1549:
1156:Republic until the term is completed.
7:
5464:National Center for Foreign Commerce
2692:May 2005, accessed 19 December 2008.
1860:
1858:
1388:adding citations to reliable sources
99:adding citations to reliable sources
5613:August 2004 events in South America
4811:United Socialist Party of Venezuela
4244:Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area)
2396:"Venezuelan audit confirms victory"
2188:Zeitlin, Janine (11 October 2007).
2129:Zeitlin, Janine (11 October 2007).
212:"2004 Venezuelan recall referendum"
110:"2004 Venezuelan recall referendum"
2730:Carter Center, 17 September 2004,
2394:Staff writer (21 September 2004).
2060:10.1111/j.1751-5823.2006.tb00301.x
1765:, a computer-science professor at
25:
5207:Detention of Maria Lourdes Afiuni
5025:Hugo Chávez's cult of personality
4821:Constitutional referendum of 2009
4816:Constitutional referendum of 2007
3166:an analysis by Michael Barone of
1495:was attributed to it by the CNE.
343:2004 Venezuelan recall referendum
45:This article has multiple issues.
5192:Assassination of Danilo Anderson
5099:
5098:
4772:
4767:
4373:Ecological Movement of Venezuela
3217:
3108:claims of electoral fraud by CNE
3073:and Roberto I. Rigobón (2011), "
2941:International Statistical Review
2806:Maisto, John F. (24 June 2004).
2048:International Statistical Review
1966:Jones, Bart (3 September 2004).
1360:
1264:
1217:Venezuelan Workers Confederation
1106:20% of the national electorate.
991:
542:
517:
432:
416:
348:
279:
177:
75:
34:
2370:Robert Jensen, 11 August 2004,
2219:Contexto y Balance de Situación
2160:Contexto y Balance de Situación
1728:Organization of American States
293:may be too short to adequately
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
5331:2009 constitutional referendum
5326:2007 constitutional referendum
5012:El ocaso del socialismo mágico
3935:Restorative Liberal Revolution
1751:MIT Sloan School of Management
303:provide an accessible overview
1:
5476:Socialism of the 21st century
5261:2008 Andean diplomatic crisis
4938:Socialism of the 21st century
4826:Presidential election of 2012
4806:Presidential election of 2006
4754:Presidential election of 1998
2666:"What to Do about Venezuela?"
2501:U.S. News & World Report.
2457:. August 2004. Archived from
1786:Javier Corrales wrote in the
201:secondary or tertiary sources
5481:Venezuelan communal councils
5249:South American Energy Summit
5069:Venezuela Information Office
5059:The Silence and the Scorpion
4943:Venezuelan communal councils
3169:U.S. News & World Report
2619:Consejo Nacional Electoral.
2543:Inland Valley Daily Bulletin
2032:. Retrieved 20 February 2010
1687:U.S. News & World Report
1045:Venezuelan recall referendum
5316:2005 parliamentary election
5299:2000 trade union referendum
5042:Public image of Hugo Chávez
4309:Democratic Unity Roundtable
4298:People's Electoral Movement
4232:Supreme Tribunal of Justice
2853:(7 September 2004) pg. A18.
2734:, accessed 20 February 2010
2431:"Nothingland—or Venezuela?"
2296:Latin American Perspectives
2268:Venezuelan State Television
1749:and Roberto Rigobón of the
924:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
723:Supreme Tribunal of Justice
5634:
5341:2012 presidential election
5321:2006 presidential election
4005:2017 constitutional crisis
2840:. Retrieved 6 August 2006.
2690:Center for Security Policy
2498:"Exit polls in Venezuela".
2455:"Independent Media Center"
2429:(September–October 2004).
1973:National Catholic Reporter
1663:Penn, Schoen & Berland
1657:Electoral fraud complaints
1508:Penn, Schoen & Berland
1452:2000 presidential election
1181:Signature collection drive
1174:National Electoral Council
1165:
1065:National Electoral Council
5618:Opposition to Hugo Chávez
5526:Con mis hijos no te metas
5077:
4852:Recall referendum of 2004
4765:
4718:
4642:
4490:
4402:
4278:Movement We Are Venezuela
4134:Human rights in Venezuela
4119:
4041:
3980:1992 coup d'état attempts
3915:Revolution of the Reforms
3885:
3106:indymedia global newswire
3094:Recall Referendum Q&A
2774:U.S. Department of State
1953:Accessed 25 January 2006.
1641:
1631:Registered voters/turnout
1593:
1582:
1571:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1432:Translated into English:
516:
507:
492:Registered voters/turnout
410:
407:
398:
385:
361:
347:
5608:Referendums in Venezuela
5542:2002–2003 general strike
5227:2013 Uribana prison riot
4801:General election of 2000
4151:Administrative divisions
4010:2019 presidential crisis
3990:2002 coup d'état attempt
3925:Revindicating Revolution
2965:and Bruno Sansó (2011),
2920:4 September 2006 at the
2898:22 November 2016 at the
2473:"Referéndum Revocatorio"
2377:16 November 2005 at the
2314:. Accessed 30 June 2006]
2013:. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
1829:2004 Venezuelan protests
1767:Johns Hopkins University
1720:U.S. Department of State
1504:Coordinadora Democrática
1203:Venezuelan Supreme Court
1168:2004 Venezuelan protests
1076:Coordinadora Democrática
1047:of 15 August 2004 was a
5537:Plaza Altamira military
5217:Death of Franklin Brito
4759:Death and state funeral
4124:Corruption in Venezuela
3325:Parliamentary elections
3164:Exit polls in Venezuela
2999:Isbelia Martin (2011),
2851:The Wall Street Journal
2797:Retrieved 6 August 2006
2778:Retrieved 5 August 2006
2765:Retrieved 5 August 2006
2361:View full user profile.
1949:Carter Center (2005).
1834:Plaza Altamira military
1788:Foreign Policy Magazine
1762:the Wall Street Journal
1691:The Wall Street Journal
1685:told Michael Barone at
1317:before the referendum.
1215:. The president of the
1086:to evaluate a study by
980:Chávez's foreign policy
579:Constitutions of States
463:Invalid or blank votes
5304:2004 recall referendum
5271:Los Maniceros massacre
5255:¿Por qué no te callas?
5167:Cabinet of Hugo Chávez
5037:¿Por qué no te callas?
4791:Cabinet of Hugo Chávez
4724:President of Venezuela
4449:Science and technology
4363:Movement for Socialism
4273:United Socialist Party
3995:2002–03 general strike
3636:Constituent Assemblies
3232:Presidential elections
2793:16 August 2006 at the
2248:Venezuela's referendum
2110:. BBC News. 9 May 2004
2097:, 26(4), November 2011
1669:Constitutional lawyer
1305:
1172:In February 2003, the
1057:President of Venezuela
945:Diplomatic missions of
188:relies excessively on
5444:Bolivarian Revolution
5294:2000 general election
5239:Rodrigo Granda affair
4999:Bolivarian propaganda
4913:Bolivarian Revolution
4732:Early life and career
3016:Raúl Jiménez (2011),
2246:, 11 September 2003,
2028:, 17 September 2004,
1299:
1051:to determine whether
535:Politics of Venezuela
18:2004 Venezuela recall
5532:Coup attempt of 2002
5234:Daktari Ranch affair
4842:Coup attempt of 2002
4749:Coup attempt of 1992
4349:Agreement for Change
4288:For Social Democracy
4264:Great Patriotic Pole
4129:Torture in Venezuela
4098:World Heritage Sites
4073:Environmental issues
3051:Alicia L. Carriquiry
2688:Occasional Papers 6
2259:Hugo Chavez (2004),
2190:"War on Hugo Chávez"
2131:"War on Hugo Chávez"
2089:28 July 2012 at the
2005:24 July 2014 at the
1936:on 5 September 2004.
1817:Alicia L. Carriquiry
1698:Process endorsements
1454:(3.76 million).
1384:improve this section
1110:Constitutional basis
1103:Constituent Assembly
998:Venezuela portal
704:since 5 January 2021
95:improve this article
5372:Bolivarian missions
4908:Bolivarian missions
4535:List of Venezuelans
4358:Progressive Advance
4146:Crisis in Venezuela
3900:War of Independence
3596:Municipal elections
3118:Venezuela Analitica
3079:Statistical Science
3059:Statistical Science
3039:Statistical Science
3022:Statistical Science
3005:Statistical Science
2988:Statistical Science
2971:Statistical Science
2950:7 June 2011 at the
2891:Corrales, Javier.
2821:Wall Street Journal
2663:J. Michael Waller,
2629:27 May 2010 at the
2095:Statistical Science
1813:Newcomb-Benford law
1805:Statistical Science
1609:Invalid/blank votes
1546:
1250:José Vicente Rangel
344:
5367:Bolivarian Circles
5266:Operation Emmanuel
4903:Bolivarian Circles
4525:Indigenous peoples
4459:Telecommunications
4056:metropolitan areas
3533:Regional elections
2905:(19 October 2009).
2651:, 16 August 2004,
2216:(September 2004).
2157:(September 2004).
1747:Harvard University
1545:
1306:
1276:. You can help by
1219:was quoted by the
618:Capital punishment
5593:2004 in Venezuela
5580:
5579:
5499:Bank of the South
5350:Domestic policies
5172:Plan Bolívar 2000
5113:
5112:
4961:Bank of the South
4933:Plan Bolívar 2000
4796:1999 Constitution
4678:
4677:
4638:
4637:
4477:
4476:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4333:Democratic Action
4198:National Assembly
4178:Foreign relations
4106:
4105:
4028:
4027:
3895:Captaincy General
3832:
3831:
3112:referendum result
2633:, 16 August 2004.
2601:on 24 August 2004
2461:on 13 March 2005.
2351:on 10 August 2004
2225:. pp. 11, 16
2166:. pp. 11, 16
1649:
1648:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1294:
1293:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1069:1999 Constitution
1041:
1040:
967:Visa requirements
917:Foreign relations
799:Recent elections
795:Political parties
736:Federal divisions
685:National Assembly
528:
527:
503:
502:
376:
375:
338:
337:
330:
320:
319:
273:
272:
265:
247:
171:
170:
163:
145:
68:
16:(Redirected from
5625:
5603:2004 referendums
5598:Recall elections
5222:Yare prison riot
5140:
5133:
5126:
5117:
5102:
5101:
5090:Nicolás Maduro →
5083:← Rafael Caldera
5064:Venezuelanalysis
5019:El pueblo soy yo
4835:Political events
4776:
4771:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4682:
4658:
4651:
4488:
4400:
4351:
4311:
4266:
4259:
4250:
4117:
4039:
3955:1958 coup d'état
3950:El Trienio Adeco
3883:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3836:
3222:
3221:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3187:
3182:, September 2004
3082:
3071:Ricardo Hausmann
3068:
3062:
3048:
3042:
3031:
3025:
3014:
3008:
2997:
2991:
2980:
2974:
2960:
2954:
2937:
2928:
2912:
2906:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2869:
2860:
2854:
2847:
2841:
2830:
2824:
2817:
2811:
2804:
2798:
2785:
2779:
2772:
2766:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2741:
2735:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2710:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2679:
2678:on 30 June 2007.
2677:
2671:. Archived from
2670:
2661:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2634:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2597:. Archived from
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2573:indymedia.org.uk
2565:Associated Press
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2545:. 20 August 2004
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2518:
2510:
2504:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2483:on 17 July 2012.
2469:
2463:
2462:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2427:Galeano, Eduardo
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2391:
2385:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2341:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2315:
2305:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2276:
2270:, archived from
2265:
2256:
2250:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2202:on 20 July 2008.
2198:. Archived from
2185:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2165:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2143:on 20 July 2008.
2139:. Archived from
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2104:
2098:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2039:
2033:
2023:
2014:
1996:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1963:
1954:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1932:. Archived from
1922:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1903:. 16 August 2004
1891:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1862:
1797:cluster analysis
1743:Ricardo Hausmann
1547:
1482:Parody recording
1415:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1364:
1356:
1289:
1286:
1268:
1261:
1229:public hospitals
1221:Associated Press
1154:
1148:
1140:
1132:
1126:
1118:
1088:Ricardo Hausmann
1033:
1026:
1019:
996:
995:
994:
697:
546:
530:
523:Results by state
521:
512:
511:
493:
436:
435:
420:
419:
400:
381:
380:
363:
362:
357:
356:
352:
345:
333:
326:
315:
312:
306:
283:
275:
268:
261:
257:
254:
248:
246:
205:
181:
173:
166:
159:
155:
152:
146:
144:
103:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5513:
5485:
5459:Economic policy
5427:Vuelta al Campo
5345:
5280:
5153:
5144:
5114:
5109:
5073:
4980:
4947:
4928:Economic policy
4886:Domestic policy
4881:
4830:
4777:
4763:
4744:Military career
4727:
4714:
4709:
4679:
4674:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4634:
4559:
4540:Public holidays
4473:
4377:
4347:
4342:
4307:
4302:
4283:Communist Party
4262:
4248:
4183:Law enforcement
4102:
4093:Natural Regions
4024:
3872:
3863:
3833:
3828:
3767:
3631:
3590:
3527:
3319:
3226:
3216:
3214:
3090:
3085:
3069:
3065:
3049:
3045:
3032:
3028:
3015:
3011:
2998:
2994:
2981:
2977:
2961:
2957:
2952:Wayback Machine
2938:
2931:
2922:Wayback Machine
2913:
2909:
2900:Wayback Machine
2890:
2886:
2878:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2848:
2844:
2831:
2827:
2818:
2814:
2805:
2801:
2795:Wayback Machine
2786:
2782:
2773:
2769:
2760:
2756:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2729:
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2575:. Indy Media UK
2567:(August 2004).
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2277:on 28 June 2007
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1518:. However, the
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1488:Jorge Rodríguez
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695:Dinorah Figuera
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5048:¿¡Revolución!?
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2903:Foreign Policy
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2054:(3): 379–389.
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2015:
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1462:Referendum day
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369:15 August 2004
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297:the key points
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5432:Vuelvan Caras
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5362:Bolivarianism
5360:
5358:
5357:Boliburguesía
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5031:Mi amigo Hugo
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4898:Bolivarianism
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4893:Boliburguesía
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4543:
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4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
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4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
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4489:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
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4450:
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4437:
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4432:
4428:
4425:
4423:
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4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4398:
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4392:
4374:
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4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4318:Justice First
4316:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
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4265:
4260:
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4137:
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4037:
4035:
4031:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3965:El Carupanazo
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3909:reunification
3906:
3905:Gran Colombia
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3855:
3853:
3848:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
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3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
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3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
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3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
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3538:
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3534:
3530:
3524:
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3509:
3506:
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3501:
3499:
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3479:
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3469:
3466:
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3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
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3444:
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3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3211:
3206:
3204:
3199:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3158:Carter Center
3155:
3151:
3148:
3147:Carter Center
3144:
3141:
3138:
3137:Carter Center
3134:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2616:
2613:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2244:The Economist
2240:
2237:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:Carter Center
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1713:Carter Center
1709:
1708:César Gaviria
1704:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1671:Tulio Álvarez
1667:
1664:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1636:
1633:
1625:
1622:
1614:
1611:
1603:
1600:
1588:
1585:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1414:
1411:
1403:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1369:This section
1367:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1342:Robert Jensen
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1312:Opinion polls
1311:
1309:
1303:
1298:
1288:
1279:
1275:
1272:This section
1270:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:Caracas Metro
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:Carter Center
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1002:
1001:
999:
989:
988:
981:
978:
977:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
950:
946:
943:
942:
935:
931:
927:
926:
925:
922:
921:
918:
913:
912:
900:
897:
895:
892:Referendums:
891:
890:
888:
883:
880:
878:
874:
873:
871:
866:
863:
861:
857:
856:
854:
849:
846:
844:
841:Constituent:
840:
839:
837:
832:
829:
827:
823:
822:
820:
815:
814:
810:
808:
804:
803:
801:
800:
798:
796:
793:
792:
789:
784:
783:
776:
773:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
758:Constitutions
756:
754:
751:
750:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
737:
732:
731:
724:
721:
720:
714:
713:
703:
699:
696:
692:
688:
687:
686:
683:
682:
676:
675:
668:
665:
661:
658:
657:
656:
653:
649:
646:
645:
643:
639:
636:
635:
629:
628:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
599:
596:
592:
589:
587:
584:
580:
577:
576:
575:
574:
573:
570:
569:
562:
559:
558:
554:
553:
550:
549:
545:
541:
540:
536:
531:
520:
515:
506:
498:
495:
490:
489:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
468:
465:
462:
461:
457:
454:
451:
450:
447:
444:
442:
439:
431:
430:
426:
423:
415:
414:
402:
401:
397:
392:
384:
372:
370:
367:
365:
364:
360:
351:
346:
340:
332:
329:
314:
304:
298:
296:
291:
286:
282:
277:
276:
267:
264:
256:
253:November 2022
245:
242:
238:
235:
231:
228:
224:
221:
217:
214: –
213:
209:
208:Find sources:
202:
196:
195:
191:
186:This article
184:
180:
175:
174:
165:
162:
154:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
5524:
5303:
5253:
5212:PDVAL affair
5097:
5088:
5081:
5046:
5029:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4991:
4851:
4623:coat of arms
4500:Demographics
4444:Oil industry
4434:Cooperatives
4323:Popular Will
4168:Constitution
4020:Coups d'état
3970:El Porteñazo
3945:World War II
3798:
3522:
3167:
3078:
3066:
3058:
3046:
3038:
3029:
3021:
3012:
3004:
2995:
2987:
2978:
2970:
2963:Raquel Prado
2958:
2940:
2924:
2910:
2902:
2887:
2871:
2858:
2850:
2845:
2838:El Universal
2837:
2828:
2820:
2815:
2802:
2783:
2770:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2726:
2717:
2708:
2697:
2673:the original
2659:
2649:El Universal
2648:
2646:(in Spanish)
2621:(in Spanish)
2615:
2603:. Retrieved
2599:the original
2589:
2577:. Retrieved
2572:
2559:
2547:. Retrieved
2542:
2533:
2521:. Retrieved
2508:
2500:
2496:Barone, M.
2481:the original
2476:
2467:
2459:the original
2449:
2440:
2434:
2421:
2409:. Retrieved
2399:
2389:
2382:
2366:
2353:. Retrieved
2349:the original
2339:
2330:(in Spanish)
2325:El Universal
2323:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2290:
2279:, retrieved
2272:the original
2267:
2254:
2243:
2239:
2227:. Retrieved
2218:
2208:
2200:the original
2193:
2168:. Retrieved
2159:
2149:
2141:the original
2134:
2124:
2112:. Retrieved
2102:
2094:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2025:
2010:
1977:. Retrieved
1971:
1934:the original
1929:
1905:. Retrieved
1898:
1874:. Retrieved
1872:(in Spanish)
1869:
1809:Raquel Prado
1804:
1802:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1760:
1740:
1732:
1717:
1705:
1701:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1668:
1660:
1541:
1537:
1528:Jimmy Carter
1525:
1502:
1499:Exit polling
1493:
1485:
1476:
1472:Jimmy Carter
1469:
1465:
1442:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1406:
1397:
1382:Please help
1370:
1345:
1333:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1285:January 2009
1282:
1278:adding to it
1273:
1246:
1238:
1210:
1207:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1171:
1141:
1119:
1113:
1100:
1092:
1073:
1059:, should be
1044:
1042:
949:in Venezuela
812:
775:Dependencies
763:Legislatures
586:Human rights
572:Constitution
560:Constitution
484:
479:
474:
452:Valid votes
445:
440:
368:
339:
324:
311:January 2024
308:
292:
290:lead section
259:
250:
240:
233:
226:
219:
207:
187:
157:
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
5509:Petrocaribe
5382:Guaicaipuro
5309:Tascón List
5187:Tascón List
5182:Decree 1011
5151:Hugo Chávez
4976:Petrocaribe
4726:(1999–2013)
4712:Hugo Chávez
4520:Immigration
4407:Agriculture
4068:Earthquakes
3930:1895 crisis
3920:Federal War
3890:New Granada
3772:Referendums
3178:, from the
2682:(75.0
2229:30 December
2170:30 December
1772:correlation
1741:Economists
1724:John Maisto
1683:Doug Schoen
1620:Total votes
1598:Valid votes
1338:Datanálisis
1213:Tascón List
1142:Article 233
1053:Hugo Chávez
972:Visa policy
875:Municipal:
679:Legislature
613:Nationality
591:LGBT rights
496:14,037,900
475:Total votes
5587:Categories
5568:Referendum
5518:Opposition
5471:Snitch Law
5454:Colectivos
5377:Florentino
5147:Presidency
4923:Colectivos
4870:Referendum
4783:Presidency
4739:Early life
4583:Literature
4515:Healthcare
4015:Civil wars
3789:1999 (Dec)
3784:1999 (Apr)
3154:Referendum
3053:. (2011),
2893:Hugo Boss.
2411:5 November
1634:14,037,900
1400:March 2010
1120:Article 72
1049:referendum
928:Minister:
858:Regional:
455:9,789,637
424:3,989,008
223:newspapers
190:references
151:March 2009
121:newspapers
50:improve it
5546:Protests
5392:Identidad
5286:Elections
4550:Squatting
4530:Languages
4510:Education
4469:Transport
4417:Companies
4328:A New Era
4210:President
4203:President
4173:Elections
4034:Geography
3866:Venezuela
2943:, 74(3);
2605:16 August
2355:17 August
1870:Venelogía
1623:9,815,631
1601:9,789,637
1586:9,789,637
1575:5,800,629
1564:3,989,008
1371:does not
1328:Inc. and
788:Elections
753:Governors
717:Judiciary
691:President
638:President
632:Executive
480:9,815,631
441:5,800,629
295:summarize
56:talk page
5449:Chavismo
5417:Robinson
5104:Category
4918:Chavismo
4665:Category
4603:Religion
4545:Refugees
4505:Diaspora
4412:Currency
4293:Tupamaro
4237:In exile
4193:Missions
4188:Military
4112:Politics
3975:Caracazo
3870:articles
2948:Archived
2945:abstract
2918:Archived
2896:Archived
2876:Archived
2872:cepr.net
2791:Archived
2761:Pravda.
2627:Archived
2401:BBC News
2375:Archived
2114:22 April
2087:Archived
2068:10856599
2003:Archived
1979:14 March
1900:NBC News
1823:See also
1737:Analyses
1652:Disputes
1642:Source:
1257:Campaign
1236:policy.
1162:Protests
1128:mandate.
1097:Petition
1061:recalled
962:Passport
603:Abortion
5402:Miranda
5387:Habitat
5197:teleSUR
5054:teleSUR
4649:Outline
4613:Symbols
4578:Cuisine
4565:Culture
4483:Society
4464:Tourism
4395:Economy
4254:Parties
4225:Cabinet
4156:Regions
4063:Climate
4046:Borders
3878:History
2549:11 June
2523:30 June
2298:, 32(8)
1876:11 July
1572:Against
1392:removed
1377:sources
1302:Caracas
1055:, then
743:Regions
667:Cabinet
499:69.92%
485:100.00%
466:25,994
458:99.74%
427:40.75%
394:Results
237:scholar
135:scholar
5437:Zamora
5397:Mercal
5159:Tenure
4670:Portal
4618:anthem
4573:Cinema
4439:Energy
4161:States
4051:Cities
4000:Crisis
3868:
2925:Súmate
2680:
2579:9 June
2281:9 June
2214:PROVEA
2155:PROVEA
2066:
1907:6 July
1626:100.00
1612:25,994
1589:100.00
1550:Choice
1534:Result
1512:Súmate
1352:Ballot
1348:vote.
1243:Timing
1227:, and
1188:Súmate
1084:Súmate
748:States
608:Labour
469:0.26%
446:59.25%
408:Votes
404:Choice
239:
232:
225:
218:
210:
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
5559:2007
5422:Sucre
5412:Ribas
4985:Image
4656:Index
4608:Sport
4598:Music
4588:Media
4555:Women
4495:Crime
4422:PDVSA
4368:COPEI
4083:Flora
4078:Fauna
3102:(BBC)
3096:(BBC)
3081:26(4)
3061:26(4)
3041:26(4)
3024:26(4)
3007:26(4)
2990:26(4)
2973:26(4)
2879:(PDF)
2868:(PDF)
2676:(PDF)
2669:(PDF)
2517:(PDF)
2443:(29).
2275:(PDF)
2264:(PDF)
2223:(PDF)
2164:(PDF)
2064:S2CID
1850:Notes
1675:CANTV
1637:69.92
1604:99.74
1583:Total
1578:59.25
1567:40.75
1553:Votes
1330:DATOS
388:term?
244:JSTOR
230:books
142:JSTOR
128:books
5563:RCTV
5555:2004
5550:2002
5407:Piar
4865:RCTV
4721:45th
4628:flag
4215:List
4139:LGBT
3824:2023
3819:2020
3814:2017
3809:2009
3804:2007
3799:2004
3794:2000
3779:1957
3763:2017
3758:1999
3753:1961
3748:1952
3743:1946
3738:1936
3733:1931
3728:1928
3723:1925
3718:1922
3713:1914
3708:1909
3703:1904
3698:1901
3693:1893
3688:1891
3683:1881
3678:1874
3673:1864
3668:1858
3663:1857
3658:1830
3653:1821
3648:1819
3643:1811
3627:2021
3622:2018
3617:2017
3612:2013
3604:1948
3586:2021
3581:2017
3576:2012
3571:2008
3566:2004
3561:2000
3556:1998
3551:1995
3546:1992
3541:1989
3523:2025
3518:2020
3513:2015
3508:2010
3503:2005
3498:2000
3493:1998
3488:1993
3483:1988
3478:1983
3473:1978
3468:1973
3463:1968
3458:1963
3453:1958
3448:1947
3443:1941
3438:1936
3433:1931
3428:1929
3423:1922
3418:1898
3413:1894
3408:1890
3403:1888
3398:1882
3393:1877
3388:1873
3383:1863
3378:1859
3373:1856
3368:1853
3363:1850
3358:1847
3353:1844
3348:1841
3343:1838
3338:1835
3333:1832
3315:2024
3310:2018
3305:2013
3300:2012
3295:2006
3290:2000
3285:1998
3280:1993
3275:1988
3270:1983
3265:1978
3260:1973
3255:1968
3250:1963
3245:1958
3240:1947
2607:2004
2581:2006
2551:2012
2525:2006
2413:2005
2383:Zmag
2357:2004
2283:2006
2231:2023
2172:2023
2116:2010
1981:2009
1909:2013
1878:2018
1778:The
1718:The
1615:0.26
1438:YES?
1375:any
1373:cite
1043:The
934:list
899:2017
894:2009
882:2018
877:2017
865:2021
860:2017
848:2017
843:1999
831:2020
826:2015
813:2024
807:2018
642:list
421:Yes
216:news
114:news
5149:of
4427:CVG
3608:...
3077:",
2718:WSJ
2684:KiB
2406:BBC
2056:doi
1930:CNN
1756:CNE
1745:of
1644:CNE
1561:For
1386:by
1280:.
598:Law
563:Law
437:No
192:to
97:by
5589::
3057:,
3037:,
3020:,
3003:,
2986:,
2969:,
2932:^
2874:.
2870:.
2836:.
2747:.
2716:.
2638:^
2571:.
2541:.
2489:^
2475:.
2441:II
2439:.
2433:.
2404:.
2398:.
2381:,
2266:,
2192:.
2180:^
2133:.
2093:,
2076:^
2062:.
2052:74
2050:.
2046:.
2018:^
2009:.
1989:^
1970:.
1958:^
1942:^
1928:.
1917:^
1897:.
1886:^
1868:.
1857:^
1807:.
1346:No
1334:No
1322:No
947:/
693::
644:)
411:%
203:.
59:.
5139:e
5132:t
5125:v
4704:e
4697:t
4690:v
3911:)
3907:(
3858:e
3851:t
3844:v
3209:e
3202:t
3195:v
3172:.
3160:)
3156:(
3149:)
3145:(
3139:)
3135:(
3129:)
3125:(
2751:.
2720:.
2686:)
2609:.
2583:.
2553:.
2527:.
2415:.
2359:.
2233:.
2174:.
2118:.
2070:.
2058::
1983:.
1911:.
1880:.
1556:%
1413:)
1407:(
1402:)
1398:(
1394:.
1380:.
1304:.
1287:)
1283:(
1032:e
1025:t
1018:v
936:)
932:(
640:(
331:)
325:(
313:)
309:(
299:.
266:)
260:(
255:)
251:(
241:·
234:·
227:·
220:·
197:.
164:)
158:(
153:)
149:(
139:·
132:·
125:·
118:·
91:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
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