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accompanied by a campaign to present evidence directly to the electorate, since such evidence were restricted from use in trial. Arroyo eventually pressed on with certain reforms, albeit unrelated to the crisis, that included new taxes that will shrink government's fiscal deficit. The economy was described as resilient, especially since its recovery was not affected by the scandal. Despite Arroyo's preservation of her hold onto authority, and a resilient economy, most analysts agreed that the scandal failed to address its root causes - pervasive electoral fraud conducted by candidates during elections, the faulty electoral system, and the
Commission on Elections that encourages fraud. Accordingly, confidence in Arroyo declined as explained by
1234:
Accordingly, people generally doubt their leaders' mandates. The people are often suspicious of the winners, especially in close poll results, but do nothing. Constituents generally allow their leaders, assuming proven acts of cheating, to get away with it until the scandal erupted. Roberto
Verzola supports punishing candidates guilty of fraud as the first step for electoral reforms. He said that, "the system can be slow or fast but there will still be cheating unless you punish the cheats." l The reforms sought for the electoral system are still clouded with uncertainty.
1050:"The conversations, after all, provide damning proof that Garcillano was, in the words of a Comelec official, âthe plotter for electoral fraud, the overall supervisor and commander in chiefâ of the manipulation of the count in favor of the administration. The recording points to systemic and institutional fraud perpetrated by the Comelec. Does this mean that the President, by confirming her phone calls to the commissioner, also provided, albeit indirectly, a virtual confirmation of the fraud?"
53:
1330:"The quashing of the complaints is an empty victory for the administration. It merely demonstrated that the administration has the capacity to deploy the advantages of incumbency to save the president from being unseated. Until the president stands trial where she can defend herself and where it can be shown that the accusations are false and do not constitute impeachable offenses, it would be hard for her to regain public confidence and reestablish the legitimacy of her government."
1038:"On the surface it does look like an innocent exchange. The key word here is "nagco-correspond" â a gloss that refers to the practice of fixing canvass results at, say, the provincial level so that they are not at variance with precinct election returns or statement of votes for municipalities. The other gloss is the question "Kumpleto?" This is not a harmless inquiry. Given the kind of response it elicits, it is an urgent demand to make sure the doctoring is done with care".
811:. Arroyo's most publicized alleged accomplice from the electoral commission, Virgilio Garcillano, was missing for a few months, but returned to the capital in late 2005. Allegations persist regarding possible conspirators from the government who helped in his escape, and another alleged cover-up. Garcillano denied any wrongdoing, before his disappearance, and after his return. In December 2006, Garcillano was cleared of perjury charges by the Department of Justice.
1197:"At the very least, a loud and universal call for special presidential elections next year will let it be known that we are serious about doing something about screwing the voters. No, more than that, about the deceitfulness and lying that are spreading everywhere in this country faster than karaoke. In the end, none of the safeguards against cheating will matter if there is no public vigilance against the threat and no outrage against the commission."
705:
827:
1209:, assuming the election to be free and fair. The electorate would use the upcoming election as a referendum on accountability and legitimacy for Arroyo and her political supporters. All of the seats of Arroyo's supporters in the House of Representatives, half of the Senate, and all local government positions are to be contested. De Quiros also describes this contest as a contest of "democracy vs. the cheaters".
1273:"Then there was the endorsement (albeit last minute -- but this shows that they were jumping on the bandwagon) that Ms. Arroyo received from the Iglesia ni Cristo and El Shaddai. And finally, it was generally acknowledged that Poe was shooting himself in the foot during the campaign, and that the opposition was split four ways. In other words, they did it to themselves," Monsod wrote.
1171:
cleared of any wrongdoing. Neither outcome occurred, and hence no final course of action was taken to resolve Arroyo's legitimacy or to prevent electoral fraud. Those unrealized possible outcomes could have resolved definitely the legitimacy issue, and could have made Arroyo accountable for any wrongdoing. However, Philippine law and the country's flawed electoral rules complicate the
1167:, and that Arroyo cheated and rigged the 2004 elections. A sizable number of people wanted the results of the 2004 elections to be made invalid. The Supreme Court withheld judgment on the matter, refraining from actions toward invalidating the election. The administration said the Ong recordings were inadmissible in court, since the audio was taped without consent.
1246:
the crisis. Alternative media, mostly in radio, made similar accusations, though some may be partisan themselves. These accusations though between them are not new, and are common during propaganda wars, as politically motivated groups use connections in media to promote their side. During the latter
998:
One 17-second snippet of the recorded phone conversation that is widely alleged to be between Arroyo and election official
Virgilio Garcillano ("Garci") features a woman discussing the election returns; the woman says (translated from Tagalog) "Hello? Hello? Hello Garci? So, will I still lead by more
958:
Two recordings were presented to the public: the Ong recordings and the government endorsed version of the recordings. Uncut copies of the Ong recordings managed to become widespread. The first recordings to be released to the press were used in the
Congressional inquiry on the crisis. The second set
864:
alleged that then-President Arroyo's admission that the voice in the Ong recording was hers was sufficient basis to impeach her for betrayal of public trust and in subsequent supplemental affidavits alleged that her contact with a COMELEC official was punishable after the proclamation of the election
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and an allegedly faulty election system that allows cheaters to win and get away with it. This is manifested in a humorous local saying that, "There are two types of people in elections. Those who win and those who get cheated out of office." Politically outspoken student groups mention that this is
1045:
Sheila
Coronel described electoral fraud and the involvement of the independent watchdog group Namfrel. In her analysis, Coronel alleged that corruption was clearly evident. She also commented on the garbled portions of the tape, which were digitally enhanced for clarity. Allegedly, Arroyo whispered
1265:
Sec. Ricardo Saludo in his article, "Who Won the
Elections?", wrote: "a final set of numbers buttressing the President's triumph and the consistency of results were the victories of most of her fellow candidates for nearly all positions, K-4 captured close to 90% of the congressional, gubernatorial
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Initially, there were two possible outcomes for the government; Arroyo could have either resigned or be ousted through a constitutionally accepted process. These actions could only take place after addressing the current state of the faulty electoral system. The other outcome was for Arroyo to be
1317:
Due to the lack of protesters that took part in common venues, the government's hard line approach in regulating traditional protesting venues in
Mendiola and EDSA, and other factors, the protests did not affect the outcome in Congress. Thus, its power soon diminished. Lingering protests remain,
852:
to maintain her presidency and the political success of her allies. Arroyo denied the accusations of election rigging in a television broadcast on June 27, but acknowledged that it was her voice on the tape. Protests occurred frequently during the crisis either in favor or against Arroyo and her
796:, allegedly talking about the rigging of the 2004 national election results, were released to the public. This escalated when the minority of the lower house of Congress attempted to impeach Arroyo. This was blocked by the Arroyo-led majority coalition in September 2005 and no trial took place.
1233:
According to pundits, the past 60 years of the
Philippine history already has a reputation of electoral fraud, proven or otherwise. It is just that no one ever gets caught or punished. Analysts assert that the people have always been desensitized to their politicians cheating during elections.
1063:
claims that Arroyo is related to a kidnapping operation. Michael Zuce claimed that he was present in an incident where Arroyo allegedly bribed officials from the
Commission on Elections. Retired general Francisco Gudani claimed that he can prove military involvement in Arroyo's alleged acts of
877:
constituted additional evidence for impeachment. A second impeachment complaint was filled by
Attorney Jose Rizaldo Lopez supplementing the Lozano complaint while stating that only impeachment can address the stock market, peso exchange market, President Arroyo's ratings, fuel price hikes, and
1262:"Truth is Arroyo won," according to University of the Philippines economist Solita Collas Monsod in her column, Get Real, Philippine Daily Inquirer, October 29, 2005. Monsod cited three reasons to support her claim that President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo won the May 2004 presidential race.
1076:(Namfrel) was involved. Jay Carizo, from the Institute for Popular Democracy, developed the election cheating indicators. Other sources claimed fraud in several other government positions, as well as the murder of political opponents by incumbents. There were eyewitness claims as well.
914:
According to a CNN/Time poll, 57.5% of the people surveyed said that Philippine President Macapagal-Arroyo should not finish her term. A Pulse Asia survey released on Philippine news on July 12 showed that 57% of the people wanted incumbent President Arroyo to resign from office.
791:
the presidency and vice-presidency respectively. Hundreds of national and local positions were also contested during this election. The scandal and crisis began in June 2005 when audio recordings of a phone call conversation between President Arroyo and then-Election Commissioner
1100:, which is a summary of the votes in precincts. Evidence exists showing that the 32,000 sets of overprinted ERâs of the Commission on Elections could manipulate an election by as much as three million votes. Such number of votes could change a result.
1288:
on the grounds of "betrayal of public trust". Ten minutes later, Jose Rizaldo P. Lopez, a private citizen, filed a similar impeachment complaint. The mainstream pro-impeachment bloc in Congress advocated an amended version of the Lozano complaint.
1259:(IFJ) condemned the Arroyo administration for attempting to restrict the airing of the Ong recordings. Eventually, the media were allowed to present the evidence to the public. Three out of seven VHF TV channels are controlled by the government.
1179:
problem. The law only mentions impeachment followed with a conviction as a possible way of removing certain serving legitimate government officials. The law however is unclear on how to prosecute and convict the sitting official if illegitimacy
1276:"Given all these, the bottom line is: Like it or not, Ms. Arroyo is our legitimate President. Let us not allow ourselves to be misled by those who are themselves misled or who have their own political ambitions," Monsod concluded. (PIA Ilocos)
1269:
These overwhelming successes in districts, provinces, cities and municipalities nationwide could not but have helped the coalition's presidential standard bearer to also garner big votes among most of those constituencies, according to Saludo.
878:
playing of alleged wiretapped conversations at the House of Representatives. A third impeachment complaint was also filed by Oliver Lozano as an amendment to his earlier complaint. The third complaint alleged her of violations of the
272:
1395:). On February 12, 2008, the Supreme Court, in a preliminary voting, favored the airing of the Garci tapes, thus nullifying the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) order. But the final voting was scheduled on Friday.
1018:
and came to the same conclusions as did Coronel. His analysis described one of the speakers as a female coming across as a person speaking to her subordinate. Later, Arroyo acknowledged that it was her voice on the recording
1247:
part of the crisis, this changed as the media became generally more critical in delivery, which was beneficial for properly informing viewers about the many sides of the issues. The position of the press was thus kept in
2557:
2552:
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and betrayal of public trust. The latter was allegedly caused by obstruction of justice, failure to publicly disclose business interests, and killings of political dissenters. Additionally it also accused her of graft,
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to the rest of the House of Representatives. The report suggested that impeachment proceedings should cease altogether. Both chambers of Congress and the justice committee are dominated by Arroyo's coalition allies.
1112:
after they were made public, especially among the youth during the beginning of their school year in June. A ringtone of the Hello Garci greeting quickly became one of the most downloaded ring tones in the world.
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2547:
2542:
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2532:
2527:
1027:). However, no trial took place regarding Arroyo's intentions with her conversations in the recordings. According to Philippine law, both recordings are part of the public domain and are freely distributable.
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The National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) initially warned the country's radio and TV networks of a possible forced closure on any network that airs the contents of the Ong tapes. In response, the
1625:
2231:
2655:
2650:
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1014:, of the Philippine Center of Investigative Journalism, was able to decipher some of the garbled parts of the tape, which allegedly implicated Arroyo in the scandal. David analyzed the tapes using
2762:
1159:
The evidence carried with it great consequences. The Ong tape were neutrally authenticated by foreign companies Uniquest (Australia) and Voice Identification (United States). Arroyo's spokesman,
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2330:
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1192:"It is not enough that the elections next year be turned into a referendum on Arroyo, it is imperative that the elections next year be turned into an occasion to vote for a real president."
251:
995:) recordings, was more easily accessible in the Philippines as the government did not restrict the media from airing it. However, the media aired both sets, focusing on the Ong recordings.
807:. The Arroyo administration denied some of the allegations and challenged others in court. The House of Representatives, which was dominated by Arroyo's coalition, blocked attempts for an
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2494:
1507:
1201:
Whether the special presidential elections occurs or not, a significant number of incumbent politicians who are allied with administration and who were elected during the tainted
742:
2398:
2288:
840:, a former deputy director of the country's National Bureau of Investigation (NBI), declared in a June 10, 2005, press conference that he possessed original recordings of a
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1854:
1188:, a strong advocate of electoral reforms, argues that a special presidential election must be done in coinciding with midterm elections to resolve legitimacy.
1830:
521:
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After the failure of impeachment, a broad coalition of protesters engaged the government in peaceful protest for several days, which was reminiscent of the
2813:
598:
243:
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1799:
1715:
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On August 23, the justice committee delayed a vote on the impeachment complaints, instead focusing on a vote on procedures. The committee eventually sent
2316:
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267:
226:
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2339:
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945:. 70% "believed that because of recurring allegations of election fraud, the credibility of the balloting process in Mindanao was at a record low."
173:
113:
82:
2697:
2009:
1617:
1256:
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in contest. Additional affidavits also allege that her signing of the E-VAT constituted a betrayal of public trust, that her failure to order the
1163:, as well as the president herself, acknowledged that it was indeed Arroyo's voice. The protesting public insisted that the tapes and CDs proved
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784:
616:
574:
428:
1046:"Yung dagdag, yung dagdag" ("The addition, the addition"), implying fraud and mentioned Namfrel's sympathy for her. In her blog, she said,
728:
685:
1479:""Hello, Garci:" Framing Gloriagate: The Prevalence of the Conflict Frame in the News Coverage of the "Hello, Garci" Presidential Crisis"
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564:
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142:
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The crisis arguably ended with the failure of both the impeachment process and the people power movement to have Arroyo face a
879:
874:
848:. In the following weeks, the media analyzed contents of the tapes. The Ong recordings allegedly proved that Arroyo rigged the
820:
690:
544:
74:
2293:
1981:
508:
1877:
https://web.archive.org/web/20130524083704/http://opinion.inq7.net/inquireropinion/columns/view_article.php?article_id=30933
887:, and corruption from projects that were unfair to the Government and alleged bribery of officials to certify Arroyo's win.
2270:
2195:
2106:
66:
2275:
1338:. However the scandal persists, with the electoral fraud issue still unresolved. This is a factor that led to the use of
2757:
1934:
1588:
715:
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579:
569:
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359:
316:
133:
121:
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100:
43:
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677:
611:
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163:
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2004:
1929:
1374:
1323:
1031:
1007:
628:
383:
218:
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1766:
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1809:
287:
1956:
1733:
2747:
1385:
1306:
1285:
1069:
938:
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369:
90:
1042:
David described Arroyo's subordinate as a "man...not in the business of counting votes; he produces them."
2793:
1381:
1366:
1314:
1230:
rather new for Philippine politics, and shows a gradual development of the voting public, the electorate.
1172:
972:
968:
964:
960:
292:
233:
95:
1646:
1826:
992:
988:
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980:
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1999:
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930:
364:
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302:
154:
1985:
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31:
844:
conversation between Arroyo and an official of the Commission on Elections, who was alleged to be
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922:
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554:
534:
335:
17:
2189:
1896:
1564:
1456:
1185:
841:
808:
768:
297:
1225:. To some experts, what is unique about the crisis is that it addresses the greater issue of
1217:
The Philippines, according to experts, has a reputation for having political issues based on
2308:
2074:
2039:
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1015:
419:
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229:
1020:
2139:
1909:
1834:
1676:
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1319:
1226:
1164:
904:
800:
799:
Allegations against Arroyo and her alleged accomplices in government were many, including
780:
129:
1957:"Punishing the cheats, not election automation, is real solution â local IT pioneer"
1577:
826:
1439:
1310:
1176:
1081:
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150:
2155:
1430:
1358:
1284:
On June 27, human rights lawyer Oliver Lozano filed an impeachment case against
1003:
772:
27:
2005 Philippine vote-rigging scandal involving President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
1242:
Critics alleged that some media groups in broadcast and print were partisan in
1690:
1604:
919:
908:
837:
2707:
911:
measured public opinion regarding the allegations and other related issues.
646:
1804:
1719:
1109:
934:
804:
639:
2232:"Inquirer.net, SC favors airing of 'Garci' tapes in first vote--sources"
1378:
1354:
1134:
1060:
884:
529:
856:
The scandal sparked three separate impeachment complaints during the
2176:. Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on February 11, 2006
1384:(on the alleged wiretapping of telephone conversations of President
1357:
Santiago Ranada and Oswaldo Agcaoili filed (a 15-page petition for
787:
in her favor. The official results of the election gave Arroyo and
1960:
1776:
1743:
853:
administration. Attempts to impeach Arroyo failed on September 6.
825:
660:
653:
1670:
GMA NEWS.TV, Most Mindanaoans believe Arroyo cheated in â04 polls
1454:
Davis, Leslie (September 7, 2005) "Arroyo claims hollow victory"
1531:"Monsod view on Gloriagate scandal a death knell to impeachment"
1420:, a similar scandal in the United States that took place in 2021
2312:
1618:"Impeachment complaints filed against President Arroyo in 2005"
1116:
The scandal would also be referenced by television personality
2156:"Philippines on the way to recovery as political crisis eases"
2143:
1657:
1024:
900:
2210:"2 retired CA justices ask high court to stop wiretap probe"
1448:
Coronel, Sheila (June 28, 2005) "Apology in a can of worms"
1309:
of 1986. Some of those protesters included former president
1120:
during a publicized feud with fellow television personality
959:
of recordings, described by the government as the original (
1010:, cited two excerpts from the Ong recording in an article.
1494:"Gloriagate: Can the Filipinos forgive Arroyo's faux pas?"
1411:
Fraud: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and the May 2004 Elections
1847:"Roxas seeks probe on 'Hello, Pappy' game show 'scam'"
860:. The first impeachment complaint came from Attorney
1092:
A new fraud technique involves the manipulating the
2706:
2685:
2664:
2596:
2508:
2442:
2346:
895:During the scandal, polls and surveys conducted by
2067:
2032:
1601:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's June 27, 2005, statement
1108:Lines from the Ong tapes became popular cellphone
1080:claimed that she had evidence of being cheated by
2278:, which went viral during the time of the scandal
1853:. GMA News and Current Affairs. August 30, 2007.
1205:may be deposed by voter backlash in the upcoming
1184:the problem, due to allegations of vote rigging.
1578:" Ex-official says he has copies of Arroyo tape"
1064:electoral fraud. Roberto Verzola, leader of the
1982:"IFJ: Anti-wiretapping law gags RP journalists"
2266:Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism
2069:"Who Won the 2004 Presidential Elections? â 2"
2034:"Who won the 2004 presidential elections? â 1"
1959:. The Daily PCIJ. June 9, 2006. Archived from
1772:Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism
1739:Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism
1477:Ladrido, Estelle Marie Macuja (January 2007).
1450:Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism
1444:Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism
1074:National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections
2324:
1433:(June 12, 2005) "Hello, Garci? Hello, Ma'am"
1142:to stop probing the Hello Garci scandal, and
1072:cheated and the citizens' election watchdog,
736:
8:
1146:instead, in reference to Willie's nickname.
1442:(June 13, 2005) "Yung dagdag, yung dagdag"
1030:In his editorial on June 12, 2005, for the
2331:
2317:
2309:
933:) stated that 58% percent of Filipinos in
743:
729:
38:
2829:Democratic backsliding in the Philippines
2340:Presidential elections in the Philippines
1823:"âHello Garciâ now worldâs top ring tone"
1059:Rashma Hali, an electoral official from
1628:from the original on September 15, 2024
1469:
1257:International Federation of Journalists
1084:, who won the vice presidency in 2004.
41:
2289:Hello Garci military generals promoted
2187:
1905:
1894:
1689:Freund, Charles Paul (June 23, 2005).
2824:Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
2819:Political scandals in the Philippines
2799:2004 Philippine presidential election
2047:from the original on October 21, 2023
2012:from the original on December 5, 2023
1923:de Quiros, Conrado (March 13, 2007).
1857:from the original on October 13, 2007
1800:"How cheating was done in 2004 polls"
1541:from the original on October 10, 2016
1510:from the original on January 23, 2019
7:
1998:Tiglao, Rigoberto (August 3, 2011).
2172:Davis, Leslie (September 7, 2005).
1798:Neal H. Cruz (September 28, 2005).
2814:Electoral fraud in the Philippines
2110:. November 2, 2005. Archived from
2082:from the original on April 4, 2018
1697:from the original on June 11, 2009
25:
2299:Timeline in âHello Garciâ scandal
2133:" Congress debates Arroyo's fate"
2102:"Did GMA win the 2004 elections?"
1765:Coronel, Sheila (July 13, 2005).
1732:Coronel, Sheila (June 28, 2005).
1647:"Poll: Most say Arroyo should go"
1492:Mangahas, Malou (June 30, 2005).
1388:and former election commissioner
1280:Attempts for an impeachment trial
1006:, a nonpartisan columnist of the
1002:Shortly after the scandal broke,
143:Vice President of the Philippines
2066:Saludo, Ricardo (May 30, 2014).
2031:Saludo, Ricardo (May 29, 2014).
1504:Galadari Printing and Publishing
1405:2004 Philippine general election
1377:(committee on national defense)
1373:to enjoin the September 7, 2007
1371:Supreme Court of the Philippines
1140:Department of Trade and Industry
943:2004 Philippine general election
867:National Bureau of Investigation
703:
325:Supreme Court of the Philippines
51:
18:2005 Philippine electoral crisis
1414:, a 2006 book about the scandal
1138:âJoey jokingly called upon the
1068:and an IT expert, claimed that
875:Armed Forces of the Philippines
821:Timeline of Hello Garci scandal
819:For a chronological guide, see
75:Constitution of the Philippines
2256:Full audio sources of the call
2174:"Arroyo claims hollow victory"
1716:"'Hello, Garci? Hello, Ma'am'"
1560:"Arroyo claims hollow victory"
1350:On September 6, 2007, retired
1:
2271:Full transcripts of the tapes
2107:Philippine Information Agency
1155:Accountability and legitimacy
2758:Elections in the Philippines
1589:International Herald Tribune
1529:Diaz, Jess (July 18, 2005).
771:and electoral crisis in the
122:President of the Philippines
2304:ABS-CBN News Special Report
1925:"THERE'S THE RUB - Outrage"
1734:"Apology in a can of words"
1418:TrumpâRaffensperger scandal
1363:temporary restraining order
1352:Philippine Court of Appeals
1238:Media coverage and response
1144:begin probing "Hello Pappy"
1021:Arroyo's "I'm Sorry" speech
202:Congress of the Philippines
44:Politics of the Philippines
2845:
2138:December 31, 2020, at the
1767:"Yung dagdag, yung dagdag"
1652:September 4, 2019, at the
1313:and former vice president
1104:Effects on popular culture
871:Philippine National Police
818:
384:Constitutional commissions
29:
2738:
2236:Philippine Daily Inquirer
2214:Philippine Daily Inquirer
2194:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2005:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1930:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1435:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1375:Senate of the Philippines
1342:by Arroyo in early 2006.
1324:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1032:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1008:Philippine Daily Inquirer
775:involving 14th president
273:Party-list representation
1266:and mayoral positions."
937:believed that President
929:(GO) per former Senator
599:Administrative divisions
393:Civil Service Commission
244:House of Representatives
30:Not to be confused with
2809:2005 in the Philippines
2748:People Power Revolution
2729:Biak-na-Bato conference
2276:"Hello Garci" ringtones
2262:The "Hello Garci" tapes
1583:March 14, 2007, at the
1537:. PhilStar Daily, Inc.
1307:People Power Revolution
1070:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
897:Social Weather Stations
832:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
777:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
429:Commission on Elections
1833:July 23, 2006, at the
1367:preliminary injunction
1332:
1315:Teofisto Guingona, Jr.
1207:2007 midterm elections
1126:allegations of rigging
850:2004 national election
834:
785:2004 national election
710:Philippines portal
2220:on September 9, 2007.
1827:Manila Standard Today
1675:May 22, 2011, at the
1568:, September 27, 2005.
1328:
918:On January 25, 2008,
829:
365:Regional Trial Courts
283:Bangsamoro Parliament
174:Executive departments
2743:TydingsâMcDuffie Act
2114:on September 3, 2020
1624:. November 5, 2007.
1587:by Carlos H. Conde,
1223:personality politics
1034:, Randy David said,
999:than 1M (million)?"
350:Court of Tax Appeals
2753:Hello Garci scandal
2162:, November 4, 2005.
1986:ABS-CBN Interactive
1779:on November 9, 2010
1693:. Reason Magazine.
1535:The Philippine Star
1390:Virgilio Garcillano
846:Virgilio Garcillano
794:Virgilio Garcillano
757:Hello Garci scandal
411:Commission on Audit
32:Hello Pappy scandal
2763:Provincial results
2723:Tejeros Convention
2665:Indirect elections
2146:, August 23, 2005.
2000:"Truth is GMA won"
1219:patronage politics
927:Genuine Opposition
835:
617:Autonomous regions
336:Alexander Gesmundo
298:Municipal councils
2781:
2780:
2242:on July 23, 2011.
1937:on March 15, 2007
1904:Missing or empty
1829:, June 24, 2005.
1825:by Rio N. Araja,
1812:on July 25, 2006.
1565:Asia Times Online
1562:by Leslie Davis,
1457:Asia Times Online
1186:Conrado de Quiros
1066:Philippine Greens
931:Sergio Osmeña III
925:(commissioned by
809:impeachment trial
803:and its supposed
769:political scandal
763:), also known as
753:
752:
686:Foreign relations
522:Political parties
303:Barangay councils
288:Provincial boards
16:(Redirected from
2836:
2804:2005 in politics
2773:Campaign slogans
2768:Election tickets
2347:Direct elections
2333:
2326:
2319:
2310:
2294:The Sogo Quartet
2264:, posted by the
2244:
2243:
2238:. Archived from
2228:
2222:
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2216:. Archived from
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2193:
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2160:TurkishPress.com
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2040:The Manila Times
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1963:on June 11, 2010
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1933:. Archived from
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1879:. Archived from
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1775:. Archived from
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1742:. Archived from
1729:
1723:
1722:, June 12, 2005.
1718:by Randy David,
1713:
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1660:, July 11, 2005.
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1591:, June 11, 2005.
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1213:Electoral system
1122:Willie Revillame
1088:Fraud techniques
1016:ethnomethodology
779:, who allegedly
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738:
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708:
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420:Gamaliel Cordoba
370:Barangay justice
345:Court of Appeals
255:Martin Romualdez
230:Francis Escudero
181:Local government
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